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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Parafavella

Parafavella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3607, 7037)

Order Heterotrichida Stein, 1867: Suborder Tintinnoinea Kofoid & Campbell, 1929: Family Cyttarocylidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929: Subfamily Favellineae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3607)
Family Xystonellidae (ref. ID; 911)
Family Tintinnida (ref. ID; 5937)

[ref. ID; 3596]
Lorica bell- or gobelt-shaped; oral margin often denticulate; aboral region usually concave conical with a short or elongate aboral horn, rarely rounded or ending in a pointed tip when an aboral horn is absent; wall trilamellate, with a regular hexagonal reticulation. (ref. ID; 3596)

[ref. ID; 5937]
Separation of the species has always been a perplexing problem. Early workers (e.g., Brandt 1896; Jorgensen 1899, 1901) had difficulties in distinguishing species from one another, and in their attempts to differentiate among the variants, the taxonomy became greatly confused. Despite this confusion, and despite recognition by Kofoid and Campbell (1929) of intraspecific variability, these authors set up a system containing 23 nominal species. Essentially the same system was maintained by Marshall (1969). The classification of the genus has remained troublesome. Some authors more or less rigidly have assigned all variants to one or another of the 23 species (e.g., Persova and Chibisova (1970), working in the White Sea, who listed 9 species), while others have recognized that there was variability and struggled to clarify the chaos. Burkovsky (1973), also working in the White Sea, could find no demarcations among any of the nine forms listed by Persova and Chibisova (1970), and lumped all of them together, along with two other "species" as Parafavella denticulata. Schulz and Wulff (1927, 1929) and Wulff (1940)) associated great differences of size and lorica form of specimens (recognized as varieties of P. denticulata) with hydrographic conditions, and used these differences in an attempt to trace water movements in the Barents Sea. In Icelandic waters, Gudmundsson (1937) also recognized extensive form variations and three size groups (small, large, and giant). In the Tromso area of Norway (Balsfjorden), Gaarder (1938) remarked that her P. denticulatus varied much in size and form. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cardinal et al. (1977), accepting Burkovsky's lead, lumped five of the latter's forms with two additional ones as P. denticulata. Lindley (1975) united four species as the "P. gigantea group" and two others as the "P. denticulata group" when he had frustrations in the separation of species in North Atlantic continuous plankton samples. (ref. ID; 5937)

[ref. ID; 7037]
In this genus the loricae varied greatly and continuously in length, width at the oral end, presence or absence and length of an oboral pedicel, and angular deviations of the base and of the sides of the lorica bowl from the main lorica axis. (ref. ID; 7037)
  1. Parafavella acuta (Jorgensen, 1901) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3607)
  2. Parafavella brandti Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper)
  3. Parafavella cylindrica (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3607)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis denticulata var. cylindrica Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 5937)
  4. Parafavella denticulata (Ehrenberg, 1840) (ref. ID; 1868, 5937) or (Ehrenberg) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis denticulata Daday, 1887 (ref. ID; 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. typica Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607); Favella denticulata Jorgensen, 1927 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella denticulata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Tintinnus denticulatus Ehrenberg, 1840 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)
  5. Parafavella dilatata (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3607)
  6. Parafavella digitalis Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3607)
  7. Parafavella edentata Brandt, 1896 (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3607)
  8. Parafavella elegans (Ostenfeld, 1899) (ref. ID; 1868, 5937)
  9. Parafavella faceta Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3606 original paper)
  10. Parafavella gigantea (Brandt, 1896) (ref. ID; 5937) or (Brandt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607, 3772) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2249)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis gigantea (part) Brandt, 1896 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. elongata Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607, 5937); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. gigantea Cleve, 1899 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella gigantea Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)
  11. Parafavella greenlandica Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3607)
  12. Parafavella hemifusus (Meunier) (ref. ID; 3607)
  13. Parafavella jorgenseni Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596)
  14. Parafavella longidentata Hada, 1937 (ref. ID; 3596 original paper)
  15. Parafavella media (Brandt, 1896) (ref. ID; 5937)
  16. Parafavella obtunsangula (Ostenfeld, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3607)
  17. Parafavella pacifica Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607 original paper)
  18. Parafavella parumdentata (Brandt, 1906) (ref. ID; 1868, 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3772) or (Brandt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3607)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis edentata var. parumdentata Brandt, 1906 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella parumdentata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3607)
  19. Parafavella promissa Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper)
  20. Parafavela robusta Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3607)
  21. Parafavella rotundata (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3607)
  22. Parafavella subcylindrica Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3607 original paper)
  23. Parafavella subedentata Jorgensen (ref. ID; 3607)
  24. Parafavella subrotundata (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596) or (Jorgensen) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis denticulata var. gamma subrotundata Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. subrotundata Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella subrotundata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)
  25. Parafavella tenuis Schulz & Wulff, 1929 (ref. ID; 5937)
  26. Parafavella ventricosa (Jorgensen) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606)
    Syn; Cyttarocylis denticulata var. beta cylindrica forma ventricosa Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 3606); Parafavella ventricosa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)

Parafavella brandti Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica elongated goblet-shaped, 5.2-7.0 oral diameters in length; oral rim entire without dentation; bowl subcylindrical, widened slightly in the suboral region; aboral region an inverted cone of 50-58 degrees; aboral horn long, sometime more or less curved, 0.26-0.28 of the total length in length. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

Differs from Parafavella edentata (Brandt) and P. subedentata (Jorgensen) in the longer bowl and in the elongate aboral horn, and from, P. gigantea (Brandt) in absence of oral teeth on the oral margin. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 360-437; oral diameter 63-68 um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella cylindrica (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis denticulata var. cylindrica Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 5937)

Descriptions

See Parafavella gigantea. (ref. ID; 5937)

Parafavella denticulata (Ehrenberg, 1840) (ref. ID; 1868, 5937) or (Ehrenberg) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis denticulata Daday, 1887 (ref. ID; 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. typica Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607); Favella denticulata Jorgensen, 1927 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella denticulata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Tintinnus denticulatus Ehrenberg, 1840 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)

Descriptions

Lorica tall goblet-shaped, 3-7 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with 30-42 slender teeth; bowl gradually tapering aborally to an aboral horn, its length 0.16-0.40 of the total length. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica elongated bell-shaped, 33-37 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with 50-60 teeth 0.095 of the total length in length; bowl cylindrical, 1.08 oral diameters in the widest transdiameter; aboral region contracting gradually (50-67 degrees); aboral horn usually straight and conical (14-20 degrees) occasionally curved, 0.13-0.16 of the total length in length, its tip pointed. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

The species shows a great diversity in form and dimensions, especially in length of the aboral horn. The species differs from P. gigantea (Brandt) in the gradually narrowing aboral region and delicacy of the wall. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella gigantea (Brandt) in size and dimensions of the lorica and in the shorter aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 170 (132-333); oral diameter 46 (45-48); length of the aboral horn 20-136; length of a tooth 5-6 um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 225 (200-235); oral diameter 63 (62-64) um. (ref. ID; 3606)
Length 226 (208-234); oral diameter 63 (62-64) um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella faceta Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3606 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica elongate bell-shaped, 2.3-3.0 oral diameters in length; oral margin denticulate with numerous teeth (46-50); bowl gradually narrowing distally; aboral region convex conical (65-70 degrees) with a conical aboral horn of 0.07-0.15 of the total length. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica tall bell-shaped, 2.0-3.1 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulate with about 48 triangular teeth; bowl dilated slightly at the anterior 0.2 of the total length, its widest transdiameter 1.07 oral diameters, below the suboral expansion contracting gradually, changing from 10-15 degrees at the middle to 70-90 degrees in the aboral region; aboral horn stout, shortened, conical (20-32 degrees), 0.07-0.09 of the total length in length, tip usually acute. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

The species differs from P. denticulata (Ehrenberg), P. parumdentata (Brandt), P. obtunsangula (Ostenfeld) in the abruptly narrowed aboral region. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella obtusangula (Ostenfeld) and P. parumdentata (Brandt) in more abrupt contraction of the aboral region and in having a more distinct aboral horn and from P. pacifica Hada in having many teeth of the oral rim and in the slowly contracting aboral part. (ref. ID; 3606)

Type locality

The species was first found in Mutsu Bay, Japan. (ref. ID; 3596)

Measurements

Length 110-138; oral diameter 45-48; length of the aboral horn 7-21 um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 147 (123-171); oral diameter 56 (51-61); greatest transdiameter 60 (54-65) um. (ref. ID; 3606)

Parafavella gigantea (Brandt, 1896) (ref. ID; 5937) or (Brandt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607, 3772) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2249)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis gigantea (part) Brandt, 1896 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. elongata Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607, 5937); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. gigantea Cleve, 1899 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella gigantea Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)

Descriptions

Lorica elongate goblet-shaped, 3.9-8.8 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with 45-55 stout teeth; bowl slightly constricted above the middle, narrowing abruptly towards the aboral horn; aboral horn usually straight, 0.25-0.33 of the total length. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica elongated tubular, 5.3-8.1 oral diameters in length; oral margin denticulated with about 45 teeth as long as 0.013-0.018 of the length in length; bowl nearly cylindrical, somewhat expanding in the suboral part, its greatest transdiameter 1.02-1.11 oral diameters, constricted slightly at the middle; aboral region convex conical (45-60 degrees), tapering into a long slender horn; aboral horn straight or more or less curved, 0.25-0.33 of the total length in length, with a pointed tip. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

The length of the lorica is exceedingly variable. The oral denticulation is not a constant character of this species as in other species of Parafavella, because there are some specimens which are partly denticulate or perfectly edentate as in the figures given by Brandt (Pl.3, fig.23, 1896; Pl.38, fig.2, 1906), Meunier (Pl.8, figs.3, 5, 1910), and Hada (Fig.17, 1932, described as P. brandti). The present species differs from P. denticulata (Ehrenberg) in coarser appearance and the abruptly narrowing aboral region. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella denticulata (Ehrenberg) in larger size and in elongation of the aboral horn and from P. robusta (Jorgensen) in the more slender contour of the lorica. (ref. ID; 3607)
P. gigantea and P. cylindrica were separated on the basis of the geater length of the terminal lorica spine (pedicel) in P. gigantea, where it is described as up to one-quarter the total length of the lorica. In P. cylindrica it is described as short and blunt. Taxonomists also have listed a difference in the ratio of body length to the oral diameter in the two species, this being 5.1 to 6.9 in P. gigantea and 3.4 to 5.8 in P. cylindrica (Marshall 1969). A a rule, loricae assigned to P. gigantea have a more tapering bowl than is the case for P. cylindrica (i.e., the aboral portion in the latter is more rounded). More than half of the 272 specimens photographed could be classified either as P. gigantea or P. cylindrica, or at least they were similar to these forms and did not fit the descriptions for any other forms. In number of the specimens, it was impossible to measure the length of the pedicel because of uncertainty concerning the exact demarcation between the main body of the shell and the pedicel. The pedicel length, however, could be measured accurately in 90 specimens and was found to range from 2 to 92 um, and it exhibited nearly all the possible lengths between. In agreement with the literature, the lorica lengths of 148 specimens of P. gigantea, P. cylindrica, and closely similar forms lay between 188 and 617 um. The proportion of the lorica length formed by the pedicel ranged from 0.63 to 23.19%, while in the literature it is reported to range from 3 to 25%. Some oral diameters were encountered that were less than the minimum listed by Marshall (1969) while others were greater than the maximum. Ratios of length to oral diameter were given by Marshall as ranging from 3.4 to 6.9. In my measurements some of the ratios greatly exceeded this maximum. The tapering other aboral bowl of the lorica was examined, as indicated by the angle of the bowl from the longitudinal axis of the lorica. There is an inevitable uncertainty involved in measuring these angles, especially at the higher values, because a certain amount of subjectivity is required to judge the average direction of the often sowewhat irregular or curved terminal portion. Sometimes also the bowl is slightly asymmetrical so that the angles differ on the two sides. Nevertheless, it is evident that the angles vary by only minute gradations from about 10 to about 62 degrees. Bowl angles estimated from photographs and drawings in the literature for P. gigantea and P. cylindrica ranged from 21 to 38 degrees, except for specimens illustrated by Jorgensen (1901) as Cyttarocylis denticulata var. elongata, where the angles are only about 15 degrees (Kofoid and Campbell (1929) list this variety of Jorgensen's as synonymous with P. gigantea). Clearly Jorgensen's C. d. elongata is the same as my specimen. It is obvious that there is no possibility of distinction between P. gigantea and P. cylindrica on the basis of the lorica structure. In the taxonomic literature considerable stress has been placed on the shape of the lorica and on the degree of tapering from the oral to the aboral end in distinguishing the several species. A series of five specimens of Parafavella has been selected to show graded differences in the degree of flare from the main axis of the loricae. As with measurements of the aboral bowl, the angles of flare are determined somewhat subjectively because arbitrary judgement is necessary to determine the point on the lorica from which to make the estimations. Nevertheless, the flare in the measured specimens varied in small increments from about 4 degrees to about 14 degrees. Taxonomists also have distinguished species of Parafavella on the basis of the presence or absence of teeth on the oral margin, and on the number and coarseness of the teeth when present. It has been observed by others (e.g., Schulz and Wulff 1929; Burkovsky 1973), as well as during the present study, that the entire oral margin with its teeth can be lost, especially in older loricae; for its reason no edentate shells were considered above. Furthermore, the number and coarseness of the teeth also varied continuously, as can be judged by cursory inspection of the accompanying photographs (no detailed study could be made of this from the photographs because the depth of focus of the microscope was inadequate at the magnification used). If the above argument and those of Burkovsky (1973) and Cardinal et al. (1977) are valid, then it has been demonstrated that for practical purposes it is not feasible to distinguish among the loricas of the following 14 'species': P. acuta (Jorgensen, 1901), P. cylindrica (Jorgensen, 1899), P. denticulata (Ehrenberg, 1840), P. dilatata (Jorgensen, 1899), P. edentata (Brandt, 1896), P. elegans (Ostenfeld, 1899), P. gigantea (Brandt, 1896), P. media (Brandt, 1896), P. obtusangula (Ostenfeld, 1899), P. parumdentata (Brandt, 1906), P. robusta (Jorgensen, 1901), P. rotundata (Jorgensen, 1899), P. subrotundata (Jorgensen, 1899), and P. tenuis (Schulz and Wulff, 1929). On the other hand, from the above it should not be concluded, as was done by Burkovsky (1973) and Cardinal et al. (1977), that all of these forms in the genus must now be considered to be a single multivariate species (by priority to be called P. denticulata). It is only implied that it is inadequate to use only the loricae in the determination of species. (ref. ID; 5937)

Measurements

800 um long. (ref. ID; 2249)
Length 350 (224-528); oral diameter 64 (58-68); length of the aboral horn 95 (65-176) um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 380 (337-486); oral diameter 65 (63-69) um. (ref. ID; 3606)
Length 445 (340-576); oral diameter 66 (63-71) um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella jorgenseni Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596)

Descriptions

Lorica tall chalice-shaped, 1.8-2.4 oral diameters in length; oral margin dentate with about 50 minute teeth; bowl broadest in the suboral region, then gradually convex conical (40-55 degrees at the aboral region) to a pointed terminal. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica tall bell-shaped, 2.1-2.4 oral diameters in length; oral margin denticulated with 38 (32-42) short triangular teeth; bowl subcylindrical aboral end conical (40-55 degrees), without an aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

The species differs from P. acuta (Jorgensen) in being stouter and conical. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella acuta (Jorgensen) in stouter proportions, from P. greenlandica Kofoid & Campbell in the longer lorica and in the pointed aboral end instead of a blunt tip, from P. parumdentata (Brandt) in having no aboral horn, and from P. obtunsangula (Ostenfeld) in the contour of the aboral region which is not so much abruptly contracted in this species as in the last. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 95 (80-110); oral diameter 45 (40-46) um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 105 (91-125); oral diameter 45 (43-47) um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella longidentata Hada, 1937 (ref. ID; 3596 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica tall goblet-shaped, 2.6-3.9 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with 22-26 slender teeth; bowl broadest at the middle or a little below it, its greatest transdiameter 1.1 oral diameter; aboral region roundly conical (90-115 degrees) with a short horn 0.08-0.12 of the total length; reticulation comparatively coarse. (ref. ID; 3596)

Comments

Conspicuous variation is seen in length of the aboral horn. The general contour of the lorica is also somewhat variable; some specimens are slender and tubular, but some are rotund. The species differs from most species in Parafavella in having elongate and slender teeth. (ref. ID; 3596)

Type locality

Small numbers of this species were found in the material taken on September 19, 1932 in Akkeshi Bay. (ref. ID; 3596)

Measurements

Length 147 (110-162); oral diameter 43 (42-45); length of the aboral horn 13 (8-20); length of a tooth 8 um. (ref. ID; 3596)

Parafavella pacifica Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3606, 3607 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica dilated bell-shaped, 2.2-2.7 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with comparatively fewer teeth (26-32); bowl broadest near the middle, its greatest transdiameter 1.11-1.26 oral diameters; aboral region abruptly narrowing (95-115 degrees); aboral horn forming a low cone of 20-55 degrees, its length 0.05-0.12 of the total length. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica elongated goblet-shaped, 2.1-3.0 oral diameters in length; oral rim flaring very slightly, denticulated with about 25 teeth 0.013-0.034 of the total length in length; bowl almost dilated near the middle of the bowl, its greatest transdiameter 1.04-1.17 oral diameters, gradually contracting aborally and merging distally into a convex conical (80-120 degrees) aboral region; aboral horn short, conical (17-34 degrees), 0.08-0.12 of the total length in length, tip pointed. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

The teeth are rather widely variable in shape; some of wide ill-formed triangle and some of irregular rectangle form. Sometimes teeth are partially deficient. The species differs from P. parumdentata (Brandt) in having the aboral region abruptly narrowed, and from P. subrotundata (Jorgensen) in having a stouter and round contour. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella obtunsangula (Ostenfeld) and from P. parumdentata (Brandt) in the more broadly conical postmedian region, in fewer teeth of the oral rim, and in the more rotund lateral contour. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 92 (88-113); oral diameter 43 (40-46); length of the aboral horn 8 (5-13) um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 135 (120-154); oral diameter 47 (45-52) um. (ref. ID; 3606)
Length 123 (105-150); oral diameter 46 (43-50) um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella parumdentata (Brandt, 1906) (ref. ID; 1868, 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596, 3772) or (Brandt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3607)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis edentata var. parumdentata Brandt, 1906 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella parumdentata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3607)

Descriptions

Lorica elongate goblet-shaped, 3 oral diameters in length; oral rim somewhat flaring, denticulate with about 35 teeth; bowl subcylindrical and subconical (5 degrees) in suboral part, tapering aborally (50 degrees); aboral horn conical (10 degrees), 0.15 of the total length in length, with an acute tip. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

Differs from Parafavella pacifica n. sp. in the more tapering aboral end and from P. obtunsangula (Ostenfeld) in possessing the more differentiated aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 50; oral diameter 50 um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella promissa Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3607 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica elongate, consisting of a tubular bowl and a very long aboral horn, its length 7.3 oral diameters; oral rim slightly flaring, denticulated with about 22 long teeth strongly curved outwardly; bowl nearly cylindrical, more or less expanding at the anterior 0.12 and at the posterior 0.31 of the bowl, contracting aborally, (45 degrees); aboral horn much elongated, slender, somewhat curved irregularly, 0.46 of the total length, in length, provided with a discoidal appendage at the tip. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

Differs from Parafavella denticulata (Ehrenberg) and P. gigantea (Brandt) in long curved teeth of the oral rim and in its remarkable elongated aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 334; oral diameter 46 um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella subcylindrica Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3596, 3607 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica sac-shaped, 1.9-2.6 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulate with numerous small teeth (about 50); bowl slightly inflated in the suboral region; aboral region rounded, with or without a small elevation which is a rudimental aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica short figure-shaped, 2.7 oral diameters in length; oral margin denticulate with many small triangular teeth (about 60); bowl subcylindrical, dilated slightly in the suboral 0.16 of the total length, gradually contracting aborally, convex conical (8 degrees) in the posterior 0.3 of the lorica; aboral end nearly hemispherical, somewhat subacute, without an aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

Some specimens have a round aboral end without aboral horn as given in the original figure, but others show a slight development of an aboral horn. The species differs from P. rotundata (Jorgensen) in having a stouter contour, and from P. subrotundata (Jorgensen) in the smaller size and development of the aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella digitalis Kofoid & Campbell in having the denticulate oral rim, from P. hemifusus (Meunier) in numerous oral teeth and in the rounded aboral end, and from P. rotundata (Jorgensen) in smaller size and in stouter proportions. (ref. ID; 3607)

Type locality

The species was first described by Hada from the south of Kamchatka. (ref. ID; 3596)

Measurements

Length 82-108; oral diameter 42 um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 169; oral diameter 63 um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella subrotundata (Jorgensen, 1899) (ref. ID; 5937) reported year? (ref. ID; 3596) or (Jorgensen) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3606, 3607)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis denticulata var. gamma subrotundata Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 3606, 3607); Cyttarocylis denticulata var. subrotundata Jorgensen, 1901 (ref. ID; 3607); Parafavella subrotundata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)

Descriptions

Lorica elongate, tubular, 3.0-4.3 oral diameters in length; oral rim denticulated with about 50 teeth; bowl cylindrical, slightly conical (5-7 degrees) towards the aboral end, its widest transdiameter 1.03-1.05 oral diameters; more or less abruptly contracting aborally (65-85 degrees); aboral horn short, 0.05-0.11 of the total length in length, conical (20-35 degrees). (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

Differs from Parafavella cylindrica (Jorgensen) in smaller size and in the slightly conical bowl, from P. denticulata (Ehrenberg) in the short horn, and from P. dilatata (Jorgensen) in less conical feature of the lorica. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 223 (191-271); oral diameter 63 (63-65) um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Parafavella ventricosa (Jorgensen) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3596, 3606)

Synonym

Cyttarocylis denticulata var. beta cylindrica forma ventricosa Jorgensen, 1899 (ref. ID; 3606); Parafavella ventricosa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)

Descriptions

Lorica shaped like an elongate gourd, 5.0-8.5 oral diameters in length; oral rim usually denticulate with 36-50 minute triangular teeth which occasionally are partly or entirely absent; bowl constricted near the middle; aboral region convex conical (40-60 degrees), gradually terminating to a stout horn; aboral horn conical (10-15 degrees), its length 0.10-0.23 of the total length. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica finger-shaped, 5 oral diameters in length; oral margin denticulated with comparatively fewer teeth; bowl subcylindrical, with a slight suboral bulge, enlarged gradually towards the aboral end and widest at the posterior 0.37 of the total length, its greatest transdiameter 1.25 oral diameters; aboral region an inverted convex cone of 78 degrees; aboral horn 0.1 of the total length in length, conical (8 degrees), tip more or less acute. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

The length of the lorica is considerably variable, the largest individuals are twice as long as the smallest. The oral teeth are not always present, because a few specimens lack partially or entirely an oral dentation. The species differs from P. gigantea (Brandt) and P. cylindrica (Jorgensen) in having as distinct median constriction. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Parafavella gigantea (Brandt) in the bulbous aboral region, in the shorter horn, and in fewer teeth on the oral margin. (ref. ID; 3606)

Measurements

Length 385 (272-544); oral diameter 60 (55-65); length of the aboral horn 64 (27-104) um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 316; oral diameter 64; greatest transdiameter 80 um. (ref. ID; 3606)