Setonophrys
Setonophrys Jankowski, 1986 emend. Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
[ref. ID; 4335]
Description; Closure apparatus of lorica aperture consists of two opposing lips formed from folds of lorica material. Anterior lip of aperture thick-walled, rigid, usually with one or more spines arising from edge, and with convexly curved edge. Posterior lip aperture thin-walled, flexible, without spines arising from edge, and with straight or convexly curved edge. Posterior surface of posterior lip with long, straight fold on each side near end; folds slant laterad from edge of lip, giving medial portion of lip trapezoidal shape. Posterior lip pulled completely inside lorica and pressed against anterior lip to effect closure of aperture; posterior lip loses its shape on closing. Loricastome present; edge of peristomial lip of trophont associated with posterior surface of loricastome. Thickened myonemal band present around entire circumference of edge of peristomial lip. Macronucleus elongate, located in approximate center of body. Medial portion of macronucleus extremely slender, straight or slightly curved, parallel to transverse axis of body or slanting posteriad from left to right as slight angle to transverse axis; ends of macronucleus much thicker than medial portion, curved anteriad away from medial portion. Second type asexual division not observed, probably absent. (ref. ID; 4335)
Remarks; Observations of fixed Setonophrys suggest that the mechanism effecting closure of the lorica is very different from that of Lagenophrys. The positions of both lips of Lagenophrys change when they draw together to close the aperture, but their shape remains more or less unaltered. The anterior lip of Setonophrys is pulled only slightly to the posterior when the aperture closes (Kane, 1965), playing virtually no active role in closure. By contrast, its posterior lip is drawn almost completely within the lorica to lie against the anterior half the loricastome, temporarily losing it shape in the process. The macronuclei of all members of Setonophrys have the same distinctive shape and occupy approximately the same position in the body. This contrasts sharply with Operculigera and Lagenophrys, whose species vary widely among themselves in shape and position of the macronucleus. Eight species are assigned to Setonophrys. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type species; Lagenophrys seticola Kane, 1916 by designation (Jankowski, 1986) (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys bispinosa (Kane, 1965) (ref. ID; 4335)
Syn; Lagenophrys bispinosa Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys communis (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Syn; Lagenophrys communis Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335); Lagenophrys latispinosa Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335); Lagenophrys lawrii Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys lingulata (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Syn; Lagenophrys lingulata Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys nivalis (Kane, 1969) (ref. ID; 4335)
Syn; Lagenophrys nivalis Kane, 1969 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys occlusa (Kane, 1965) (ref. ID; 4335)
Syn; Lagenophrys occlusa Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys seticola (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Syn; Lagenophrys seticola Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys spinosa (Kane, 1965) (ref. ID; 4335)
Syn; Lagenophrys spinosa Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
- Setonophrys tricorniculata Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 original paper)
Setonophrys communis (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Synonym
Lagenophrys communis Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335); Lagenophrys latispinosa Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335); Lagenophrys lawrii Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335), Sprague & Couch, 1971 (ref. ID; 4335)
Emended description
Lorica hemispheroidal, subcircular or suboval in dorsal view, with moderately to heavily thickened rim. Lips of aperture tall, located close to anterior margin of lorica. Anterior lip of lorica aperture slightly to moderately arched; shape of lip is asymmetrical, apex of curvature of edge occurring slightly to left of center of lip. Edge of anterior lip varies: edge lacks spines, has one spine near right end of lip, or has a spine near each end of lip. Spine length arising from edge of anterior lip varies. Posterior lip of lorica aperture as described for genus. Infraciliature of peniculi was not observed because of orientation in body. Macronucleus as described for genus. Micronucleus ovoid, usually located near right end of macronucleus but rarely near center and never near left end. (ref. ID; 4335)
Remarks
Kane (1965) describes Lagenophrys communis as having no spines on the edge of the anterior lip of its lorica aperture and attaching to parts of the host's body other than its gills or branchial chamber. In the same paper, Kane describes two species that resemble L. communis, except for possessing two spines on the edge of the anterior lip of the aperture and for occurring only on the bases of the host's gills or the inner surface of its branchial chamber. One of these species, L. latispinosa, has a long spine at each end of the anterior lip; the other, L. lawrii, has short spikes in the same positions (Kane 1965). After examining a broad selection of material, I am convinced that L. communis, L. latispinosa, and L. lawrii are conspecific and that all should be synonyms of S. communis. Intergrades between the forms described by Kane (1965) as L. communis and L. latispinosa were abundant in two samples examined. One sample was attached to gills of C. albidus from Maryborough, Victoria (NMNH-CC 118818), and the other was attached to uropods of C. destructor from an unspecified locality in southern Australia (NMNH-CC 16091). In both instances, individuals with no spines on the anterior lip, one spine at the right end of the lip, or a spine at each end of the lip were present on the same part of a single host. Five samples of S. communis were examined in which all individuals had two spines of equal length on the anterior lip, corresponding to the form that Kane named L. latispinosa. Individuals were confined to the gills of hosts in all of those samples and only slight variations in the structure of the anterior lip of the aperture were evident in four of them, possibly explaining why Kane perceived his L. latispinosa to be a distinct species. Among individuals in the fifth sample, a population on C. rotundus collected near Newcastle, New South Wales (NMNH-CC 63294), the anterior lip was variable, but the type of variation differed from that described in the preceding paragraph. Some individuals in the fifth sample matched Kane's (1965) description of L. latispinosa. Others had an anterior lip that was arched more highly, with both spines on its edge shorter and broader. Thick, rod-like bodies, which stained intensely with iron hematoxylin and appeared to be bacteria, were scattered through the cytoplasm of many individuals in the sample from Newcastle. If these bodies are bacteria, they may be symbiotic, since no food vacuoles were visible around them. No more than 8-10 such bodies were seen in a single ciliate. The sample of S. communis on C. quadricarinatus from Northern Territories (NMNH-CC 129875) only partially conformed to Kane's (1965) description of L. lawrii. It contained many individuals with the two short spines on the aperture's anterior lip that Kane cites as a distinguishing characteristic of L. lawrii. However, other individuals without spikes on the anterior lip, as well as intergrades with reduced spikes, were present in the sample. Little variation other than the anterior lip of the lorica aperture was observed in populations of S. communis by either Kane (1965) or myself. Sizes of individuals from different hosts and localities moderately varied, but proportions of body parts to one anther were similar. In addition, the shape of the anterior lip of the lorica aperture, with or without spikes, was found to be characteristic of the species. The epistomial disk of individuals in the sample of S. communis on C. quadricarinatus was distinctly wider in relation to the lorica width than in other samples, but all other dimensions and proportions of individual on C. quadricarinatus overlap those on other hosts. Variants of S. communis having two subequal spines on the anterior lip of the lorica aperture are superficially similar to S. bispinosa; however, the two species differ in shape and orientation of spines. The spines on the anterior lip are uniformly slender and project almost directly anteriad in A. bispinosa (Kane, 1965), but have thicker bases and project almost directly laterad in S. communis. Kane (1965) recorded S. spinosa and S. communis together on the same parts of the same species of host, and it is possible that variants of S. communis with a single spine on the anterior lip of the aperture could be confused with S. spinosa. However, the anterior lip of significantly narrower in relation to the lorica width in S. spinosa and is uniformly convex rather than asymmetrical as is characteristic of S. communis. Also, the spine on the anterior lip projects almost directly anteriad in S. spinosa and almost directly laterad in variants of S. communis. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type locality and host
Australia, Victoria, Panton Hill; on Cherax destructor Clark, exposed surfaces of body (Kane 1965). Panton Hill is 33 km northeast of Melbourne. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type material
None. (ref. ID; 4335)
Representative material
Ten slides (hematoxylin preparations) of material from localities in Victoria, New South Wales, and Northern Territory will be deposited. These slides are representative of the material on which the emended description of S. communis was based. (ref. ID; 4335)
Setonophrys lingulata (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Synonym
Lagenophrys lingulata Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
Emended description
Lorica hemispheroidal, much wider than long; in dorsal view, lorica either suboval to shaped like a clam shell with right half larger and rounder than left half. Lorica rim heavily thickened. Posterior and lateral portions of lorica rim uniform in thickness. Segments of rim directly laterad of lorica aperture slightly wider than posterior and lateral portions of rim; rim segment directly anteriad of aperture much wider than posterior and lateral portions. Wider segments of rim project inward rather than outward, preserving regular outline of margin of lorica in dorsal view. Lips of aperture short, close to anterior margin of lorica, slightly taller at left than at right. Anterior lip of lorica aperture only slightly arched, nearly straight. Edge of anterior lip varies; edge lacks spines, has one short to long slender spine slightly to left of center, or has one long, slender spine slightly to left of center and an additional short blade-like spine immediately its left. Posterior lip of lorica aperture as described for genus. Infraciliature of peniculi were not observed well enough to describe. Macronucleus as described for genus. Micronucleus ovoid, always located near right end of macronucleus. (ref. ID; 4335)
Remarks
Setonophrys lingulata often shares the same host with S. communis and Lagenophrys willisi, and was also found with S. occlusa. Individuals of S. lingulata attach only to the host's gill filaments and always orient with the transverse axis of the body parallel to the long axis of a gill filaments. Most individuals of S. lingulata that were examined had a single, slender spine of the anterior lip of the lorica aperture; however, some had a shorter, blade-like spine in addition to the slender spine, and a few lacked spines on the anterior lip altogether. Setonophrys lingulata is superficially similar to S. spinosa; however, differences in lorica shape and height of the lips of the aperture clearly separate the two species (Kane 1965). Setonophrys lingulata also resembles S. occlusa, but the two are easily distinguished by differences in the proportions of the lorica, the height and shape of the anterior lip of the aperture, and the shape of the spine on the anterior lip. Two representative slides (hematoxylin preparations) of S. occlusa from a locality in the Grampian Mountains of western Victoria will be deposited. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type locality and host
Australia, Victoria, near Melbourne; on Cherax destructor Clark, gill filaments (Kane 1965). (ref. ID; 4335)
Type material
Two slides (hematoxylin preparations) of material from the immediate vicinity of the type locality will be designated neosyntypes and deposited. (ref. ID; 4335)
Representative material
Two slides (hematoxylin preparations) of material from a site approximately 130 km northwest of the type locality will also be deposited. (ref. ID; 4335)
Setonophrys seticola (Kane, 1965) Clamp, 1991 (ref. ID; 4335 redescribed paper)
Synonym
Lagenophrys seticola Kane, 1965 (ref. ID; 4335)
Emended description
Lorica ovoid, much longer than wide. Lorica attached to host by narrow strip of ventral surface; remainder of ventral surface and anterior margin free. Posterior margin of lorica extremely thick, with longitudinal wrinkles in surface. Lips of aperture short symmetrical in shape, located close to anterior margin of lorica. Anterior lip of aperture moderately arched; edge of anterior lip either lacks spines or has one short spine. If spine present on edge of anterior lip, it has the following characteristics: arises from approximate center of lip with an extremely wide base encompassing 1/2 to 2/3 of edge of lip, narrows abruptly distad to more or less sharp tip, and slants noticeably left. The tip of spine usually curves posteriad to a slight degree, occasionally straight or curved anteriad slightly. Posterior lip of lorica aperture as described for genus. Infraciliature of peniculi not observed because scarcity of material did not permit protargol preparations to be made. Macronucleus as described for genus. Micronucleus ovoid, usually located near right end of macronucleus and seldom near center. (ref. ID; 4335)
Remarks
The emended description is based partially on the sample of S. seticola that was examined and partially on Kane's (1965) original description of the species. He described the anterior lip of the lorica aperture as lacking spines. By contrast, most individuals in the sample that I examined have one short, thick spine on the edge of the anterior lip, although the spine is reduced or absent in some. All individuals in this sample are indistinguishable from the organisms described by Kane (1965) except for the variation in the anterior lip of the aperture. In an individuals of S. seticola with a well-developed spine, the spine on the anterior lip resembles the one on the anterior lip of S. occlusa. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type locality and host
Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, Templestowe, bank of Yarra River; on Engaeus fultoni Smith & Schuster, setae (Kane 1965). (ref. ID; 4335)
Type material
One slide (hematoxyline preparation) of material from a locality in western Victoria will be designated as a neosyntype and deposited. (ref. ID; 4335)
Descriptions
Lorica hemispheroidal, subcircular, or suboval in dorsal view. Lorica rim heavily thickened. Posterior and lateral portions of lorica rim uniformly thick. Segments of rim directly laterad of lorica aperture slightly wider than posterior and lateral parts of rim; segment of rim directly anteriad of aperture much wider than posterior and lateral portions. Wider segments of rim project inward rather than outward, preserving regular outline of margin of lorica in dorsal view. Lips of lorica aperture tall, symmetrical in shape, located close to anterior margin of lorica. Anterior lip of aperture moderately arched, with three long and thick spines that project from the edge at the following points: near left end of lip; slightly to left of center of lip, and near right end of lip. Spine near left end of anterior lip more or less straight projecting almost directly laterad, with tip occasionally flexed to form a hook. Spine slightly to left of center of anterior lip with proximal one-third projecting anteriad; distal two-thirds of spine bending sharply toward left at approximately right angle to proximal one-third. Spine near right end of anterior lip with proximal half projecting anteriad or nearly so; distal half of spine bends sharply toward right at approximately right angle to proximal half. Posterior lip of aperture as described for genus. Infraciliature of peniculi was not observed because scarcity of material did not permit protargol preparations to be made. Macronucleus as described for genus. Micronucleus ovoid, always located near right end of macronucleus. (ref. ID; 4335)
Remarks
Little variation in the length and shape of the spines on the anterior lip of the lorica aperture was observed in S. tricorniculata. There seem to be three possible locations for spines on the anterior lip of Setonophrys species: near the left end, slightly to the left of center, and near the right end. Setonophrys tricorniculata is unique in possessing spines at all of these points. (ref. ID; 4335)
Etymology
The root of the specific name is derived from corniculum (Latin: little horn). The name refers to the three spines on the anterior lip of the lorica aperture. (ref. ID; 4335)
Type locality and host
Australia, Victoria, Grampian Mountains, Wannon River: 12/14/56; on Geocharax falcata, pleopods (NMNH-CC 118810). (ref. ID; 4335)
Type material
A holotype slide (hematoxyline preparations) will be deposited. (ref. ID; 4335)