Euglena
- Euglena gracilis
- Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris
[ref. ID; 3312]
Test system
An automated biomonitoring system
Strains
Euglena gracilis Klebs, strain Z from the culture collection in Gottingen (Germany).
Toxicants
NaPCP, 2,4-DCP, TBBPA, Acetone, Formaldehyde, NiCl2, AgNO3, KH2AsO4, NaAsO2, CuCl2, PbNO3, K2Cr2O7, Co(NO3)2, ZnSO4, KCN.
Measurements/observations
Movements behavior (r-value, Motility, Compactness).
Evaluations
EC50, by real time image analysis.
[ref. ID; 3548]
Test system
24-hr short-term exposure
Strains
Strain Z, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Sweden.
Toxicants/concentrations
Heavy metals (all used as nitrates) as Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L-1): Pentachlorophenol (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L-1).
Experimental condition
The cultures were grown in a freshwater medium in 100 ml Erlenmeyer glass flasks at 20 degrees C in a cultivation cabinet. The light/dark cycle was 16/8 hr with an irradiance of 19 W m-2 (400-700 nm). 3 replicates for each concentration.
Measurements/observations
Photosynthetic efficiency (the rate of oxygen evolution/consumption per gram (g) chlorophyll-a and time (s-1)), motility, and cell shape.
[ref. ID; 3729]
Test system
ATPase activity
Strains
Strain Z.
Toxicants
Na deoxycholate (or Teepol 610: anionic detergent), Digitonin (nonanionic detergent).
Temperature
27 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
ATP concentration.
[ref. ID; 3838]
Test system
Acute toxicity
Strains
Strain Z.
Toxicants/concentrations
CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide = Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide, 5 concentrations 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mM), Triton X-100 (4 concentrations 1.5, 3.0, 7.5, and 15 mM).
Test design
Resting medium, pH 5.8. Temperature 25 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Motility, swimming rate, photophobic response.
[ref. ID; 4497]
Test system
96-hr acute assay
Strains
UTEX 364 (from the Culture Collection of the Texas University) and MAT (isolated from the Matanza River), axenic culture.
Toxicants
Hexavalent chromium. K2Cr2O7 concentration (12, 18, 28, 52 and 62 uM Cr(VI)).
Test design/concentrations
Static cultures containing 50 ml of culture medium in 100-ml glass flasks, cool-white florescent continuous light at 150 uE.m-2.sec-1. Temperature 24+/-1 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell density, carbohydorate, Chlorophyll content.
[ref. ID; 4554]
Test system
Ser to Thr change at position 265 in the D1 protein of photosystem II
Strains
Euglena gracilis Z (wild type, from Sammlung von Algenkulturen, Gottingen) and DCMU resistant mutants (MSI and ZR).
Toxicants
Herbicides (Atrazine, Benzthiazuron, BNT, Cyanoacrylate, DCMU, Ioxynil, Ketonitrile, and Metribuzin).
Evaluations
R/S- and pI50-values (negative log of herbicide concentration giving 50% inhibition).
[ref. ID; 4560]
Test system
Thermoluminescence assay
Strains
Euglena gracilis Z. Klebs and DCMU-resistant lines ZR 25 and AR 250.
Toxicants
Atrazine, DCMU.
Evaluations
I50.
[ref. ID; 4562]
Test system
Molecular analysis of the psbA gene in mutants exhibiting resistance to DCMU.
Strains
Euglena gracilis Klebs Wild-type (Z) and three DCMU (3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)-adapted strains (ZR 25, ZR 250 and ZR 480). Fresh cultures were inoculated at 5x10E4 cells ml-1 in a liquid medium at pH 3.5 containing 33 mM DL-lactate as sole carbon source, without DCMU or with DCMU (25, 250 or 450 uM) for ZR 25, ZR 250 and ZR 480 respectively. The illumination conditions were constant at 20 uE m-2 sec-1 at 26 degrees C.
Toxicants
Atrazine, DCMU.
Test design
Photosynthetic oxygen evolution: The experiments were carried out on cells resuspended (final concentration 10E6 cells ml-1) in a buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6; 1 mM MgCl2) containing 20 mM NaHCO3. Temperature 25 degrees C.
Evaluations
Photosynthetic efficiency (ratio of maximal photosynthesis to chlorophyll concentration, umol O2 (nmol Chl)-1 hr-1). Resistance to herbicides (I50 (50% inhibition) adapted-strain/I50 wild type).
[ref. ID; 6084]
Test system
Heavy metal uptake (14 days)
Strains
Strain 367.
Toxicants
Digested sludge and activated sludge were obtained from the pilot sewage treatment plant at Shek Wu Hui and the sewage treatment plant at the Chinese University, Hong Kong (heavy metal: Mn, Zn, Fe and NH3-N).
Test design
Sewage sludges were air-dried at about 22+/-2 degrees C and passed through a 2-mm mesh sieve. Two different aqueous extracts were obtained by using two extraction methods. 1) by dispersing an appropriate amonut of sludge in distilled water by stirring for 1 hr in a blender. After blending, the suspensions were centrifuged for 15 min and the supernatant collected and autoclaved. 2) by adding an appropriate amount of sludge to distilled water and autoclaving immediately (121 degrees C, 15 lb/in3 (415 Mg/m3)). The suspensions were then filtered and the supernatants collected and autoclaved once more. 1%, 2%, and 3% sludge extracts. Relative humidity 70-80%, 16-hr light (2500 lux)/8-hr dark cycle.
Measurements
Cell numbers by means of a haematocytometer, chlorophyll contents, zinc and iron contents in the algal cells.
Evaluations
Growth rate.
[ref. ID; 6123]
Test system
Copper and Zinc are essential for the activity of several enzymatic systems. Zinc deficiency in Euglena gracilis has been shown to affect growth, morphology, cell cycle and mitosis. The effects of two physiological metals, Cu2+ and Zn2+, on E. gracilis biology.
Strains
From Dr. Silvio Celso G. Costa (Protozoology Department, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/RJ).
Toxicants
CuCl2, ZnCl2.
Measurements/observations
Cell number, protein and lipid content of cell, electron-probe X-ray microanalysis.
Evaluations
LC50.
[ref. ID; 7152]
Test system
Strains
Strain Z obtained from the algal culture collection at the University of Gottingen, Germany. Axenic culture.
Toxicants
Carbofuran, Malathion.
Test design
Under continuous light of 20 W m-2 from mixed cool white and warm tone fluorescent lamps at a temperature of about 20 degrees C.
- Short-term experiments: Already grown (1-2 week old) cultures of E. gracilis were exposed to different concentrations (0, 6, 12, 21, 34, and 50 mg l-1) of both the pesticides. Samplig times were 0, 1, 6, 24, and 72 hr. All treatments were done in three independent replicates in 100-ml Erlenmeyer flasks with a total volume of 50 ml.
- Long-term experiments: The cultures of E. gracilis were grown in media having different concentrations (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 21, 34, and 50 mg l-1) of both the pesticides and observed after 7 days of growth. Cultures were grown in three independent replicates in 100-ml flasks with a total volume of 50 ml. An initial cell density of about 80,000 cells per ml.
Measurements/observations
Cell density, mortility, swimming velocity, cell shape, gravitactic orientation, photosynthetic efficiency, and concentration of light harvesting pigments.
[ref. ID; 7426]
Test system
Strains
Strain Z.
Environmental stress
Osmotic or salt stress. NaCl 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM.
Test design
Strain Z was cultured in Koren-Hutner (KH) medium at 25 degrees C under illumination of 2,000 lux from cool fluorescent lamps.
Measurements/observations
Cell number using a hematocytometer. Cell shape and volume. [14C]Paramylon (beta-1,3-glucan) and trehalose content.
[ref. ID; 799]
Test system
Cellular response to thermal and photo stress
Strains
Axenically.
Stress
Temperature 20, 25, 30, 32.5, and 35 degrees C. Light intensity 15, 60, and 150 foot-candles.
Test design
Euglena was standardized for inoculation by using 1-ml of a 5-day tube culture per 100 ml of medium per 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask. Each flask was stirred one or twice each day.
Measurements
Cell counts.
[ref. ID; 3896]
Test system
3-hr acute toxicity (effect of temperature)
Strains
Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, obtained originally from Carolina Biological Supply Co., Burlington NC.
Toxicants
CrO3 concentrations (100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0 mg/l).
Test design
Temperature 30, 33, and 36 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Survivor.
Evaluations
The Duncan Multiple Range Test (under release 76.4 of the Statistical Analysis System at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).