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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Habrotrocha

Habrotrocha Bryce, 1910

Class Digononta: Order Bdelloidea: Family Habrotrochidae (ref. ID; 6806)

Order Philodinida: Family Habrotrochidae (ref. ID; 6565)

ref. ID; 1663

With three toes. Stomach without a lumen; food formed into vacuoles in the stomach protoplasm; intestine unciliated. Oviparous. (ref. ID; 1663)

ref. ID; 1923

Most common in submerged moss, but occurring in drying moss. Many secrete flask-shaped capsules in which they live. Includes species formerly known as Callidina. (ref. ID; 1923)

ref. ID; 3334

In this genus the stomach lacks a lumen. The syncitial mass contains food vacuoles, which may have a frothy appearance and give the impression that the food is compressed into pellets. The wheel organ is generally smaller than the head. The neck is often long and the upper lip is large and bluntly triangular. The foot is short and there are three toes. The genus is oviparous. A number of species live in tubes or sheaths. (ref. ID; 3334)
  1. Habrotrocha affinis Bartos, 1938
    See; Habrotrocha munda (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  2. Habrotrocha amplichlaena de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  3. Habrotrocha ampulla Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  4. Habrotrocha angularis (Murray, 1910) (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Callidina angularis (Murray, 1910) (ref. ID; 1345)
  5. Habrotrocha angusticollis (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2276, 2636, 2731, 2892, 2994, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2972, 3523, 7857), angusticollis angusticollis (ref. ID; 2807)
    Syn; Callidina angusticollis Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2892, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha angusticollis Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  6. Habrotrocha angusticollis attenuata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 3127), var. attenuata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 2731, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina angusticollis var. attenuata Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha angusticollis var. attenuata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)
  7. Habrotrocha angusticollis var. monteti de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 2271) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345)
  8. Habrotrocha angusticollis var. reversa Bartos, 1952 (ref. ID; 2273) or 1951 (ref. ID; 3136 original paper)
  9. Habrotrocha annulata (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
    Syn; Callidina annulata Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Habrotrocha annulata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)
  10. Habrotrocha appendiculata Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 2317)
  11. Habrotrocha aspera (Bryce, 1892) (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina aspera Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha aspera Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  12. Habrotrocha auriculata Murray, 1911
    See; Otostephanus auriculata (ref. ID; 1345)
  13. Habrotrocha bidens (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 1345, 2640, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 4607)
    Syn; Callidina bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) non Callidina bidens Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha bidens Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3688); Macrotrachela bidens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688)
  14. Habrotrocha bidens Milne (ref. ID; 2589, 2745, 2987, 7857)
    Syn; Callidina bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 2987)
  15. Habrotrocha brocklehursti (ref. ID; 2646)
  16. Habrotrocha bulbosa Wulfert, 1961 (ref. ID; 2814 original paper)
  17. Habrotrocha callosa Wulfert, 1942 (ref. ID; 1345)
  18. Habrotrocha caudata Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345)
  19. Habrotrocha collaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2266, 2608, 2892, 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Callidina hexodonta Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha collaris Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Philodina collaris Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 2892, 3136); Philodina hexodonta Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
  20. Habrotrocha colliflectens Bartos, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  21. Habrotrocha constricta (Dujardin, 1841) (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2273, 2276, 2606, 2607, 2802, 2892, 2993, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 3334, 4607, 7857) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1519)
    Syn; Callidina constricta Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2892, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha constricta Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela constricta Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) or 1866 (ref. ID; 2802)
  22. Habrotrocha crassa Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2635 original paper, 3136, 3688)
  23. Habrotrocha crenata (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345) or 1903 (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857), crenata crenata Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Callidina crenata Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688) or 1903 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha crenata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Mniobia scarlatina f. angulata Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  24. Habrotrocha crenata var. sphagnicola Pawlowski, 1938 (ref. ID; 2272, 3136, 3144 original paper, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2589, 7857)
    Syn; Habrotrocha spec. Montet, 1915 (ref. ID; 3136); Mniobia scarlatina f. rugosa Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
  25. Habrotrocha curva de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  26. Habrotrocha curvicollis Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 7857 original paper)
  27. Habrotrocha dianthrantenna de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Habrotrocha porrecta Berzins, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345)
  28. Habrotrocha doornensis (de Koning, 1947) (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Habrotrocha A de Koning, 1929 (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha doornensis Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha quinquedens var. doornensis de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  29. Habrotrocha elegans Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 2745)
  30. Habrotrocha elegans (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina elegans Gosse, 1889 and mult. acut. not Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 3136); Callidina venusta Bryce, 1897 (ref. ID; 2276, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha elegans Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela elegans Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688)
  31. Habrotrocha elliptica Bartos, 1962 (ref. ID; 2731 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2646)
  32. Habrotrocha elusa Milne, 1916 (ref. ID; 1828)
  33. Habrotrocha elusa vegeta Milne, 1916 (ref. ID; 3372)
  34. Habrotrocha eremita (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 2636, 2686, 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Callidina eremita (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3511, 3688); Habrotrocha eremita Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  35. Habrotrocha filum Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
  36. Habrotrocha flava Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  37. Habrotrocha flaviformis de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635, 2636, 3136) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2972))
  38. Habrotrocha flexicollis Bartos, 1962 (ref. ID; 2731 original paper)
  39. Habrotrocha fusca (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Callidina fusca Bryce, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha fusca Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha fusca Remane, 1929 (ref. ID; 3136); Macrotrachela fusca Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  40. Habrotrocha fuscochlaena de Koning (ref. ID; 1345)
  41. Habrotrocha gibbosa de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272)
  42. Habrotrocha gracilis Montet, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2608, 2636) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2972), gracilis gracilis Montet, 1915 (ref. ID; 3688)
  43. Habrotrocha gracilis var. quadridens Schulte, 1954 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
  44. Habrotrocha granulata de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345), cf. granulata de Koning (ref. ID; 2609)
  45. Habrotrocha gulosa Milne (ref. ID; 2608)
  46. Habrotrocha humilis Schulte, 1954 (ref. ID; 1345)
  47. Habrotrocha incola Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 7857 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2972)
  48. Habrotrocha insignis Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  49. Habrotrocha komareki Bartos, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  50. Habrotrocha lamellata Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688, 7857 original paper)
  51. Habrotrocha lata (Bryce, 1892) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2994, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523), lata lata (ref. ID; 2807)
    Syn; Callidina lata Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha lata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha paxi Wulfert, 1941 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha progonidea Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345) or Monard, 1919 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha progonidia Monard, 1919 (ref. ID; 3136)
  52. Habrotrocha leitgebi (Zelinka, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2717, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857), leitgebii Zelinka, 1886 (ref. ID; 2276, 3136)
    Syn; Callidina leitgebi Zelinka, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688), leitgebii (ref. ID; 2276, 3136); Habrotrocha leitgebi Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345), leitgebii (ref. ID; 3136)
  53. Habrotrocha levis Donner, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  54. Habrotrocha ligula Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2745, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  55. Habrotrocha ligula var. aligula Burger, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272)
  56. Habrotrocha longicalcarata Berzins, 1950 (ref. ID; 3254 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345)
  57. Habrotrocha longiceps (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Callidina longiceps Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345, 3511); Habrotrocha longiceps Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)
  58. Habrotrocha longiciliata de Koning, 1947
    See; Habrotrocha tridens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Habrotrocha tridens Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  59. Habrotrocha longicollis Bartos, 1962 (ref. ID; 2731 original paper)
  60. Habrotrocha longula Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3149) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  61. Habrotrocha maculata Murray (ref. ID; 2686)
  62. Habrotrocha mediocris Donner, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  63. Habrotrocha megalocephala de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  64. Habrotrocha microcephala (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina microcephala Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha microcephala Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)
  65. Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345, 2987, 7857)
    See; Habrotrocha bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; non Callidina bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3136); Macrotrachela bidens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 3136)
  66. Habrotrocha milnei Wulfert, 1944
    See; Macrotrachela nana (ref. ID; 3688)
  67. Habrotrocha minima de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2686)
  68. Habrotrocha minuta (Murray, 1908) (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Callidina minuta Murray, 1908 (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha minuta Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)
  69. Habrotrocha modesta Bartos, 1962 (ref. ID; 2731 original paper)
  70. Habrotrocha munda Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina elegans Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha affinis Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  71. Habrotrocha nodosa Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Callidina crenata var. nodosa Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha crenata var. nodosa Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)
  72. Habrotrocha nodulata de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2686) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
  73. Habrotrocha novemdens de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  74. Habrotrocha parvipes Donner, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  75. Habrotrocha pavida Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688) or 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
  76. Habrotrocha paxi Wulfert, 1941
    See; Habrotrocha lata Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Habrotrocha lata Bartos, 1951 p.316 (ref. ID; 1345)
  77. Habrotrocha perforata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 1345, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2731) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)
    Syn; Callidina perforata Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3511, 3523); Habrotrocha perforata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)
  78. Habrotrocha perforata var. americana (Murray, 1907) (ref. ID; 2731)
  79. Habrotrocha porrecta Berzins, 1950 (ref. ID; 3254 original paper)
  80. Habrotrocha praelonga de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2646, 3154)
  81. Habrotrocha progonidea Bartos, 1951 or Monard, 1919 (ref. ID; 3688)
    See; Habrotrocha lata Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
  82. Habrotrocha progonidea (Monard, 1918)
    See; Habrotrocha lata Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 3136)
    Syn; Callidina progonidia Monard, 1918 (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha lata Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  83. Habrotrocha proxima (Donner, 1950) (ref. ID; 1345) or 1953 (ref. ID; 2274)
    Syn; Habrotrocha proxima (Donner, 1953) (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345); Mniobia proxima Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  84. Habrotrocha puella Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636 original paper, 2646, 2686), puella puella Donner (ref. ID; 2606)
  85. Habrotrocha puella excedens Donner (ref. ID; 2606)
  86. Habrotrocha pulchra (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2608, 2686, 3688) or 1907 (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 7857)
    Syn; Callidina pulchra Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3688) or 1907 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha pulchra Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  87. Habrotrocha pusilla (Bryce, 1893) (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 2276, 2606, 7857), pusilla pusilla (Bryce, 1893) (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
    Syn; Callidina pusilla Bryce, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha pusilla Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  88. Habrotrocha pusilla typica (Bryce) (ref. ID; 1345, 2636)
  89. Habrotrocha pusilla var. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2275)
  90. Habrotrocha pusilla var. nuda Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2636 original paper)
  91. Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix (Bryce, 1897) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina pusilla var. textrix Bryce, 1897 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)
  92. Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix f. bicornis Haigh, 1965 (ref. ID; 2272 original paper)
  93. Habrotrocha pusilla textrix brevilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2636 original paper, 2646)
  94. Habrotrocha pusilla textrix f. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2607, 2636 original paper), var. textrix f. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 3688) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3136)
  95. Habrotrocha quinquedens de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  96. Habrotrocha rara Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635 original paper)
  97. Habrotrocha reclusa (Milne, 1889) (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2562, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Callidina reclusa Janson, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha reclusa Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela reclusa Milne, 1888 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1889 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
  98. Habrotrocha recumbens Bartos, 1962 (ref. ID; 2731 original paper)
  99. Habrotrocha roeperi (Milne, 1889) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
    Syn; Habrotrocha roeperi Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela roeperi Milne, 1889 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Rotaria roeperi Korde, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Rotifer roeperi Janson, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  100. Habrotrocha rosa Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2271, 2606, 2607, 2635 original paper, 2802, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 4607) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1519)
  101. Habrotrocha rossa Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 727)
  102. Habrotrocha scabropyga Bartos, 1957 (ref. ID; 3341 original paper)
  103. Habrotrocha scepanotrochoides de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2274, 2607)
  104. Habrotrocha serpens Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2274, 2606, 2635 original paper, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397, 7857)
    Syn; Habrotrocha stenosama Bartos, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  105. Habrotrocha solida Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635 original paper, 2686, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
  106. Habrotrocha solitaria Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635 original paper, 2636, 2686, 3688)
  107. Habrotrocha sollicita Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2635 original paper, 2636, 2646)
  108. Habrotrocha soror Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636 original paper, 2646)
  109. Habrotrocha spicula Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2745, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
    Syn; Mniobia cornuta Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
  110. Habrotrocha stenochlaena de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  111. Habrotrocha stenosoma Bartos, 1949
    See; Habrotrocha serpens (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  112. Habrotrocha stenostephana Schulte, 1954 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2646)
  113. Habrotrocha sylvestris Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2640, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)
  114. Habrotrocha thermalis Pax & Wulfert, 1942 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  115. Habrotrocha thienemanni Hauer, 1914 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1924 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)
  116. Habrotrocha thienemanni var. rubella Donner, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)
  117. Habrotrocha torquata Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 2745, 3149)
    See; Otostephanus torquata (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688), Otostephanus torquatus (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3149, 3688)
  118. Habrotrocha torquata Montet, 1915, Habrotrocha torquata var. Montet, 1915
    See; Otostephanus monteti Milne, 1916 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
  119. Habrotrocha tranquilla Milne, 1916 (ref. ID; 1345, 1828) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
  120. Habrotrocha tridens (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345, 2317, 2609, 2646, 2686, 7857), tridens tridens (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 2606, 2807, 2892) or 1896 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Callidina tridens Gosse, 1889 (ref. ID; 3136) or Ianson, 1893 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha longiciliata de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha tridens Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 3688); Macrotrachela tridens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 2892, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2317)
  121. Habrotrocha tridens var. excedens Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 3688)
  122. Habrotrocha tridens var. exedens Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636 original paper)
  123. Habrotrocha tridens var. globigera Donner (ref. ID; 3688)
  124. Habrotrocha tridens var. globigerina Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636 original paper)
  125. Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2636 original paper, 3136)
    See; Habrotrocha tridens tridens (ref. ID; 3688)
  126. Habrotrocha tridentata de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345)
  127. Habrotrocha trilobata Bartos, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)
  128. Habrotrocha tripus (Murray, 1907) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 4607)
    Syn; Callidina tripus Murray, 1907 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha tripus Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)
  129. Habrotrocha vicina Donner (ref. ID; 2646 original paper)
  130. Habrotrocha visa Donner, 1954 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2609, 2686, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)
    Syn; Habrotrocha spec. 3 Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Habrotrocha spec. Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)

Habrotrocha ampulla Murray, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

Descriptions

The body is small, colorless, and transparent. The head is long, the neck is also long, but slender. The rostrum is short, two-jointed. The wheel-organ is wider than the neck. The dorsal antenna is long and thin. The wheel-discs are very close together, and are so strongly inclined to the ventral side of the body that their apical fields run parallel to the body axis. The trunk is flattened in the posterior half, quickly narrowing in the posterior part. The foot is very short, very rarely visible. D.f.: 2/2. The shell is broadly triangular, bottle shaped with a straight and thin neck. The length of the shell 150 µm, and in the middle widest part 100 µm. The shell is clear yellow to clear brown. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The egg is oval, measuring 60x45 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the feeding animal 210 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha angusticollis (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2276, 2636, 2731, 2892, 2994, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2972, 3523, 7857), angusticollis angusticollis (ref. ID; 2807)

    Synonym

    Callidina angusticollis Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2892, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha angusticollis Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    Distinctive bottle-shaped tube; foot small; spurs and toes short; 4 pads below corona. (ref. ID; 2892)

    The size of the body is small, the body is colourless, transparent, and in profile barrel shaped. The head is long and in a side view sometimes flat. The wheel-discs incline to the ventral side of the body and are sometimes turned outwards. The lower lip is very much lengthened in a spoon-shape. On the head are four cuticular thickenings, which together form a cuticular ring round the head. The rostrum is considerably large and broad. The dorsal antenna is normal and attains nearly 2/5 of the neck-width. The foot is short, the segmentation of it is not visible or is completely lacking, but it is very difficult and rare to see the whole of the foot. The spurs are very small, at the base broad, touching each other. The ends of the spurs are pointed. D.f.: 2/2. The animal is throughout its life covered with a shell, which is transparent in the young individuals, later it becomes clear yellow and at the end dark yellow-brown and opaque. The form of the shell is widely jug-shaped, little variable and the animal never leaves the shell voluntarily. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length 254-282; tube 113-200; width 53-95; trophi 20; teeth 20; pellets 8-9 µm. (ref. ID; 2892)

    The length of the shell from 150 to 180 µm, width at the widest from 83 to 86 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha angusticollis attenuata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 3127), var. attenuata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 2731, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina angusticollis var. attenuata Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha angusticollis var. attenuata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    In the building of the body it coincides with the typical form, only the shell is provided with a very long neck, which is from the other part of the shell very well distinct. By the feeding action the animal is fairly completely covered by the shell and only the feeding wheel-organ can be seen. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Maximum length of tube 180; maximum width of tube 90 µm. (ref. ID; 3127)

    Length same as typical individuals. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha angusticollis var. monteti de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 2271) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345)

    Descriptions

    This variety differs from the type species by the absence of the four cuticular thickenings around the head. The animal occupying the case was in all other respects a typical specimen of this variety. The case was sticky and of a very light straw colour and transparent. The animal was kept alive for five and a half weeks but never changed colour, altered its shape or lost its stickiness. There was distinct bend in the neck, but the mouth was not flared or turned backwards to the extent of that shown by Bartos (1951) for the variety reversa. The egg hatched out but the young animal died before making a case. (ref. ID; 2271)

    Measurements

    Case 110x74; width of case neck 30; length of animal protruding from case 60; width across the trochal discs 20; width across the head 16; length of the unci 16; egg 47x44 µm. (ref. ID; 2271)

    Habrotrocha angusticollis var. reversa Bartos, 1952 (ref. ID; 2273) or 1951 (ref. ID; 3136 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The case was a medium reddish brown in colour, smooth clean and had a rather long and bent neck. The opening was on the slant and was slightly flared. (ref. ID; 2273)

    In the building of the body these individuals are of typical forms. The shell is broadly bottle-shaped, dark-brown. The neck of the shell is very long, it is always inclined very strongly to the axis of the basal part of the shell. The orifice of the shell is broad and curved backwards. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Size 120x54 µm. (ref. ID; 2273)

    In length the shell conforms with typical individuals. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha aspera (Bryce, 1892) (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina aspera Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha aspera Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    A fairly common Bdelloid distinguished by the large pentagon-like upper lip with its tip looking almost like a ligule and reaching to the level of the discs and the rows of hemispherical wart-like formations arranged each side of the longitudinal folds of the trunk. These usually present themselves along the whole length of the trunk including the anal segments, in the case of the animal here described they were absent from the posterior third of the trunk and only the usual faint granulation was to be seen. Otherwise the animal was similar to all others previously seen. Animal small and very light brown, dorsal antenna short and stumpy, wheel discs with long cilia slightly less in width than the head, foot short, spurs small and with shallow cut-out, without interspace. (ref. ID; 2272)

    The body is small, at most 205 µm of the length. The body is colourless, whitish gray or rarely light yellowish brown. On the trunk are several longitudinal cuticular folds. Several hemispherical cuticular warts are placed in longitudinal rows on the trunk. One row of these warts consists of two kinds of cuticular thickenings. The hemispherical cuticular warts are criscent-shaped, turned towards each other in two alternating rows. Between these rows of warts the cuticule is finely or roughly, but always irregularly granulated. Each large cuticular wart has a pit in the middle of its upper surface. The wheel-organ is narrower than the neck. The sulcus is not visible from above, as it is covered by a strongly developed upper lip. The upper is large, pentangular and in the middle it runs out in a blunt point, which exceeds the wheel-discs. The wheel-cilia are very long. The foot is very short. The spurs are short, conical and they touch at the base. D.f.: 2/2. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 210; length of feeding animal 148; width across the trochal discs 24; width across the head 26; width across the neck segment 21; length of unci 16; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 60; length of spurs 6 µm; dorsal antennae about half neck width; dental formula 2/2. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Feeding 180; contracted 100 to 68 µm. Tooth formula 9/9. (ref. ID; 3275)

    Habrotrocha bidens (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 1345, 2640, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 4607)

    Synonym

    Callidina bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) non Callidina bidens Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha bidens Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3688); Macrotrachela bidens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Descriptions

    It is usually colourless, sometimes slightly rosy, the food pellets are slight yellow-gray. The surface of the cuticle is smooth. The rostrum is short, wide and rounded at the tip. The wheel-organ is narrow. The sulcus is deep, but not very wide. The upper lip is moderately arched, in the middle it runs out in a large lobe, which almost reaches the wheel-discs, and almost covers the whole of the sulcus. The foot is relatively long and four-jointed. The spurs are small, only as long as the basal joint is wide. D.f.: 2/2. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The body is 320 to 564 µm in length. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha collaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2266, 2608, 2892, 3136, 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina hexodonta Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha collaris Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Philodina collaris Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 2892, 3136); Philodina hexodonta Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)

    Diagnosis

    Eyespots round to elongated, pink, orange and dark red; upper lip widely triangular, not high; foot with dorsal thickening and transverse bulge; spurs short, of variable shape. (ref. ID; 2892)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size, transparent and colourless. The digestive tract is in the majority of individuals light to dark yellow-brown. The wheel-organ is small and narrower than the collar. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a deep but narrow sulcus, which has a high and conical bridge ligule in the middle. This ligule reaches the level of the wheel-discs. The dorsal antenna is unusually long at its base sometimes strangulated and on either side of the base of the dorsal antenna a very prominent lateral knob. The dorsal antenna is narrow and sits usually vertically on the body surface. In rapid creeping the antenna is regularly stretched forwards and projects very far beyond the rostrum. The cerebral eye-spots are in the Bohemian individuals coloured light reddish brown, in some individuals they are scarcely visible, occasionally all of them may be lacking. According to Ehrenberg and Murray the eye-spots may be scarlet. The eye-spots of Bohemian individuals are close to each other. The whole of the brain of Bohemian individuals is close coloured lightly reddish brown. The foot is very short and three-jointed. The spurs are at the base broad and very far apart. They are quite long, sharply pointed and run in an upward-pointing direction. A hypodermal knob sits in the posterior dorsal part of the first foot-joint. The three toes are clearly visible. D.f.: 6/7. Only front teeth strong, back teeth diminish gradually in the thickness. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length 193-337; trophi 15-17 µm; teeth 3+1/4, 4/4, 5/5, 6/5, 6/7, 7/7. (ref. ID; 2892)

    The length of the body in the Bohemian individuals run from 250 to 270 µm. According to other writers from 320 to 368 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha colliflectens Bartos, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Descriptions

    The body is broad and transparent. The surface of the trunk is covered with small, transparent, and hemispherical cuticular granules. The head, neck, foot, and spurs are smooth. The food-pellets are yellowish brown and in diameter of 8.1 µm. They are also relatively very large. The body narrows gradually in the direction of the rostrum, the foot is very short and three-jointed. The spurs are short, wide at the base, and touch. The third joint of the foot, on which the toes sit, is large, the toes are medium large and strong. On the dorsal side of the trunk three cuticular folds on either side. The pre-anal segment carries the first and the anal segment the second pair of the lumbar plicae. The neck is narrow and long. The gullet is very long, and it forms some knots in the neck. The wheel-organ is narrow, narrower then the head. The wheel-pedicels are low, and they are grown together in the whole length so that the wheel-discs are separated only by a shallow groove. The wheel-discs incline toward the dorsal side of the body. The wheel-cilia are very long and before the wheel-organ is exserted from the mouth-opening the exsertion may sometimes be very slow. The cilia are stretched out to form two large, long, and slightly curved ears. The mouth-cavity is very densely covered with long cilia, which are almost in constant motion. The outer cilia of the mouth-cavity serve to drive the food-particles into the mouth also when the wheel-organ is not use. The upper lip is low and has a thick anterior border, and it is only very little arched. The rostrum is two-jointed, very wide, and it is sharply separated from the head. The rostral lamellae are small, and rarely visible. The dorsal antenna is half as long as the width of the neck. On either side of the base of the dorsal antenna sits a very prominent knob. The special habit of this species to bend the head and the neck to the dorsal side of the body prevent any more detailed study of the upper lip of this animal. First the animal stretches the neck with the head straight out and the instant the wheel-organ begins to be exserted, the animal turns the head and the neck violently to the dorsal side and begins to feed, or only the wheel-cilia are stretched out in the shape of large ears. In this cases the cilia, which cover the mouth cavity come into play. The animal behaves in this way not only under coverglass, but also in a free drop of water, in which it was also observed. D.f.: 6/6, the last teeth are always somewhat thinner than the anterior teeth. This animal moves extraordinally slowly. It rolls from place to place with very extended trunk. This species seems therefore to be very closely related to H. flava Bryce and H. sylvestris Bryce. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body is in feeding animals 203 µm and in the creeping animals nearly 230 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha constricta (Dujardin, 1841) (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2273, 2276, 2606, 2607, 2802, 2892, 2993, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 3334, 4607, 7857) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1519)

    Synonym

    Callidina constricta Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2892, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha constricta Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela constricta Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) or 1866 (ref. ID; 2802)

    Diagnosis

    Triangular upper lip occasionally with keel; foot 3-segmented; spur shape variable; toes short; unci somewhat triangular; integument mostly granulated; brownish, yellow, reddish, occasionally colourless. Egg with knobs, also with tuberosities at poles. (ref. ID; 2892)

    Descriptions

    The smooth and transparent body is 500 µm long. The body is usually colourless, but sometimes the body is whitish non transparent or more or less rosy. In the creeping animals the smooth cuticle forms several lateral folds on the dorsal surface of the trunk. The wheel-organ is very narrow, it is much narrower than the neck. The sulcus is ver narrow, and it is covered from the dorsal side by a highly arched, blunt triangular upper lip, which reaches the wheel-discs. The foot is short and relatively thick. The spurs are broad, short and touch each together at the base. In the jaws are not developed any thick teeth, but only very fine narrow and low striae according to D.f.: 8/8. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The egg is pointed at either end and runs out at one end into a lateral backwards pointing projection. (ref. ID; 3136)

    It is a medium-sized (375 µm) bdelloid, greyish-brown in colour. The wheel is small, just a little larger than the neck. The upper lip is large and bluntly triangular. The ramate trophi are covered with fine striae and have a dental formula of 8/8. The foot is fairly short and the small spurs touch at their base. (ref. ID; 3334)
  • Egg: The eggs is oval (70 µm by 50 µm) and transparent. (ref. ID; 3334)

    Comments

    Schepens (1954) in his remarks on H. microcephala notes that Donner (1951) in several places mentions the H. constricta "group" and includes therein the species H. microcephala. Schulte (1954), Voigt (1957), Burger (1948) and Pax & Wulfert (1942) either comment on the variability of the group or give details of the variations they have observed in their own specimens. The cuticle may be either smooth or stippled, the latter extending to the spurs sometimes, the discs small (25 µm) in proportion to the head width (33 µm) or large (34 µm) to a head width of 35 µm. The length whilst creeping varies from 160-500 µm, and the length of the uncus from 16 to 20 µm. Burger (1948) shows a variation in the shape of the spurs and remarks on the difficulty of arriving at a correct dental formula due to the gradual decrease in the strength of the teeth from front to rear. Most writers mention the typical shape of the uncus with the rear half narrower than the front half. In most specimens seen here the disc retractors with practically fill the sulcus are readily observed but the sulcus has no ligament joining the pedicles as in H. tridens. The upper lip varies from three-quarters of the disc height in some specimens to others where the point projects in front of the disc, the tip is sometimes rounded, at other times it is more pointed, in one case it has a small notch. Light brown in colour, stomach somewhat darker, fairly strong longitudinal folds with plicae on the anal segments. Trunk, foot and spurs distinctly stippled so that the general appearance of the trunk was quite dark whereas the majority of animals in this species are almost colurless. Upper lip a rounded triangule to about two-thirds the height of the discs, sensitive setae and papillae. Sulcus deep but narrow with prominent disc retractors, discs equal head width. Dental formula about 6/6, first three of medium strength, diminishing in strength towards the rear so that it is difficult to decide just where the weak teeth become striae, uncus narrows towards the rear. Dorsal antenna about half neck width. Spurs cut out on the inner side, no interspace, toes short and stumpy. (ref. ID; 2273)

    Measurements

    Length of animal creeping 300; length of feeding animal 190 (foot fully retracted so that only the spur segment is visible); length between anterior edge of discs and the mastax 58; width across trochal discs 36; width across head 36; length of unci 19 µm. (ref. ID; 2273)

    Length 193-322; trophi 13.5-20.0; pellets 3.5-5.0; teeth 6/6, 7/7 and also 8/8. (ref. ID; 2892)

    Habrotrocha crassa Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2635 original paper, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is 225 µm long, it is spindle-shaped and unusually broad. The surface is colourless. The cuticle is covered with large but low cuticular granules. On the short and two-jointed rostrum is only one rostral lamella, protecting the long sensitive setae. The dorsal antenna is very short, without the lateral knobs on the sides. On the surface of the trunk are some longitudinal, but not well marked cuticular ribs. The foot is short and very broad. The first foot-joint is a little broader than the preceding rump segment. The lateral sides of the first foot-joint is very short, the first one very long. The spurs sit on the second foot-joint; at the base the spurs touch and are very broad. The inner sides of the spurs are cut out, the outer sides are oblique. These are three, short, thick toes. The wheel-organ is more slender than the neck or head. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a deep and thin sulcus. The wheel-discs are without sensitive papillae of sensitive setae. The upper lip is triangular, highly arched and in the middle it is deeply but narrowly cut out. The lobes of the upper lip have a border. D.f.: 5/5 or 6/6. The teeth are very fine. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha crenata (Murray, 1903) (ref. ID; 3136) or 1905 (ref. ID; 1345) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857), crenata crenata Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina crenata Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688) or 1903 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha crenata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Mniobia scarlatina f. angulata Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size, nearly 318 µm. The animal is usually colourless but sometimes the stomach is brownish red. The whole surface of the trunk and of the foot are covered with a mass of high hemispherical knobs, which are placed in regular transverse and longitudinal rows. The head, the neck, and the two last foot-joints with the spurs are smooth or only very finely granulated. The wheel-organ is very narrow, much narrower than the heed. The sulcus is narrow and shallow. The upper lip is broad triangular and high. It reaches the wheel-discs. The dorsal antenna is on either side provided with one side knob. The trunk bears on each side six longitudinal cuticular folds. On the pre-anal segment are strong lumber plicae and at the sides of the rump is on each side one prominent knob, which is not covered by cuticular granules, it is smooth. Very exceptionally this hemispherical knob is very finely granulated. In the middle of the dorsal side of the anal segment sits one transversal cuticular very strong folds. The foot is three-jointed. On the dorsal surface of the first foot-joint is a large knob, which is covered by rough cuticular granules. The spurs are small, they are divergent, each spur is sharply pointed at the tip. D.f.: 7/7 up to 8/8. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha crenata var. sphagnicola Pawlowski, 1938 (ref. ID; 2272, 3136, 3144 original paper, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2589, 7857)

    Synonym

    Habrotrocha spec. Montet, 1915 (ref. ID; 3136); Mniobia scarlatina f. rugosa Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    Resembles the species type but without the heavy granulations outlining the strong longitudinal folds of the trunk; instead, the whole surface of the trunk including the anal segments is very coarsely granulated. The two latter segments are also without the two lateral knobs and the plicae are light. Spurs and foot more finely granulated and the transverse fold between the two anal segments is not so strongly marked. Head and neck segments clear, neck short, dorsal antenna short and stumpy, foot stout, first segment rather long, foot and spurs less heavily granulated, spurs both without and with small interspace. The granulation on the trunk can be so coarse that it is difficult to distinguish the food pellets but the pellet-making tube at the base of the mastax could often be seen. There were eight to ten fine teeth with the first three a little stronger then gradually diminishing. (ref. ID; 2272)

    In length identical with typical form. The digestive tube is pronounced red. The longitudinal folds on the trunk are much weaker than in the typical form. The cuticle is not covered with large hemispherical cuticular knobs, but only with much smaller cuticular granules. Further the hemispherical side-knobs on the posterior edge of the rump are absent, and the transverse fold of the anal-segment is also invisible. The upper lip is triangular. D.f.: 7/7 up to 8/8. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 225; length of feeding animal 183; width across the trochal discs 21; width across the head 27; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 45; length of unci 16.5; length of spurs 6 µm. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha curvicollis Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 7857 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is long and slender, it is colourless, smooth, and transparent. The two-jointed rostrum is thick, and has two semicircular rostral lamellae on the first joint, which is circular and much larger than the second joint. The head and the neck of the creeping animal are long and slender. The dorsal antenna is short (one half of the neck-width), on either side of the base of the antenna is a large laterally diverging knob. The gullet is very long and it forms some knots in the long neck. The mastax lies deeply in the trunk. D.f.: 3/2-1 or 3/3. Several cuticular ribs are on the trunk surface; the trunk is much broader than the neck. The rump and the very short and conical foot form only an appendage on the trunk. The foot is three-jointed, slender; the second foot-joint carries two small conical spurs, separated by a straight interspace. This is of the same length as the diameter of the base of one of the spurs. The last foot-joint carries three small toes. The feeding animal contracts the head with the first or with the two first anterior neck-segments from the shell. The wheel-organ is large, and a little broader than the cylindrical head. The wheel-pedicels are free. The sulcus between the wheel-pedicels is deep and thin. The wheel-discs are inclined towards the body axis and they are slightly turned dorsally. The upper lip is flat triangular. The first neck-joint is in the feeding action closely appressed to the head and the knobs, one either side of the antennal base, form the lateral backwards pointing projections on the posterior edge of the head. In the feeding action the dorsal antenna is closely attached to the rostrum, which is usually only half retracted, and usually covers the upper lip. The animals inhabit thin-walled shells, which consist of a translucent mass of jelly. The shell changes a little and its surface is shortly after secretion sticky, and therefore it is covered with brown or blackbrown coloured debris. The shell has a long and curved neck. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The egg may be laid in the shell, and it deforms the shell. Diameter of the egg 65x43 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    By the form of the body especially that of the head and neck Habrotrocha curvicollis approaches very nearly to Habrotrocha sylvestris and Habrotrocha flava, but both these species do not build shells: the form of the upper lip is the same of all these three species. In Habrotrocha sylvestris the dental formula is the same but the wheel-discs are grown together and on the lateral sides of the head are deep semicircular grooves, which are lacking in Habrotrocha curvicollis. In Habrotrocha flava the dental formula is higher (6/6 to 7/7), the wheel-pedicels are separated, but they joined together by a transparent membrane, which projects beyond the disc. From the shell building species H. angusticollis and H. ampulla differs H. curvicollis in the manner of the shell building and it lacks always the cuticular thickening on the neck surface. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the creeping animal is 270-300 µm. In the feeding action it shortens to 230-260 µm. The total length of the shell is 190 µm, maximum with of the shell is 108 µm, the collar is 67 µm long, and it reaches at the base 54 µm in diameter. Diameter of the orifice 30 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha elegans (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina elegans Gosse, 1889 and mult. acut. not Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 3136); Callidina venusta Bryce, 1897 (ref. ID; 2276, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha elegans Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela elegans Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is only 250 µm long; it is usually transparent and colourless. The digestive tube is sometimes slightly yellow or rosy. The very long gullet forms one or two knots in the neck. The wheel-organ is distinct narrow, only barely as wide as the neck. The sulcus is deep, but very narrow. The upper lip is slightly arched. The dorsal antenna is as long as the width of the width of the neck or a little longer. The foot is very short, sharply pointed. The spurs are conical and sit apart from each other at the base. On either jaw only fine striae instead of thick teeth: D.f.: 6/6 up to 10/10. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha eremita (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 2636, 2686, 3136, 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina eremita (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3511, 3688); Habrotrocha eremita Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    The small and colourless body is only 161 µm in length. The head with the neck are slender, the trunk is much broader. The surface of the cuticle is smooth, the lateral cuticular ribs are strongly emphasised. The wheel-organ is a little broader than the head, the wheel-discs sit on high and divergent wheel-pedicels. These are separated by a deep and broad sulcus. In the sulcus between the wheel-pedicels sits a high (occa 5 µm) bridge ligule. Upper lip is flatly arched. The lateral edges of the mouth opening protrude strongly. At the level of the dorsal antenna is a circular cuticular thickening. On each apical field sits a sensitive papilla with a sensitive seta. The foot is very short and is only visible in the creeping or swimming actions. The spurs are very small, and sometimes they are completely invisible. D.f.: 3/3 or 3/4. The animal secretes a bottle-shaped shell consisting of a mucous substance. This is at first colourless but grows brown in time. The shell is composed only of the organic substance, on its surface small detritus or fragments of leaves of mosses. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha flava Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size (320-340 µm) and slightly yellow-red. The food-pellets are dark red-brown and 6.7 µm in diameter. The cuticle is smooth. The wheel-organ is only a little wider than the head at corners of the mouth. The wheel-pedicels are high, somewhat outward curved, and they are very high reaching nearly to the wheel-discs, which are joined by a transparent membrane. The neck is very long, and the gullet forms some knots in it. Otherwise the jaws are situated in the central trunk in the feeding action. The foot is very short and broad, it is three-jointed. The spurs are short, strongly curved and sit far apart. The space between the spurs is strongly arched. D.f.: 6/6 to 7/7. This animal is very lazy as far as the creeping action is concerned. It rolls from on side to the other with completely retracted foot and outstretched neck and head. The trunk is usually very much flattened in this action. All these movements make the shape of the animal change very considerable. According to de Koning this species is sometimes viviparous. Although I observed numerous individuals from several localities I did not to find any viviparous individuals. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha flaviformis de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635, 2636, 3136) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2972)

    Descriptions

    Small medium sized body completely smooth, or is covered with very fine cuticular granules the surface of the cuticle. The body is colourless, the stomach walls slightly yellow. The short rostrum is two-jointed. There is only one lamella and it is circular. On either side of the dorsal antenna sits a large lateral knob. The lateral cuticular ribs are very well developed. The foot is short and is only three-jointed. The spurs are short, broad, on the outer side oblique and on the inner side cut out. The spurs touch at the base, or they are moderately apart. The wheel-organ is as wide as the head. The wheel-discs sit on high wheel-pedicels, which are jointed together by a thin membrane up to the level of the wheel-discs. The wheel-discs are without and sensitive papilla and sensitive seta. Upper lip is high bluntly triangular, and reaches almost to the wheel-discs. D.f.: usually 6/6 but there are also individuals D.f.: 5/5, 5+1/5+1, 6/5, 6+1/5+1, 7/7. This animal builds a filamentous net from the secret of great mucous glands which flow out on the animal survives the dry season of soil in this net end of the rostrum. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the creeping animals is 209 to 305 µm, the feeding animals are comparatively shorter. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha fusca (Bryce, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina fusca Bryce, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha fusca Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha fusca Remane, 1929 (ref. ID; 3136); Macrotrachela fusca Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The small body (250 µm) is relatively wide. The whole surface of the trunk is very finely granulated, and is covered by a clear gray to darkly gray mucous layer. The retracting parts of the body are completely smooth and without any mucous cover. Several longitudinal cuticular folds are developed on the surface of the trunk and on its ventral side several transverse cuticular ridges. On the first neck-segment are three hypodermal knobs. Two knobs sit on the sides of the dorsal antenna, the third knob on the ventral side. The wheel-organ is a little wider than the neck. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a wide, but shallow sulcus. The upper lip is high, bluntly triangular. The foot is four-jointed, on the first joint the foot has one spherical distinctly hypodermal knob. The spurs are short and thick. D.f.: 5/5 or 5/6. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    From individuals captured in the mosses from Hradek near Kunratice I conclude that the individuals of the Pleuretra alpium Ehrenberg with the D.f.: 5/6, which Bryce mentions in his paper, do not belong to this species, but to the Habrotrocha fusca Bryce, as the latter has also ventral ridges and the mucous cover of the trunk is not always dark gray, sometimes it is only slightly developed. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha gibbosa de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272)

    Descriptions

    The original report of de Koning is not available and this animal appears to differ slightly from the description given by Voigt (1957) which, however, does not agree with the drawing he gives. He mentions a spine on the flat arched upper lip; there is no trace of this in the figure but it is present in this specimen. Also, the lamella is large with only a slight concave notch, the space between the spurs is only small, rather less than the width of the spurs which were straight-sided cones. The correct depiction of the "large globular callosities" is rather difficult, together with the remaining cuticle they appear to be very flexible and the flatten out when the animal stretches and they are rather similar in size and shape to the numerous, rather large, light brown food pellets. The cuticle is not granulated. Discs same size as the neck but rather less than the head at the prominent lower lip corners. There were three slight humps on the anal segment, the anal segment had strong plicae and four short spines, two on the dorsal side, blunt. Two lateral humps on the dorsal antenna segment, head, neck and foot segments clear. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 187; length of feeding animal 135; width across the trochal discs 24; width across the neck segment 24; head at lower lip corners 30; length of unci 15; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 45 µm; dorsal antennae half neck width; dental formula 2/2. Egg with many humps 60x42 µm. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha incola Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 7857 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2972)

    Descriptions

    The body is long, it is proportionally thick, smooth colourless, and transparent. The rostrum is short, consisting of two joints; the first joint carries two rostral lamellae, which protect the short tactile-ciliae and whirl-ciliae. The head and neck are long. The dorsal antenna is short it attains hardly half of the neck width. The third neck segment is short it attains hardly half of the neck width. The third neck segment is the longest. The gullet, which is visible inside the neck, forms some knots and the mastax lies deeply in the trunk. Dental formula: 4/4. On the trunk surface are several longish cuticular ribs. The trunk passes slowly into the rump, and this into the foot. The foot is very rarely visible. It carries two weakly developed spurs ant three small toes. In the feeding action the head and the neck are very long and thick. The first half of the wheel-pedicels are grown together, in the second half they are free. The sulcus between the free parts of the pedicels is deep, but is thin. The wheel-discs are ventrally and towards inclined. The wheel-ciliae are very thick. The upper lip is bluntly triangular. The lower lip is long, it projects in a spoon-shape. The lateral parts of it are very strongly developed, and they are very visible from above the feeding head. H. incola lives in dry mosses, and it inhabits the empty shells of Centropyxis aerophila Defl. (Rhizopods.) It invades probably the shell through the shell opening, but later it cannot contract the feeding head through the normal shell opening; therefore it cannot move freely in the occupied shell, it breaks the shell in some place, and through this split the feeding head with the neck are exserted from the shell. It is possible that this species lives also in other Rhizopods shells, but so far I have discovered it only in the shell of Centropyxis. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    H. incola approaches like H. curvicollis Bartos the long-headed and long-necked species of this genus, such as H. ampulla, H. angusticollis, H. longiceps, H. caudata, H. sylvestris, H. flava and some others. From all these species it differs in several characteristics. From our species H. flava and H. sylvestris by the dental formula and in the way in which the wheel-discs sit. From H. angusticollis and H. ampulla it differs in the form of the head and neck, and in the dental formula. In the manner of its inhabiting empty shells of Rhizopoda it appears to be like with H. annulata Murray, but this species has another dental formula, and the head of it is not smooth as it is in H. incola. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of the creeping animal, about 230 µm. The feeding animal is a little shorter (200 µm). (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha insignis Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Descriptions

    The size of the body is small, the body is 290 µm long. The colour of the body is light yellow-brown, and not translucent. The head and the neck are long and the trunk is much wider and comparatively short. The gullet forms in the neck several knots. The surface of the cuticula is either completely smooth or has often fine or rough granules. The wheel-organ is very narrow, only 3/4 of the neck width. The wheel-discs incline to the dorsal side of the body, and are separated from each other by a very shallow sulcus, thus the wheel-pedicels grown together in nearly whole of their length. The upper lip is bluntly triangular and reaches nearly to the middle of the wheel-pedicels and it is made stiff by a horse-shoe-shaped cuticular plate, which is also clearly visible when the animal is retracted. As no other species of this genus has a similar cuticular plate in the upper lip this species is easily to identify. The rostrum is large and moderately curved. The brain-matter lies very far inside the dorsal antenna. The foot is short, three-jointed, and the first joint of it has a small central dorsal knob. The spurs are short, pointed and the base of them touch, or they are a little apart. D.f.: 3/3. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha komareki Bartos, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    The cuticula on the surface of the trunk is covered with small, transparent, hemispherical cuticular granules. The head, the neck and the foot with the spurs are completely smooth. The digestive tube, the ovaries, and the forming eggs are clear brownish red. On the dorsal side of the trunk are several longish cuticular folds. Of which one inner pair as lumbar plicae also upon the preanal segment. The rostrum is long and thick. Especially the first segment of it is wide, and it bears two rostral hemispherical plates (lamellae). The whirl-cilia on the rostral cap are very long. The second rostral segment is much narrower than the fist-joint. The dorsal antenna is long, as long as half the width of the neck. The first joint of the dorsal antenna is wide as the base. The side-knob on each side of the base of the dorsal antenna is relatively slightly developed. The neck of the creeping animal is provided with two deep oblique excisions. The anal segment is long, in its anterior half wide and roundish, in the posterior half cylindric and much narrower. The foot is relatively long and thin, four-jointed. The first foot-joint is the longest. The spurs are wide at the base on the inner borders they are divided by a moderately arched interspace, which is as wide as the diameter of the spur at its base. The toes are thick and long. The wheel-organ is a little wider than the head. The sulcus is deep and wide. The collar is high, and reaches nearly to the middle of the wheel-discs. The collar forms a narrow border on the inner side of the wheel-pedicels. The bridge lies relatively high. The mouth-corners are visible also in dorsal view. The upper lip is anteriorly strongly arched and in the middle it runs out in a wide lobe, which exceeds the bridge, and runs in the middle out into one narrow and short lip-ligule. The back edges of the head are formed by the lateral knobs at the base of the dorsal antenna. The neck-segments are wide, the lateral edges of the anterior borders project strongly. When the first joint of the neck forms the back of the head, then the posterior part of this neck-segment is much narrower than the head. D.f.: 3/3. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the creeping animal is 270 to 310 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha lamellata Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688, 7857 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body of this species is very thin, it is colourless and the surface of the trunk cuticle is densely covered by small cuticular grains; the head, the neck and the foot are smooth and transparent. Rostrum of two joints is long. The first rostral joint is broader and larger than the second joint, it has two very large and circular rostral lamellae. They overlap in the middle. The tactile cilia are very long. The head is long. The first neck-segment has in the middle a long and thin dorsal antenna. On either side of the base of the antenna a large knob. The surface of the trunk has several fairly longitudinal cuticular ridges. The trunk passes gradually into the rump, ...the foot. The foot is four-jointed, short and relatively thick. The third foot segment has two spurs, large, conical, and backwards pointing. At the base the spurs are separated by a straight interspace, which is as long as the diameter of the spur. The last foot-joint is long and carries three small-toes. The wheel-organ is long, but narrow. The wheel-pedicels are grown together. The wheel-discs are separated, they are very convex, and incline to the ventral side of the body. The upper lip is slightly arched in the middle. The lower lip is very protruding. The lateral edges of the lower lip are strongly developed and they are clearly visible, when seen from above the feeding head. In the feeding action the dorsal antenna is curved, and is closely attached to the only half retracted rostrum. Dental formula: 2/2. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    According to the form of the body this species belongs in the vicinity of H. serpens and H. reclusa. It differs from both these species by the stippled character of the trunk-surface, in this it approaches to H. cucullata Murray, from which it differs by its dental formula. From the two first named species H. lamellata differs also by its dental formula (this is higher in both), by the form of the upper lip and still by some minor characteristics. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The creeping animal is 180-210 µm long, the feeding animal shortens to 15-180 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha lata (Bryce, 1892) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2994, 3136, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523), lata lata (ref. ID; 2807)

    Synonym

    Callidina lata Bryce, 1892 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3275, 3688); Habrotrocha lata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha paxi Wulfert, 1941 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha progonidea Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345) or Monard, 1919 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha progonidia Monard, 1919 (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    Very small body (208 µm) very flat and very wide not only in the feeding action but also in the creeping action. The body is oval in the retracted state the longer axis being given by the width of the body. The body is widest in the middle. The surface of the cuticle is smooth, at the dorsal side only the side-ridges are developed. The central trunk is sharply separated from the trunk. The rump passes gradually into the foot. The body is colourless and transparent with large light yellow-gray food-pellets. The foot is narrow, four-jointed. The spurs are long, sharply pointed, backwards somewhat divergent. The interspace between them is as wide as their diameter. The wheel-organ is barely wider than the neck. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a deep, but narrow sulcus. The upper lip is low and bluntly triangular D.f.: 3/3. After the third tooth is a row of progressively narrowing striae. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha leitgebi (Zelinka, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2717, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857), leitgebii Zelinka, 1886 (ref. ID; 2276, 3136)

    Synonym

    Callidina leitgebi Zelinka, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688), leitgebii (ref. ID; 2276, 3136); Habrotrocha leitgebi Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345), leitgebii (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    The size of the body is small, the body is transparent and colourless except the digestive tube, which is usually coloured green from the green algae swallowed. The wheel-organ is wide, it is somewhat wider then the head. The upper lip is low and has in the middle a high, bluntly triangular lobe, which reaches very far between the wheel-pedicels. The sulcus is deep and wide. The mouth-edges are prominent. The foot is short, broad, and three-jointed. The spurs are far apart, sharply pointed, and relatively long. The foot ends with three distinct toes. D.f.: 5/6 to 6/7. Although have been published several papers on this species, which is very interesting both by its life and habitat, it had not as yet been figured in full, and especially the wheel-organ was completely unknown. Only one figure of the spurs of this species has been published after the original figure from Zelinka. Author after author has repeated hat the animal possesses a suck-plate on the end of its foot as in the species of the genus Mniobia Bryce. This is also given Collin's determination table in Brauer's Susswasserfauna. In reality this species possesses as all other species of the genus Habrotrocha Bryce a three-toed foot. Besides the animals do no live only in various part of the leaves of he hepatics, but they live even fully freely in other mosses and also freely outside the mosses. Contrary to the above opinion the animals crawl about in the leaves up to the time of the drying of the mosses, and live in those parts when through capillary action the mosses remain moist for the longest time. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body is 190 to 210 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha ligula Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2745, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Diagnosis

    Both Voigt (1957) and Burger (1948) show many variations in this species both in the head and the spurs and even the absence of the ligule; also in the dental formula. There has been much confusion as to the position of the ligule. Voigt (1957) gives it as on the membrane between the pedicels, i.e., at the base of the sulcus but Bartos (1951) as on the tip of a pointed lobe rising from the upper lip which reaches as high as the sulcus. It seems apparent that there are two distinct types of upper lip but that the ligule us undoubtedly on the membrane and not the lobe. The first animals seen here had the lobe on the upper lip and with this type of lip is associated the fairly deep and narrow sulcus. The second variation just found had the flat arched upper lip and this seems to be accompanied always with the shallow and wide sulcus. The first is something like the original drawing by Bryce as given by Voigt (1957) and more nearly like the drawing by Bartos (1951), whereas the second type is like the of Schulte (1954). A typical specimen of the first type was small and colourless, rostrum stout with well rounded and separate lamellae, cilia long, ligule quite small and discs slightly wider than the head and the neck which were of the same width. Dorsal antenna is short and stout. Uncus large for the size of the animal, neck long with loops in the oesophagus. In animals of the second type with the wide and shallow sulcus the ligule was still quite tiny and two varieties of spurs were observed; one with no interspace, the other with a space larger than the width of the spurs. Spurs are usually small, slightly cut out on each side making a point at the tip. (ref. ID; 2272)

    The size of the body is almost 320 µm. The body is narrow, colourless or light yellow. The cuticular surface is smooth. The wheel-organ is somewhat wider than the neck. The wheel-pedicels are high, and are together grown in half of their length. They are divided by a shallow and narrow sulcus. The upper lip is flatly triangular in the middle it runs out into a short, narrow, and at the tip suddenly pointed lip-ligure, The foot is short and three-jointed. The spurs are small, conical, and far apart. The interspace between the spurs equals their diameter. D.f.: 4/4. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The eggs are smooth, oval 70 µm long, 43 µm wide. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

  • First type: Length of the feeding animal 150; width across the trochal discs 30; width across the head 27; width across the neck segment 27; length of unci 19; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 58 µm; dental formula 3+1/3+1. (ref. ID; 2272)
  • Second type: Length of feeding animal 164; width across the trochal discs 42; width across the head 33; width across the neck segment 27; length of unci 18; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 45 µm; dental formula 3/3 teeth fairly strong. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha ligula var. aligula Burger, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272)

    Descriptions

    Both Burger in his original report and Schulte (1954) show this variety without any ligule at all, and as having the flat arched upper lip. In the specimens to be described here the upper lip was of the first type, the lobe did not quite reach the sulcus, which was seen to be clear. The disc-retractors were unusually prominent and there was in all cases a difference in the egg. To check this, the slide was kept for sometime and on one occasion there were three eggs from which finally emerged the correct animal. Instead of a plain egg without humps these had several, they were flat with a large base so that they were difficult to distinguish on the sides of the egg but were sufficient to give the ends a squarish appearance. The pellet-making tube was seen and there were three moderately strong teeth without any near weak ones, foot short, of three segments with the first rather long. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 212; length of feeding animal 175; width across the trochal discs 27; width across the head 27; width across the neck segment 24; length of unci 16.5; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 54 µm. Egg 62x36 µm. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha longula Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3149) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium thickness, fairly long, narrow, and colourless. The stomach is orange to dark red. Several individuals have in the brain small red spots, which are reminiscent of the eye-spots of the Habrotrocha collaris Ehrenberg. The wheel-organ is somewhat wider than the collar. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a shallow and narrow sulcus. The upper lip is flatly arched, blunt and is elongated in the middle running out to a point. The lower lip is provided with very strong lateral thickenings and in the middle it runs out into a long, spoonlike projection. The rostrum is normal. The dorsal antenna is as long as the width of the neck, and projects anteriorly when the animal feed. The tip of the antenna is somewhat curved backwards. The foot is short and broad. The spurs are short, strongly pointed, conical, of apart at the base, and run parallely backwards. D.f.: 5/5. The animal lives in a pseudo-shell, which the animal cements together of debris with a little mucus exseded from the surface of the trunk, In the feeding action the animal extends the first part of the body obliquely out of the shell and turns in all directions. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The eggs are smooth, transparent, from 57 to 60 long, and from 35 to 38 µm wide. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body from 300 to 350 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha microcephala (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina microcephala Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha microcephala Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size, is transparent and colourless. The trunk is very fine granular. With very few, fairly longitudinal cuticular ribs. The lateral ribs are thicker then the medial ones. The head and neck are in front of the trunk strikingly thin. The wheel-organ is thin. The wheel-pedicels are very close together, the sulcus is covered by a high, blunt triangular upper lip. The rostrum is very wide. The dorsal antenna is short. The spurs are small, touch each other at the base, their outer sides are convex, the inner ones are cut out in S-shape, D.f.: 7/6. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body is 310 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345, 2987, 7857)

    See

    Habrotrocha bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Synonym

    non Callidina bidens Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha milnei Bryce, 1922 (ref. ID; 3136); Macrotrachela bidens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    Relatively thick and colourless body, 200 to 255 µm long. The cuticule is smooth. The food-pellets are light yellow-brown. The wheel-organ is narrow, narrower than the head. The sulcus is narrow and deep. On the wheel-discs a sensitive seta. The upper lip is blunt triangular and very high. The mouth-corners are strong and very prominent. The foot is short, and wide. The conical spurs touch at the base. D.f.: 2/2. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The egg is long, and covered with papillar projections on its surface. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha munda Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina elegans Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha affinis Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size, 320 to 330 µm long, in our individuals only 160-180 µm. The wheel-organ is a little wider than the neck, and a little narrower than the head. The wheel-pedicels incline to the dorsal surface of the body, so that the wheel-discs have a dorsal position. The lower lip is protruded in spoon-shape, especially in its middle part. The upper lip is simple, high and blunt triangular, The sulcus is shallow and narrow. The dorsal antenna is very long, nearly as long as the width of the neck. The foot is short and on its dorsal side often a large knob. Sometimes this knob is absent. The spurs are long, narrow, apart from each other and they are reminiscent of the furca of the majority of the genus Chaetonotus Ehrenberg from the Gastrotricha. D.f.: 7/7 up to 9/9. The teeth are developed only as very fine striae. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha pavida Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688) or 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2636) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)

    Descriptions

    The small body is nearly 270 µm long, and usually colourless, exceptionally light or dark rosy. The cuticle is smooth and forms several longish side-folds in the crawling animal. The body in the direction from the head to posterior end becomes gradually broader, it is broadest just behind the middle of the trunk and then rapidly narrows. The wheel-organ is only a little wider than the neck. The wheel-pedicels are separated by a deep and wide sulcus. The upper lip is strongly cut out, the middle part of it protrudes and reaches to half the height of the wheel-pedicels, and there it is cut off straight. The mouth-corners are very strong and very prominent at the side of the head. The foot is short, three-jointed, almost always retracted into the body as far as the spurs. The spurs are narrow, pointed, directed backwards parallely, as far from each other as the length of one spurs. D.f.: 4/4. Several individuals have been found in the stomach of Milnesium tardigradum Doyere (Tardigrada), which occasionally gulps down also other members of the moss-biocoenosis. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha perforata (Murray, 1906) (ref. ID; 1345, 2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2731) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)

    Synonym

    Callidina perforata Murray, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3511, 3523); Habrotrocha perforata Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345)

    Descriptions

    The moss specimen many empty cases were found but no animals. The case was thin shelled, clean and dark brown, the neck rather short and wide. (ref. ID; 2273)

    There were several cases all containing a live animal but in spite of keeping for five weeks, only one brief glimpse of the feeding animal was obtained; it had a long neck and the head was like that of H. reclusa but with dental formula 4/4, length of unci 16.5 µm. The case is mostly circular in cross section but some are flattened on one side, in one instance there was a keel. The surface is fairly smooth, the case thin and is without the strong dorsal and lateral ribs. As these are the characteristics supposed to distinguish the species from H. modesta Bartos, 1963 it seems highly probable that this latter species is indeed H. perforata. All cases had the small posterior opening so aptly described by Murray as "like the lips of tea-pot spout". The large flanged oblique opening had a width of 42 µm, the neck 33 µm, the widest part of the case 75 µm and the total length 132 µm. (ref. ID; 2274)

    The cases were again thin and fragile, fairly smooth and without strong dorsal or lateral ribs, colour a dark brown so that it was difficult to see the contents, and with some variation in shape. Several were rather like the case of H. caudata as shown by Bartos (1963). Over one hundred cases were seen, a large proportion were broken, six contained live animals. No dorsal view of the feeding head is given in the available literature but the lateral view is very like that given by Murray (1906). The colourless head and neck protrude from the neck of the case so that the jaws which are placed fairly high can be seen clearly. Dental formula 4/4. This discs are small, the upper lip a high triangular lobe covering a very narrow sulcus, the lower lip corners are prominent, dorsal antenna about half neck width and stumpy. The trunk has light longitudinal folds, the foot was never seen. The disc cilia were long, the gullet and oesophagus short, the animals fed seldom and for only very short periods. (ref. ID; 2275)

    Measurements

    Size 150x75 µm; length of neck 42; length of hump at base of shell 18 µm. (ref. ID; 2273)

    A typical case was 114 µm long by 80 µm at its broadest width, the neck at its narrowest width was 18 µm, at the opening 36 µm. The length that part of the animal protruding was 72 µm; width across trochal discs 18; width across neck segment 24; at the lower lip corners 30; length between anterior edge of discs and the mastax 54; feed pellets 6-12 µm. (ref. ID; 2275)

    Habrotrocha proxima (Donner, 1950) (ref. ID; 1345) or 1953 (ref. ID; 2274)

    Synonym

    Habrotrocha proxima (Donner, 1953) (ref. ID; 1345); Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345); Mniobia proxima Bartos, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345)

    Descriptions

    It was possible to make immediate recognition with the low magnification used for searching by the strange appearance of the discs in the creeping animal. Usually the discs before evertion show as two ovals sometimes joined together other times separated, but now the two joined discs had the anterior edge protruded forward in two lobes almost half the length of the discs themselves. The edges were thickened or rolled and altogether stood out very clearly. Even in the lateral view the unusual formation could be seen clearly. The tips of the lobes projected through the mouth opening, however, it was not possible discern anything extraordinary in either the dorsal or the lateral view of the discs when everted for feeding. Animals very pale brown to colourless, crept awkwardly any fed seldom with the discs inclined dorsally, sometimes very strongly. The rostral lamella large, semi-circular with strong V-shaped notch, cilia long. The longitudinal folds were well marked, light plicae, three foot segments, the first long, only very lightly granulated. Spurs small, divergent with small interspace, clining disc, no toes. Dorsal antenna segment with two lateral humps, dorsal antenna about half neck width. Dental formula 3/3 teeth not weak. Discs small, narrow sulcus with high bridge, upper lip large rounded triangle, edge thickened, reaching almost to bridge height and with two strong almost parallel longitudinal ridges. Head long, also neck, lower lip corners protrude. (ref. ID; 2274)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 275; length of feeding animal 180; width across trochal discs 18; width across head 24; egg 69x45 µm. (ref. ID; 2274)

    Habrotrocha pulchra (Murray, 1905) (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2608, 2686, 3688) or 1907 (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina pulchra Murray, 1905 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3688) or 1907 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha pulchra Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    The body is small (nearly 212 µm) and usually colourless. The whole surface of the trunk is covered with small hemispherical, transparent cuticular granules. The head, the neck, and the foot with the spurs are completely smooth. On the trunk several longitudinal cuticular folds are developed, the central pairs are little less pronounce than the lateral folds. The wheel-organ is a little narrower than the collar. The sulcus us deep and wide. In the middle of the discs-fields small wards are developed, each bearing one sensitive seta. The upper lip runs between both wheel-pedicels in the blunt lobe, and it covers for the largest part the whole of the sulcus between them. The first neck-segment forms on either side of the base of the dorsal antenna one sidewards fairly prominent knob. The rostrum is small, but it is wide and bears the long whirl-cilia. The foot is three-jointed and short. The spur are touching at the base, they are strongly pointed and divergent. D.f.: 3/3. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha pusilla (Bryce, 1893) (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 2276, 2606, 7857), pusilla pusilla (Bryce, 1893) (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina pusilla Bryce, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha pusilla Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    The narrow, transparent, and colourless body is of small size. It reached only 212 µm in length. The rostrum is short and wide. The wheel-organ is very small, and somewhat wider than half the distance between the mouth-edges. The wheel-pedicels are with the exception of a small sulcus completely grown together, and are scarcely higher than the diameter of the wheel-disc. The foot is very short with a little knob medially on the dorsal side of the first foot-joint. The spurs are short, conical and do not touch. D.f.: 4/3 or 3/3. The animal remains usually inside the shell made of debris. The shell is brown. The Bohemian individuals caught were without shells, which according to Murray occurs also in other countries. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha pusilla var. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2275)

    Descriptions

    Normally the shape of the lower lip of this variety is not very obvious except in the lateral view, here however the dorsal view showed a further variation not seen before. There were two lobes of the lower lip which instead of showing at each side of the neck as rounded projections as occurs in many bdelloids appeared as fairly long (7.5 µm) and flexible, narrow beak-like formations. The animals were on the small side for the species and colourless. (ref. ID; 2275)

    Measurements

    Length of feeding animal 120; width across the trochal discs 13.5; width across the head 18; length of unci 12; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 42 µm. Dorsal antenna about three-quarters neck width. (ref. ID; 2275)

    Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix (Bryce, 1897) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina pusilla var. textrix Bryce, 1897 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    This variety differs from the typical individuals principally by the fact that several individuals live in a common mucous shell, which is very sparsely covered with mineral fragments or detritus. The mucous substance is a clear yellow or brownish detritus. The shape of the shell is broadly bottle-shaped, sometimes the basal part is flattened and, the shell is usually twice as long as the feeding animals. The young animals, hatching from the eggs, sit on the outside of the maternal one, and secrete a mucous shell of their own. The shells of young animals were found with the maternal shell in a common mucous substance. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    Very often this form is erroneously called v. textris, see Donner, 1950, who gives the name as textris below the figures but as textrix in the text. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha pusilla var. textrix f. bicornis Haigh, 1965 (ref. ID; 2272 original paper)

    Diagnosis

    The two forms of the variety tetrix, longilabis and brevilabis, are quite common here and the latter has been seen both in the type shown by Donner (1950) and with a small ligule. He also states the sometimes the side lobes of the lower lip project sideways and forward. It may be that the form here described is the one he refers to but the lower lip appears to be of so distinctive a shape as to warrant special mention. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Descriptions

    It is not usual spoon-shape: instead, the leading edge is concave with projecting corners terminating in triangular tips, the whole thrust so far forward that the edge and tips are visible in the dorsal view - so much so that at first glance and before the animal had made its case it was thought to be of the genus Scepanotrocha. It was colourless, fairly stout, spurs without interspace. Both rostral and disc cilia long, dorsal antenna fairly long, neck long with looped oesophagus. Discs less in width than the head and joined together, upper lip a flat arch, feed pellets large. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Measurements

    Length of feeding animal 200; width across the trochal discs 18; width across the head 24; width across the neck segment 21; length of unci 15; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 51; feed pellets 9 µm. Dorsal antenna 3/4 neck width; dental formula 4+1/4+1. The case 120 in diameter held two eggs each 48x36 µm. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha pusilla textrix brevilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2636 original paper, 2646), var. textrix f. brevilabris (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    This form coincides with the variety in the type of building of the shell, but the lower lip is short. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha pusilla textrix f. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2607, 2636 original paper), var. textrix f. longilabris Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 3688) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3136)

    Descriptions

    This form differs from the preceding by the form of the lower lip, which protrudes. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha reclusa (Milne, 1889) (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2562, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Callidina reclusa Janson, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha reclusa Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela reclusa Milne, 1888 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1889 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    This specimen has been found with a rather large hump on the first of the four foot-segments. Colourless, cuticle smooth with longitudinal folds, lamellae large and circular with long cilia, the mouth folds were strongly marked, neck long, oesophagus with several folds and the mastax well down in the trunk. Discs small, upper lip a high narrow cone rising. Spurs cut out and pointed, no interspace. The six or seven teeth were not strong and diminished in strength towards the rear. Dorsal antenna rather less than half neck-width. (ref. ID; 2272)

    The small and elongated body (135-162 µm) is colourless and transparent. The cuticle is smooth, and forms on the dorsal surface of the trunk several fairly long cuticular folds. The rostral lamellae are large, circular the whirl-cilia on the rostrum are very long. The length of the dorsal antenna is only nearly a 1/3 of the width of the neck. The foot is short narrow and four-jointed. The spurs are broad at the base and touch each other. The tips of them are pointed. The toes are short and thick. The wheel-organ is narrower than half the width of the head, the wheel-discs are high, and grown together in the whole length. The upper lip is very high, blunt triangular and it tip projects somewhat beyond the wheel-discs. The mouth-corners are strongly prominent. The mouth-cavity and the gullet are very long. In the feeding animal the jaws are still ate the anterior border of the third trunk-segment. In the creeping animal the gullet forms some knots in the neck. The lower lip is provided with strong lateral prominences. The food-pellets are small. D.f.: 6/6 up to 7/7. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 165; length of feeding animal 136; width across the trochal discs 12; width across the head 18; width across the neck segment 15; length of unci 12; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 45; dental formula 6/6 or 7/7. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha roeperi (Milne, 1889) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Synonym

    Habrotrocha roeperi Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136); Macrotrachela roeperi Milne, 1889 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Rotaria roeperi Korde, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Rotifer roeperi Janson, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size, colourless and transparent, vermiform. The rostrum is two-jointed, short and broad with two clearly red eye-spots. Dorsal antenna is 3/4 of neck diameter. The foot is short. The spurs are short, divided by a straight interspace and only as long as half the length of the segment to which they are attached. D.f.: 3/3. The wheel-organ is very rarely visible and so far as scarcely known. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body up to 340 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha rosa Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2271, 2606, 2607, 2635 original paper, 2802, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609, 4607) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1519)

    Descriptions

    Three of the various forms of this species as described by Donner (1949) have been found.

    The body is colourless, smooth. The two-jointed rostrum is short, but very broad. On the rostrum are two rostral lamellae, which protect very long sensitive setae. The dorsal antenna is short, only half of the width of the neck. Several longish cuticular ribs on the trunk. The foot is thick and four-jointed. The first foot-segment is very long. The spurs are broad at their base, the outer side oblique and the inner one slightly cut out. The spurs touch by the base. Three, very thick toes. The wheel-organ is as wide as the head. On the wheel discs sensitive setae with sensitive papille. The wheel pedicels are jointed together by a thin membrane in their whole length. The upper lips is flattly arched and runs out into an oblique projection in the middle, which reaches half the height of the wheel-pedicels. D.f.: is very variable. From 2/2 over 3/2, 3/1+2, 3/3, 3+1/3+1, 4/4 up to 1+4/5. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

  • Form B.?: Size is however rather than Donner's. Length of the creeping animal 250; length of the feeding animal 218 µm. (ref. ID; 2271)
  • Form G.: Length of the creeping animal 260; length of the unci 13 µm. (ref. ID; 2271)
  • Form H.: Length of the creeping animal 206-230; length of the feeding animal 180-190; width across the trochal discs 15; width across the head 21; width across the neck segment 17; length of the unci 13; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 50; length of spurs 6 µm. (ref. ID; 2271)

    The body is 185 to 310 µm long. Some forms are very large, but difficult to distinguished from each other owing to numerous individuals forming transition between them. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha scepanotrochoides de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 2274, 2607)

    Descriptions

    Small, colourless, slender, cuticle smooth, well marked longitudinal folds. Slightly swollen about mastax segment, hip segments set off from trunk. Foot short although first segment is rather long in proportion and carries a small hump, spurs small, well curved, pointed, no interspace. Animal very lively and took a long time to settle down but then fed steadily, sometimes with discs inclined dorsally. The rostral lamella was large with a small V-shaped notch, cilia long. Dorsal antenna, almost equal to neck width, uncus only slightly cut out, teeth about eight to ten, the first five or six just a little stronger. Upper lip in two parts, the first a low arch, the second a high lobe reaching to the height of the small discs. conspicuous were the two small horn-like processes each side of the base. (ref. ID; 2274)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 150; length of feeding animal (foot extended) 120; width across the trochal discs 12; width across the head 18; length of unci 15; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 60; feed pellets 4.5 µm. (ref. ID; 2274)

    Habrotrocha serpens Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2274, 2606, 2635 original paper, 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397, 7857)

    Synonym

    Habrotrocha stenosama Bartos, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    Extreme slenderness in proportion to its length is the chief characteristic, another as given by Bartos (1951) was never seen. This is the long parallel-sided shape of the contracted animal; instead it was always the more or less oval shape adopted by the majority of bdelloids. Size 60x36 µm. It remained in this state for most of its short life on the slide, the only time was seen feeding it was also swimming so that it was not possible to take measurements other than the length of the uncus -16.5 µm. The animal was colourless, cuticle smooth, light longitudinal folds, dorsal antenna long, in two segments, lamella large, round without notch, rostrum short and stout. The oesophagus was very long with the mastax well down in the trunk, dental formula 4/4 teeth strong. The spurs were small and shapely without interspace. The discs were joined together with a very shallow sulcus and were about the same width as the head but a good view of the head was not possible, the lateral view shows the rostral lamella extended out over the discs. (ref. ID; 2274)

    The form of the body is very striking both in the creeping and in the resting state. At rest the body is very long, cylindrical; in other Bdelloidea it is usually oval or globular. In the creeping action the body is very long and thin. The surface of the body is smooth, it is colourless and transparent. The rostrum is two-jointed and very long. The first rostral joint is circular, it is a little broader than the second joint. The rostral lamellae are grown together into one large circular, and from the ventral side deeply spoon-shaped hollow plate, which covers the long and stiff tactile ciliae and the very active whirl-ciliae. Dorsal antenna is long and thin. The surface of the trunk carries on either side 6 longitudinal cuticular ribs. Two medial pairs of them pass from the trunk on the rump surface. The foot is four-jointed, it is long and thin. The last but one joint of the foot carries two spurs, they are long, conical, separated from each other at the base by a straight interspace. The last foot-segment has three small toes. The body shortens in the feeding action. The wheel-organ is high, it is a little thinner than the head. The wheel-pedicels are grown together, but the wheel-discs are very clearly separated, and incline to the dorsal side of the body. The upper lip protrudes slightly and is cut out in the middle. The upper lip is always very badly seen, as it is covered by half expanded rostrum. On the end of the rostrum the large rostral lamella is always visible also in the feeding action. The dorsal antenna in the feeding action is very closely appressed to the dorsal side of the rostrum. In a side view the lower lip is very clearly visible. It protrudes in a spoon-shape. The lateral portions of it are only weakly developed. D.f.: 4/4. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    The description by Donner published first. Thus H. stenosoma Bartos belongs to the synonyma of H. serpens. H. serpens belongs in the genus Habrotrocha near H. reclusa, H. lamellata and H. cucullata. Like all these species it has a slender form of body. It differs from the two first cited species in the form of the rostral lamellae; their form coincides with H. cucullata. The surface of the trunk is in H. serpens smooth as in H. reclusa; in H. cucullata and H. lamellata it is roughly stippled. With H. cucullata, H. serpens coincides also in the dental formula, in which it differs from both the species cited above. The wheel-organ is different in H. reclusa and H. lamellata, but in H. cucullata it is so far unknown. From H. cucullata, to which H. serpens is very close, it differs in the surface of the trunk, in the form of the spurs and some other minor characteristics. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of the feeding animal 220-250um. In creeping action it is 260-300 µm long. Maximum width of the body only 40 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha solida Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2635 original paper, 2686, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2609)

    Descriptions

    The body is small, 160-225 µm, smooth, colourless, only the stomach is a little yellowish. The rostrum is two-jointed long and has only one circular rostral lamella. The dorsal antenna is short and without lateral knobs on the sides. The cuticular ribs on the trunk are very well developed. The foot is three-jointed, but it is very rarely exserted. The spurs sit far apart, they are short, very thin, and moderately curved. The foot has three toes. The wheel-organ is a little broader than the neck. The wheel-pedicels are high, they are grown together in the whole length, and in the shallow and not too wide a sulcus sit a low, sharply pointed, and triangular bridge-ligure. Wheel-discs carry sensitive papillae with sensitive setae. The upper lip is obliquely arched, but in the middle it is as if broken. D.f.: 3/3. The animal secretes as shell of a colourless mucous substance. Particles of detritus adheres to the surface of the shell. The shell is broadly pear-shaped, it is 120 µm long and 90 µm, broad. The orifice of the shell is short but broad, and it is very difficult to distinguish from the rest of the shell. Sometimes individuals live outer a shell, and then they are protected by some particles of detritus pasted on to the surface of the trunk, or they carry a kind of collar on the neck. This collar consists of detritus particles pasted together with mucus. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha spicula Bryce, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 2272, 2745, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Synonym

    Mniobia cornuta Bartos, 1938 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    Another animal often seen and apparently conforming to the usual descriptions, although none have been seen with a hump on the first foot-segment. However a slight deviation has now been found the fairly large nipple-like formation on the rump was of a different shape. Instead of a blunt cone there was an almost rectangular formation, sides nearly parallel, and rather square but in the centre dimpled as though it was a pore, although no channel could be seen leading to it. It had a length of 12 µm and a diameter of 9 µm. There was no case but much mucus, after a short time this held many small particles of moss and remained in the same position on the slide. The animal lived amongst this and rested in the contracted state for long periods. It was a light brown in colour, rather small, cuticle smooth, light longitudinal folds. The pedicals were high, the small discs separated by narrow sulcus. A triangular upper lip reached to the high of the discs, the lower lip corners were prominent and the central lobe was protruded. The uncus was rather square in shape without cut-out, the small spurs had a wide interspace. (ref. ID; 2272)

    The size of the body is small, not quite 200 µm long; it is yellow brown or red brown. The surface of the cuticle is either smooth or it is almost invisibly covered by fine, small cuticular granules. The wheel-organ is narrow. The wheel-pedicles are high, divergent, and divided from each other by a wide, shallow sulcus. The wheel-pedicels are grown together at the base. The upper lip is large, high, and bluntly triangular. Its tip reaches the wheel-discs. The upper lip can also be seen in a dorsal view of the head. The mouth-edges form lateral blunt knobs, which are visible in a dorsal view and which thus make the collar wider. The dorsal antenna is short. The neck is very long, the gullet of forms some knots in the neck. The dorsal side of the rump reaches one forwards curved hornshaped appendage. The foot is very short, very narrow and the first joint of the foot had sometimes on central dorsal knob. The spurs are very small, conical, and far apart. The jaws are composed of very small plates D.f.: 4/4. The individuals from the mosses from Vysoka Pec (VIII, 1943) are covered by a thin layer of mucus, which disappears after a moistening of the animals. Elsewhere I have not observed some similar. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    Length of creeping animal 200; length of feeding animal 120; width across the trochal discs 16; width across the head (lower lip corners) 21; width across the neck segment 18; length of unci 16.5; length between the anterior edge of the discs and the mastax 47; food pellets 9 µm. Dorsal antenna over half neck width; dental formula 4/4. (ref. ID; 2272)

    Habrotrocha sylvestris Bryce, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2606, 2640, 3136, 3149, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 7857)

    Descriptions

    The body is of medium size (250-275 µm), colourless and transparent. The food-pellets are 5-6 µm in diameter, and are dark-yellow to red-brown. The trunk is on it whole surface covered with hemispherical, transparent, dense, cuticular callosities. The pre-anal and the anal segment, the foot, the head and the neck are smooth. Sometimes appears the cuticle entirely smooth, the callosities are almost invisible. The head and the neck are very long and narrow. The head is provided on the ventral side with some grows, which at the sides somewhat extend also on the dorsal surface of the head. The wheel-organ is a little narrower at the head. The wheel-discs are not very far apart. The wheel-pedicels are grown together in the whole length. The upper lip is moderately arched and low, in the middle it runs out into a wide and bluntly triangular lobe, which reaches to the wheel-discs. The gullet is very well developed, and forms some knots in the neck. The dorsal antenna is large and on either side of it a strong, lateral, prominent knob is developed. The foot is short, and it is usually retracted. The spurs are short, pointed and apart, D.f.: 2/3 or 3/3. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha thermalis Pax & Wulfert, 1942 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is colourless, transparent, and smooth. The two-jointed rostrum carries rostral lamellae. The dorsal antenna is short, barely as long as the width of the neck. Several strong cuticular ribs are developed on the trunk. The foot is three-jointed, short, and smooth. The spurs are conical, short, and far apart. The wheel-organ is as wide as the head. The wheel-discs are separated by a shallow sulcus. Both wheel-pedicels are grown together in the whole length, but both are very distinct. The upper lip is flatly arched. On the sides of the head the long mouth corners are clearly visible. D.f.: 4/4. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body is 150-160 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha thienemanni Hauer, 1914 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1924 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The colourless body is 400 µm long. The cuticle is smooth with several longish cuticular ridges. The neck is much narrower than the trunk. The wheel-organ is somewhat wider than the neck. The wheel-pedicels grown together for nearly half their length. The sulcus is deep, medium wide, and of a U-like shape. Sensitive setae on the wheel-discs. The upper lip is broadly triangular and low, in the middle sharply but shallowly notched. The mouth corners are somewhat thick. The rostrum is short, thick and with two rostral lamellae touching in the middle. The stomach is colourless but the walls are sometimes light yellowish or greenish brown. The length of the dorsal antenna is nearly the 3/4 of the width of the neck. The foot is four-jointed. The spurs are of medium long, touching each other at the base. The toes are short. D.f.: 2/2; on each jaw yet with one or two much thinner teeth. (ref. ID; 3136)
  • Egg: The egg is smooth and very elongated. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha tridens (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 3136) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345, 2317, 2609, 2646, 2686, 7857), tridens tridens (Milne, 1886) (ref. ID; 2606, 2807, 2892) or 1896 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Synonym

    Callidina tridens Gosse, 1889 (ref. ID; 3136) or Ianson, 1893 (ref. ID; 3688); Habrotrocha longiciliata de Koning, 1947 (ref. ID; 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha tridens Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 3136); Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 3688); Macrotrachela tridens Milne, 1886 (ref. ID; 2892, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2317)

    Diagnosis

    Slender head with narrow sulcus; upper lip margin arched, low; oesophagnus long; integument transparent, lightly granulated; foot and spurs small; pellets yellowish. Generally clumsy creepers. Some animals cases of jelly, detritus and pellets. (ref. ID; 2892)

    Descriptions

    The body is fairly large, narrow, prolonged vermiformly, usually colourless, but sometimes very light rosy. The food-pellets in the stomach are yellow-gray. The rostrum is short and the rostral lamellae are very well visible. The neck is long, with along gullet which forms one or two knots in the neck. The wheel-organ is very narrow, the wheel-pedicels are divided by a deep but narrow sulcus. The upper lip is high and bluntly triangular. The foot is very short, three-jointed. The spurs are small, only as long as 1/3 of the joint which they sit. D.f.: 3/3. Usually this species lives free, but when the moss dries we can observe how the animal seeks out heaped up debris, into which it crawls and from which it makes a shell with the mucus secreted from the trunk surface; in this shell the animal survives the time of dryness. After the moss has again become moist carries for a time the shell, but later it leaves the shell. The shell is often fixed to a moss-leaf and when so the neck of the shell is curved upwards. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    142-410; trophi 14-20; pellets 4-8; egg (smooth) 59x39 µm. (ref. ID; 2892)

    The length of the body 317 to 400 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2636 original paper, 3136)

    See

    Habrotrocha tridens tridens (ref. ID; 3688)

    Comments

    Donner's form Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima, Donner, 1950 cannot according to my opinion and experiences by placed to this species; as the Habrotrocha species always has three toes; besides Habrotrocha leitgebii Zelinka is provided with three toes and not with suck-plate as Zelinka states. Further, large bodies in the thick walls of the stomach may be confused with the pellets of Habrotrochidae. I observed very often such large bodies very similar to the food-pellets of Habrotrocha in several individuals of Macrotrachela quadricornifera Milne, usually in young individuals. According to my opinion Habrotrocha tridens var. proxima is a good Mniobia species. I call it Mniobia proxima Donner. From Habrotrocha tridens Milne this species differs also in the form and building of the upper lip, which, according Donner is protected by a cuticular thickening similar to that Habrotrocha insignis Bryce. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha trilobata Bartos, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The stout body is transparent and colourless, only the walls of the stomach are clear yellowish brown. The food-pellets have a diameter of 5 µm, are colourless or clear gray with several dark spots. The surface of the cuticle of the trunk is finely granulated. The head, the neck, and the foot with the spurs are completely smooth. Sometimes the granules on the surface of trunk are so fine that they are visible only at very strongly magnification. The rostrum is long and narrow, the rostral lamellae are small, semicircular, widely distant and from below the long and stiff sensitive cilia reach fairly out. The whirl-cilia on the rostral cap are also long. The head of the creeping animal is longish, and the large retracted wheel-discs shine clearly through the head-skin. The neck-segments are wide and relative short. On each side of the dorsal antenna is a large backwards pointing and blunt side-knob. The length of the dorsal antenna is only nearly one half of the width of the neck. On the dorsal side of the trunk are six pairs of strong cuticular ridges. The first joint of the trunk and the rump do not have a cuticular ridge. The central trunk passes gradually into the rump. The anal-segment is in the middle of the posterior dorsal border moderately notched. The foot is four-jointed. The first joint of the foot is the largest, and it bears in the middle of the dorsal side of it one large, almost hemispherical hypodermal knob. On either side of the first foot-segment is at the posterior border one bluntly oval hypodermal knob, which projects beyond the second foot-segment. This second foot-joint is very short and it is wide as the third foot-segment, to which the spurs are fixed. The spurs are separated by an interspace, which is highly arched. This interspace is as wide as the spur is long. The spurs are wide at the base, much narrower at the tip. The outer sides are notched. Both spurs run parallely backwards. The three toes are short and wide, they are clearly visible. The feeding animal is much shorter than the creeping animal. The wheel-pedicels are high, close together, and divided from each other by a deep but narrow sulcus. The wheel-organ is as wide as the posterior border of the head. The anterior edges of the head run out in the large and transversally very projecting mouth-corners. The upper lip is a large, wide, and blunt triangular lobe, which reaches nearly to 2/3 of the height of the wheel-pedicels, and which covers the sulcus for the larger part. The mouth-cavity is voluminous and passes into a short gullet. D.f.: 3/3. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Comments

    This new species resembles by the form of the first foot-joint the species Macrotrachela samali Bartos. In the frame of the genus Habrotrocha Bryce it resembles especially H. fuhrmanni Heinis, with which it coincides in the D.f.; but it possesses a higher number of knobs on the first foot-joint. Also the dorsal knob is differently placed. In H. fuhrmanni the knob sits at the same posterior border and projects beyond the second foot-segment. In H. trilobata this is not so. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the creeping animal is 270 µm. By the feeding action the body diminishes to 220 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Habrotrocha tripus (Murray, 1907) (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 4607)

    Synonym

    Callidina tripus Murray, 1907 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136, 3688); Habrotrocha tripus Bryce, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 3136)

    Descriptions

    The small body is transparent, colourless or whitish with yellow stomach-walls. The rostrum is two-jointed with two rostral lamellae. The dorsal antenna is short, it equals only one 1/3 of the neck-width. The longitudinal ribs of the dorsal surface of the trunk are feeble. The short foot is four-jointed. The small spurs touch at the base, their tips are strong divergent. Three toes are thick and long. Two ventral toes regularly retract and exsert, but the dorsal toe not participates on these actions an remains almost always exserted. In this case the dorsal toe with the spurs from a tripod-like figure. The wheel-organ is narrow, narrower than the head, which is wide as so as one half of the trunk-width. The sulcus between the wheel-pedicels is shallow and wide because the wheel-pedicels are grown together in almost whole length of them. The upper lip is flatly arched, in the middle it runs in a blunt triangular projection. D.f.: 2/2. The teeth are feeble. (ref. ID; 3136)

    Measurements

    The length of the body is nearly 250 µm. (ref. ID; 3136)