Ciliophora

We reproduce the descriptions of morphology from following books;

ref. ID; 1219
Hartmuk Bick, "Ciliated Protozoa"
Copyright: WHO, 1972

ref. ID; 1618
Kudo, "Protozoology 5th Ed."
Copyright: CHARLES C THOMAS PUBLISHER, LTD., 1966

ref. ID; 2013
Colin R. Curds "British and other freshwater ciliated protozoa Part I Ciliophora: Kinetofragminophora"
Copyright: Cambridge University Press, 1982

ref. ID; 2014
Colin R. Curds, Michael A. Gates and David McL. Roberts "British and other freshwater ciliated protozoa Part II Ciliophora: Oligohymenophora and Polyhymenophora"
Copyright: Cambridge University Press, 1983

and we thank following Scientists and The Society of Protozoologists (The Journal of Protozoology) for quoting text descriptions from their papers.

Genus list

[B]
Baikalodendron, Baikalophrya, Bakuella, Balanion, Balanonema, Balantidioides (Syn. Balantidiopsis), Balantidion, Balantidium (Parasitic species), Balladyna (Syn. Balladina), Balladynella (Syn. Balladinella), Banyulsella, Baznosanuia, Belonophrya, Bicoronella, Biholosticha, Bizonula, Blepharisma, Blepharostoma, Bothrostoma, Botticula, Brachonella, Brachyosoma (Syn. Hallezia), Branchioecetes, Brandtiella, Bresslaua, Bresslauides, Bryometopus, Bryophrya, Bryophyllum, Buehringa, Bursaopsis, Bursaria, Bursaridium, Bursella (See; Bursellopsis), Bursellopsis (Syn. Bursella), Bursostoma

[C]
Caenomorpha (Syn. Gyrocoris), Caliperia (Marine genus), Calyptotricha (Syn. Diplostyla), Campanella, Canellana, Caracatharina, Carchesium, Cardiostoma, Cardiostomatella, Caudiholosticha, Cavichona, Celeritia, Centrophorella, Chaenea, Chaetospira (Syn. Stichospira), Chasmatostoma, Chilodina, Chilodonatella, Chilodonella (Syn. Chilodon), Chilodontopsis, Chilophrya, Chlamydodon, Chlamydonella, Chlamydonellopsis, Choanophrya, Choanostoma, Chytridium, Ciliofaurea, Ciliospina, Cinetochilum, Circolagenophrys (Syn. Lagenophrys), Cirranter, Cirrophrya, Cladotricha, Clathrostoma, Climacostomum, Clistolagenophrys, Codonaria, Codonella, Codonellopsis, Codonobotrys, Cohnilembus (Syn. Lembus), Coleps, Colpidium, Colpoda, Colpodidium, Cometodendron, Conchophthirus, Conchostoma, Condylostoma, Coniculostomum, Copemetopus, Corlissia, Cosmocolpoda, Cothurnia, Cothurnopsis (Syn. Cothurniopsis), Coxliella, Cranotheridium, Craspedomyoschistion, Craspedonotus, Craspedophrya, Craspedothorax (See; Pseudomicrothorax), Craterella, Cristigera, Crobylura, Cryptophrya, Ctedoctema, Cyclidium, Cyclodonta, Cyclogramma, Cyclophrya, Cyclotrichium, Cymatocylis, Cyrtohymena, Cyrtolophosis, Cyrtostrombidium, Cyttarocylis

[D]
Dactylochlamys, Dactylostoma, Dadayiella, Dapedophrya, Daturella, Deltopylum, Dendrocometes, Dendrocometides, Dendrosoma, Dendrosomides, Dexiostoma, Dexiotricha, Dexiotrichides, Diafolliculina, Diaphanosoma, Diceras (See; Diceratula), Diceratula (Syn. Diceras), Dichilum, Dictiocoleps, Dictyocysta, Didinium (Syn. Monodinium), Dileptus, Dinophrya, Diophryopsis, Diophrys, Discocephalus, Discomorphella (Syn. Discomorpha), Discophrya, Discosomatella (Syn. Discosoma), Discotricha, Discozoon, Disematostoma, Dissothigma (Syn. Patschia, Urotrichopsis), Drepanomonas (Syn. Drepanoceras), Dysteria (Syn. Aegyria, Cypridium, Ervilia, Iduna)

[E]
Echinophrya, Ellobiophrya (Syn. Claustophrya), Enchelydium, Enchelyodon, Enchelyomorpha, Enchelys, Endosphaera, Engelmanniella, Enigmostoma, Entziella, Epalxella (Syn. Epalxis), Epenardia, Ephelota, Epicarchesium, Epiclintes, Epiplocylis, Epiplocyloides, Epispathidium, Epistylis, Erastophrya, Eschaneustyla, Espejoia, Euplotes (Syn. Crateromorpha, Euploea, Ploesconia), Euplotidium, Eutintinnus

[F]
Fabrea, Favella, Figotintinnus, Frontonia, Furgasonia (Syn. Cyclogramma), Fuscheria

[G]
Gastronauta, Gastrostyla (Syn. Nothopleurotricha), Gajewskajophrya, Geleia, Gerda, Gillardella, Glaucoma (Syn. Dallasia), Glaucomella, Gonostomum (Syn. Plagiotricha), Gonzeella, Gorgonosoma, Grandoria (Syn. Lagenella), Grossglockneria, Gruberia, Gymnodinioides

[H]
Hallezia, Halteria, Halterioforma, Haplocaulus, Harmodirus, Hastatella, Helicoprorodon, Helicostoma, Helicostomella, Heliophrya, Hemiamphisiella, Hemicycliostyla, Hemicyclium, Hemigastrostyla, Hemiophrys, Heminotus (or Hemionotus), Hemisincirra, Heteropolaria, Hexotricha, Histiobalantium, Histriculus (Syn. Histrio), Histrio (See; Oxytricha), Holophrya, Holosticha (Syn. Amphisia), Homalogastra, Homalozoon, Hyalophysa, Hyalospira, Hydrophrya, Hypocoma, Hypophrya, Hypotrichidium (Syn. Peritromoides, Spirofilum), Hysterophrya

[I]
Ileonema (Syn. Monomastix), Intranstylum, Isosticha

[J]
Jeannellia

[K]
Kahliella (Syn. Kahlia), Kahlilembus, Kalometopia, Kentrophoros (Syn. Centrophorella), Kerona, Keronopsis (Syn. Kahliela, Paraholosticha), Kovalevia, Kreyella, Kuklikophrya

[L]
Laackmanniella (See; Codonellopsis), Laboea, Lacazea, Lacerus, Lacrymaria, Lagenophrys, Lagynophrya, Lagynus, Lamtostyla, Larvulina, Laurentia, Laurentiella (Syn. Laurentia), Lecanodiscus, Lechriopyla, Legendrea, Lembadion, Lepidotrachelophyllum, Leprotintinnus, Leptodesmus, Leptopharynx (Syn. Trichopelma), Lernaeophrya, Leucophrys, Liliimorpha, Limnostrombidium, Linostoma, Linostomella (Hom. Linostoma), Litonotus (Syn. Lionotus), Lohmaniella or Lohmanniella (Marine species), Longifragma, Longitricha, Lopezoterenia, Lophophorina, Loricophrya, Loxocephalus, Loxodes, Loxophyllum (Syn. Opistyodon), Ludio

[M]
Malacophrys, Marituja, Maryna, Maupasia (See; Schewiakoffia), Membranicola, Meseres, Mesnilella, Mesodinium, Metacineta, Metacylis, Metacystis, Metafolliculina, Metanophrys, Metastrombidium (Marine species), Metopus, Microcardiosoma, Microchoanostoma, Microdiaphanosoma (Syn. Diaphanosoma), Microregma, Microthorax (Syn. Kreyella), Monilicaryon, Monochilum, Monodinium, Mucophrya, Mucotrichidium, Mykophagophrys, Mycterothrix (Syn. Trichorhynchus), Mylestoma, Myoschiston, Myriokaryon, Myrionecta

[N]
Nassula, Nassulopsis, Neobursaridium, Nivaliella, Nolaclusilis, Notohymena, Novistrombidium, Nuchterleinella, Nyctotherus

[O]
Obertrumia, Octocirrus, Odontochlamys, Onychodromopsis, Onychodromus (Syn. Himantophorus), Opercularia, Operculigera, Ophrydiopsis, Ophrydium, Ophryoglena, Opisthostomatella (Syn. Opistostomum), Opisthonecta, Opisthostyla, Opisthotricha (Syn. Opisthiotricha), Orbopercularia, Orbopyxidiella, Orcavia, Orthoamphisiella, Orthodonella (Syn. Orthodon), Orthotrochilia, Ovalorhabdos, Oxytricha (Syn. Oxitricha, Histrio, Opisthotricha, Steinia)

[P]
Pachystomos, Palmarella (Syn. Palmarium), Palmarium, Papillorhabdos, Parabakuella, Parablepharisma, Parabryophrya, Parachilodonella, Paracineta, Paracolpidium, Paracondylostoma, Paradexiotricha, Paradileptus (Syn. Tentaculifera), Paradiophrys, Paraenchelys, Parafavella, Paragastrostyla, Paraglaucoma, Parahistriculus (Syn. Parahistricus), Paraholosticha, Parakahliella, Paralagenophrys, Paralembus, Paramecium (Syn. Paramaecium), Paramphisella, Paranassula, Paranophrys, Parapetalotricha, Parapodophrya, Paraspathidium, Parastentor, Parastylonychia, Parastokesia, Parastrombidium (Marine species), Parauronema, Paraurostyla, Paraurotricha, Parazoothamnium, Parundella, Paruroleptus, Parurosoma, Pedohymena, Pelagohalteria, Pelagostrombidium, Pelagothrix, Pelagotrichidium, Pelagovasicola, Pelagovorticella, Pelatractus, Pelodinium, Penardiella, Pentahymena, Periacineta, Peridion, Peridionella, Peridiscophrya, Periholosticha, Perisincirra, Perispira, Peritromus, Petalotricha, Phacodinium (Syn. Conchophthirius), Phascolodon, Phialina, Phialinides, Philaster (Syn. Philasterides), Philasterides (Syn. Philaster), Physalophrya, Physanter (Syn. Faurella), Pithothorax, Placus (Syn. Spathidiopis, Spathidiopsis, Thoracophrya), Plagiocampa, Plagiopogon, Plagiopyla, Plagiotoma, Platophrya, Platyophryides, Platycola, Platynematum, Platyophrya, Plesiotricha (Syn. Uroleptapsis, Uroleptopsis), Pleurochilidium, Pleurofragma (Syn. Mimeticus, Oldesloeria), Pleuronema, Pleuroplites, Pleuroplitoides, Pleurotricha (Syn. Allotricha, Onychodromopsis), Podophrya, Poroecus, Potomacus, Pottsia, Prodiscophrya, Proplectella, Propyxidium (Syn. Pyxidiella, Pyxidium), Prorodon (Syn. Rhagadostoma), Protocruzia, Protocymatocylis, Protorhabdonella, Protospathidium, Pseudoamphisiella, Pseudobalanion, Pseudoblepharisma, Pseudocarchesium, Pseudochilodonopsis, Pseudocohnilembus, Pseudocyrtolophosis, Pseudoenchelys, Pseudogemma, Pseudoglaucoma, Pseudohaplocaulus, Pseudokeronopsis, Pseudokreyella, Pseudomaryna, Pseudomicrothorax (Syn. Craspedothorax), Pseudoplatyophrya, Pseudoprorodon, Pseudostrombidium, Pseudothuricola, Pseudouroleptus, Pseudourostyla, Pseudovorticella, Pseuduronema, Psilotricha (Syn. Hemiholosticha, Pigostyla), Ptychocylis, Puytoraciella, Pyxicola (Syn. Caulicola, Pachytrocha), Pyxidiella, Pyxidium

[Q]
Quasillagilis

[R]
Raabellocineta, Racovitzaia, Reichenowella, Remanella (Marine genus), Rhabdoaskenasia, Rhabdonella, Rhabdonellopsis, Rhabdostyla, Rhagadostoma, Rhopalophrya, Rhyncheta, Rhynchophria, Rigchostoma, Rimostrombidium, Rostrophrya

[S]
Sagittaria, Salpingacantha, Salpingella, Saprodinium, Saprophilus (See; Sathrophilus), Sathrophilus (Syn. Saprophilus), Scaphidiodon, Schewiakoffia (Syn. Maupasia), Scyphidia, Scyphidiella, Semiplatyophrya, Semitrichodina, Serpentichona, Setonophrys, Sigmostomum, Solenophrya, Sonderia, Sorogena, Spasmostoma, Spartina, Spathidiella (Syn. Spathidioides), Spathidiodes (Syn. Spathidiella), Spathidioides, Spathidiosus, Spathidium (Syn. Spathidiopsis, Spathidiosus), Spelaeonecta (Syn. Faureia), Spelaeophrya, Sphaerobactrum, Sphaerophrya, Sphaerotrichium, Spiretella (Syn. Microspiretta, Spiratella, Spiretta), Spirochona, Spirofilopsis (Syn. Spirofilum), Spirostomum, Spirozona, Supraspathidium, Stammeridium (Syn. Stammeriella), Stammeriella, Staurophrya, Steenstrupiella, Stegochilum, Steinia, Stenosemella, Stentor, Stephanidina, Stephanopogon, Sterkiella (Syn. Histriculus, Histrio), Stichotricha (Syn. Archimedea, Schizosiphon, Stichochaeta), Stokesia, Strobilidium (Syn. Stombilidium, Turbilina), Strombidinopsis, Strombidium, Strongylidium, Stylocometes, Stylohedra, Stylonethes, Stylonychia (Syn. Kerona, Prosopsenus, Stylonichia), Stylophrya, Suctorella, Sulcigera, Sultanophrys, Swedmarkia, Synhymenia, Systylis

[T]
Tachysoma (Syn. Actinotricha), Telotrochidium (Syn. Opisthonecta), Tesnospira, Tetrahymena, Teuthophrys, Thalassiomastix, Thecacineta, Thigmogaster, Thuricola, Thuricolopsis, Thylakidium, Thysanomorpha, Tiarina, Tillina, Tintinnidium, Tintinnopsis, Tintinnus, Tokophrya, Tokophryella, Tokophryopsis, Tontonia (Marine species), Trachelius, Trachelocerca (Syn. Gruvelina, Nephrocerca, Protrichophora), Trachelochaeta, Trachelonema (See; Tracheloraphis), Trachelophyllum, Tracheloraphis (Syn. Trachelonema), Trachelostyla (Syn. Gonostomum (part), Stichochaeta), Trachelotractus, Transitella, Trichoda, Trichoderum, Trichodina, Trichodinella, Trichodinopsis, Trichodoxa, Trichopelma, Trichophrya, Trichospira, Trichotaxis, Trichototaxis (Syn. Trichotaxis), Trimyema (Syn. Sciadostoma), Trithigmostoma, Trochilia, Trochilioides, Trochiliopsis, Tropidoatractus, Turaniella (Syn. Turania)

[U]
Undella, Urceolaria, Urnula, Urocentrum, Urochaenia, Urocyclon, Uroleptoides, Uroleptopsis, Uroleptus (Syn. Cladotricha, Platytrichotus), Uronema, Uronemella, Uronemita, Uronemopsis, Uronychia, Uropedalium, Urosoma (Syn. Parastrombidium, Pseudostrombidium), Urosomoida, Urospinula (Syn. Urospina), Urostorngylum, Urostyla, Urotricha (Syn. Balanitozoon), Urozona, Usconophrys

[V]
Vaginicola, Vasicola (Syn. Pelamphora), Vorticella

[W]
Wallackia, Wenrichia, Woodania, Woodruffia

[X]
Xystonella, Xystonellopsis

[Z]
Zoothamnium, Zosterodasys

Identification key

• Lorica Lorica-tentaculoids peculiar, Lorica-sessile , Lorica-AZM
• Stalk like structure Solitary , Colonial
• Tentacle and tentacle like process
• Spine-like projections
• Ciliary girdles
• Cirri
• Unciliated ridges
• Trichocyst warts
• Long caudal cilium
• Long anterior cilium
• Movement Highly contractile, Highly flexible
• Body color Blue, Green , Red or rose
• Body shape Spherical, Discoid, Oval, Barrel, Reniform , Pyriform, Cylindrical, Clavate, Flask, Cigar, Foot, Heart, Transversely truncate, Obliquely truncate, Anterior beak or rostrum, Anterior neck-like, Stellate, Dendritic
• Prominent undulating membranes
• Mouth
  Position Apical , Equatorial or sub-equatorial , Posterial
  Oral structure; Trichites and trichite-like structures , AZM (adoral zone of membranelles), Perizonal stripe
• Contractile vacuole One , Two , Several
• Macronucleus Single-mass, Separate-mass
• Cyst formation

[Separate-mass]
Moniliform: Botticula, Choanostoma, Condylostoma, Paradileptus, Parastentor

Scientists list

• Dr. Alan Warren
  Address: Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
  ref. ID; 4689, 4889
• Dr. Alessandro Valbonesi
  Address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
  ref. ID; 3669, 4401, 4529, 4530
• Dr. Amparo Munoz
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4298, 4338
• Dr. Ana Martin-Gonzalez
  Address: Departamento de Microbiologia-III, Facultad de Biologia C/, Jose Antonio Novais, 2, Universidad Complutense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
  ref. ID; 475, 3653, 4121, 4332, 4716, 4779, 5830
• Dr. Bernard Pelvat
  Address: Groupe de Systematique Moleculaire, Universite de Geneve Sciences III, 30, Quai E-Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 3777
• Dr. Bill A. Simco
  Address: Department of Biology, Memphis State University, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
  ref. ID; 3972
• Dr. Birger Pejler (the deceased)
  ref. ID; 2554
• Dr. Bland J. Finlay
  Address: CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, DORSET DT2 8ZD, UK
  ref. ID; 4206, 4237, 4868, 4881
• Dr. Bruce F. Hill
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3630, 4007, 4408
• Dr. C. R. Curds (retired)
  ref. ID; 2013, 2014, 2289
• Dr. C.-F. Dubochet
  Address: Groupe de Systematique Moleculaire, Universite de Geneve Sciences III, 30, Quai E-Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 3901
• Dr. Caroline L. Rushford
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4063
• Dr. Charles C. Davis (the deceased)
  ref. ID; 5937
• Dr. Colette Demar
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4281
• Dr. D. Wayne Coats
  Address: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. P.O.Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
  ref. ID; 4403
• Dr. Dave McL. Roberts
  Address: Dept. Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, Great Britain
  ref. ID; 2014
• Dr. David Kahan
  Address: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Zoology, Israel
  ref. ID; 645
• Dr. David L. Nanney
  Address: Department of Animal Biology 515 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Urbana, Illinois 61801
  ref. ID; 3882
• Dr. Denis H. Lynn
  Address: Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
  ref. ID; 490, 1032, 3789, 3855, 4030, 4124, 4125, 5918
• Dr. Didier Chardez
  Address: Attache de Recherche, A la faculte des Sciences Agronomiques-Gembloux (Lab. Zoologie generale et Faunistique) 3, Chaussee Romaine, 3, 4252 OMAL, Belgique
  ref. ID; 2141
• Dr. Dimas Fernandez-Galiano (the deceased -2002)
  ref. ID; 3653, 4121, 4259, 4298, 4305, 4347, 4386, 4391, 4716, 4733, 4779, 5830
• Dr. Erna Wirnsberger
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4150
• Dr. Frederick R. Evans
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3890, 4030
• Dr. Genoveva Esteban
  Address: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK
  ref. ID; 4338, 4868, 4881
• Dr. Gerard de Haller
  Address: Groupe de Systematique Moleculaire, Universite de Geneve Sciences III, 30, Quai E-Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 3777, 3901
• Dr. Gregorio Fernandez-Leborans
  Address: Departamento de Biologia Animal I (Zoologia), Facultad de Biologia, Pnta 9, Universidad Complutense 28040, Madrid, Spain
  ref. ID; 475, 4679, 4695, 4778
• Dr. Gulshan R. Sapra
  Address: Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
  ref. ID; 4253, 4920
• Dr. H. Augustin
  Address: Universitat Salzburg, Institut Zoologie, HellbrunnerStrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
  ref. ID; 1601
• Dr. H. Norbert Lanners
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3837
• Dr. Hada Yoshine
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3280, 3495, 3544, 3596, 3597, 3604, 3606, 3607, 5624
• Dr. Hans Find Larsen
  Caretakers of the heritage from Dr. Hans Find Larsen: Lars Find Larsen
  Address: Svelmoegaardsvej 5, DK-5600 Faaborg, Denmark
  ref. ID; 480, 644, 3694, 4057
• Dr. Harriett E. Smith-Somerville
  Address: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, USA
  ref. ID; 388, 4217
• Dr. Helga Muller (retired)
  ref. ID; 1888
• Dr. Helmut Berger
  Address: Technisches Buro fur Okologie, Consulting Engineering Office for Ecology, Radetzkystrasse 10, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
  ref. ID; 4094, 4894
• Dr. Henry Tamar (retired)
  ref. ID; 4775
• Dr. Ignacio Bolivar
  Address: Groupe de Systematique Moleculaire, Universite de Geneve Sciences III, 30, Quai E-Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 3777
• Dr. Ilse Foissner
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4193
• Dr. Inaki Urrutxurtu
  Address: Laboratory of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Basque Country, APTDO. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
  ref. ID; 4577 & many pictures (Photo by Urrutxurtu)
• Dr. Irm Huttenlauch
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4266
• Dr. J. Norman Grim
  Address: Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 5640, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
  ref. ID; 1033
• Dr. Jacques Berger (the deceased)
  ref. ID; 4125
• Dr. Jean Dragesco
  Address: 394 Boulevard du Grand Devois, 34980 Saint-Clement-de-Riviere, France
  ref. ID; 2267
• Dr. John C. Clamp
  Address: Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
  ref. ID; 3674, 3969, 4241, 4267, 4323, 4329, 4335, 4396
• Dr. Josef Dieckmann (the deceased)
  ref. ID; 4690
• Dr. Juan Carlos Gutierrez
  Address: Departamento de Microbiologia-III. Facultad de Biologia. c/. Jose Antonio Novais, 2. Universidad Computense (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
  ref. ID; 4332
• Dr. Jurg Rieder
  Address: Unterm Schellenberg 150, CH-4125 Riehen, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 794, 2020
• Dr. Jytte R. Nilsson
  Institute of General Zoology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
  4057
• Dr. K. H. Nicholls
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4124
• Dr. Karl J. Aufderheide
  Address: Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
  ref. ID; 4061
• Dr. Klaus Hausmann
  Address: Freie Universite Berlin, Institut fur Biologie/Zoologie, AG Protozoologie, Konigin-Luise-Str. 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
  ref. ID; 4828
• Dr. Maeda Masachika
  Address: Faculty of Agriculture Miyazaki University, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
  ref. ID; 2294, 2316, 3389, 3420
• Dr. Malcolm L. Usher
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 4216
• Dr. Martha E. Verchot
  Address: Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham 1530 3th Ave South, Alabama 35294-0013, USA
  ref. ID; 4217
• Dr. Martin Kreutz
  Address: Magdeburger Strasse 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
  ref. ID; 2307, 2856
• Dr. Martin Schlegel
  Address: Univ. Leipzig, Inst. f. Biologie II, Molekulare Evolution und Systematik der Tiere, D-04103 Leipzig, Bruerstra 32
  ref. ID; 593, 4078, 4253, 4265
• Dr. Mette M. Mogensen
  Address: School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England
  ref. ID; 3672, 4282
• Dr. Muriel H. Walker
  Address: Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, England
  ref. ID; 4216
• Dr. Norbert Wilbert
  Address: Zoologisches Institut, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-5300 Bonn, Germany
  ref. ID; 645, 3937, 4905, 4942
• Dr. Nozawa Kanefumi
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3473, 3475, 3476, 3477
• Dr. Per R. Jonsson
  Address: Tjarno Marine Biological Laboratory, Dept of Marine Ecology, Goteborg University, SE-452 96 Stromstad, Sweden
  ref. ID; 4963
• Dr. Philip C. Reid
  Address: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, England
  ref. ID; 4111
• Dr. Philip G. Carey
  Address: Division of Biology, School of Environmental and Applied Science University of Derby Kedlestone, Road Derby DE22 1GB, UK
  ref. ID; 2294, 2316, 3420
• Dr. Phyllis Clarke Bradbury
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3864, 4329, 4518
• Dr. Pierangero Luporini
  Address: Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Cellulare, Animale, Universita di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
  ref. ID; 3669, 4401, 4529, 4530, 4932
• Dr. Pilar Calvo
  Address: Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
  ref. ID; 4386, 4391
• Dr. Renu Gupta
  Address: Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
  ref. ID; 4920
• Dr. Richard A. Snyder
  Address: Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation (CEDB) Biology Department, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
  ref. ID; 4342
• Dr. Robert A. Jenkins (the deceased)
  ref. ID; 3942
• Dr. Robert Peck
  Address: Groupe de Systematique Moleculaire, Universite de Geneve Sciences III, 30, Quai E-Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
  ref. ID; 3777, 3901
• Dr. Rosalba Banchetti
  Address: Instituto di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata, Universita di Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, 56100 Pisa, Italy
  ref. ID; 3821
• Dr. Rudolf Ten Hagen
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 479
• Dr. Sabine Agatha
  Address: University of Salzburg, Institute for Zoology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
  ref. ID; 2884, 4906, 4917, 4918
• Dr. Sudzuki Minoru
  Address: Biological Laboratory Nippon University, Higashi-arai, Omiya-shi Saitama-ken 330-0825, Japan
  ref. ID; 3536
• Dr. Susana Serrano
  Address: Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
  ref. ID; 3653, 4121, 4716, 4779, 4818, 4867, 5830
• Dr. Taniguchi Akira
  Address: Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Division of Environmental Bioremediation, School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
  ref. ID; 1895
• Dr. Thomas K. Golder
  Address: We do not have the address
  ref. ID; 3855
• Dr. Tom Fenchel
  Address: Marine Biological Laboratory (University of Copenhagen) Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark
  ref. ID; 4206, 4868
• Dr. Vladimir Sladecek
  Address: Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
  ref. ID; 917, 2252, 2556, 2861, 3343
• Dr. Weibo Song
  Address: Laboratory of Protozoology College of Fisheries, Ocean University of Qingdao 266003 Qingdao, P.R.China
  ref. ID; 3640, 4518, 4520, 4523, 4528, 4889, 4905, 4909, 4922, 4942, 4943
• Dr. Whilhelm Foissner
  Address: Universitat Salzburg, Institut Zoologie, HellbrunnerStrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
  ref. ID; 1599, 1601, 2035, 2082, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2267, 2307, 2308, 2855, 2856, 2857, 2858, 2859, 2884, 3937, 4094, 4150, 4193, 4265, 4352, 4356, 4366, 4528, 4613, 4692, 4719, 4746, 4751, 4777, 4819, 4832, 4843, 4854, 4861, 4875, 4894, 4915
• Dr. Wolfgang Petz
  Address: Universitat Salzburg, Institut Zoologie, HellbrunnerStrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
  ref. ID; 2129, 2846, 3113, 4356, 4849