Main Content
< Top page

The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Monhystera

Monhystera Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)

Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929: Family Monhysteridae De Man, 1876: Subfamily Monhysterinae De Man, 1876 (ref. ID; 3571)

Order Monhysterida: Family Monhysteridae (ref. ID; 6862)

Family Monhysteridae (ref. ID; 880, 6168, 6182, 6740)

ref. ID; 1311

The invariable presence of crystalloid bodies in the non-contractile part of the body (Jacobs 1988). (ref. ID; 1311)

ref. ID; 1663

Amphid circular; single outstretched ovary anterior to posterior vulva. (ref. ID; 1663)

ref. ID; 1795, 6691

Bacterial feeder. (ref. ID; 1795, 6691)

ref. ID; 1923

Stoma short funnel-shaped, teeth apparently absent. (A large genus, primarily marine, with many freshwater species) (ref. ID; 1923)

ref. ID; 3571

Type species

Monhystera stagnalis Bastian 1865, subsequent designation by Bastian in Stiles and Hassel 1905 (ref. ID; 3571)
  1. Monhystera acriformis De Man, 1922
    See; Theristus (Theristus) acriformis (ref. ID; 3571)
  2. Monhystera acris (Bastian, 1865) Oerley, 1880
    See; Theristus acer (ref. ID; 3571)
  3. Monhystera adiecta Schluz, 1932
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) adiectus (ref. ID; 3571)
  4. Monhystera aenariensis Meyl, 1953 (ref. ID; 3571)
  5. Monhystera africana Andrassy, 1964 (ref. ID; 3571)
  6. Monhystera afromacramphis Jacobs, 1987 (ref. ID; 1311)
  7. Monhystera agilis De Man, 1880
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) agilis (ref. ID; 3571)
  8. Monhystera alpina Filipjev, 1918
    See; Monhystera stagnalis (ref. ID; 3571)
  9. Monhystera ambigua Bastian, 1865
    See; Monhystera disjuncta (ref. ID; 3571)
  10. Monhystera ambiguoides Butschli, 1874
    See; Monhystera disjuncta (ref. ID; 3571)
  11. Monhystera ambiguoides (lapsus) Allgen, 1950
    See; Monhystera paraambiguoides (ref. ID; 3571)
  12. Monhystera ampliceps Goffart, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  13. Monhystera ampullocauda Allgen, 1929
    See; Monhystera parmonovi (ref. ID; 3571)
  14. Monhystera ampullocauda Paramonov, 1926 (ref. ID; 3571)
  15. Monhystera andrassyi Biro, 1969 (ref. ID; 3571)
  16. Monhystera anechma Southern, 1914
    See; Amphimonhystera anechma (ref. ID; 3571)
  17. Monhystera annulifera Daday, 1905 (ref. ID; 3571)
  18. Monhystera anomala Schneider, 1937 (ref. ID; 3571)
  19. Monhystera anophthalma Lorenzen, 1969 (ref. ID; 3571)
  20. Monhystera antarctica Cobb, 1914
    See; Monhystera parva (ref. ID; 3571)
  21. Monhystera arenicola (subsp.) Juget, 1969
    See; Monhystera similis subsp. arenicola (ref. ID; 3571)
  22. Monhystera arctica (subsp.) Steiner, 1916
    See; Monhystera lata subsp. arctica (ref. ID; 3571), Theristus (Deptonema) arcticus (ref. ID; 3571)
  23. Monhystera attenuata Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  24. Monhystera australis Cobb, 1893
    See; Monhystera villosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  25. Monhystera australis Cobb, 1894
    See; Monhystera pacifica (ref. ID; 3571), Theristus pacificus (ref. ID; 3571)
  26. Monhystera barentsi Steiner, 1916 (ref. ID; 3571)
  27. Monhystera bipunctata G. Schneider, 1906 (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) bipunctatus (ref. ID; 3571)
  28. Monhystera borosi (Andrassy, 1958) Goodey, 1963
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) borosi (ref. ID; 3571)
  29. Monhystera bothriolaima Steiner, 1916 (ref. ID; 3571)
  30. Monhystera brevicollis Cobb, 1894
    See; Theristus brevicollis (ref. ID; 3571)
  31. Monhystera britannica Wieser, 1951
    See; Monhystera refringens (ref. ID; 3571)
  32. Monhystera buelkiensis Schulz, 1932
    See; Mesotheristus buelkiensis (ref. ID; 3571)
  33. Monhystera bulbifera De Man, 1880
    See; Monhystrella bulbifera (ref. ID; 3571)
  34. Monhystera bulbosa Grimma, 1876
    See; Monhystera microphthalma subsp. caeca (ref. ID; 3571)
  35. Monhystera cambari (Allen, 1933)
    See; Gammarinema cambari (ref. ID; 3571)
  36. Monhystera cameroni Steiner, 1958 (ref. ID; 3571)
  37. Monhystera campbelli Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  38. Monhystera capitata Stekhoven, 1942 (ref. ID; 3571)
  39. Monhystera carcinicola Baylis, 1915
    See; Tripylium carcinicola (ref. ID; 3571)
  40. Monhystera cartaromanae Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  41. Monhystera cephalophora Allgen, 1935
    See; Cylindrotheristus trichuroides (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera scanica (ref. ID; 3571)
  42. Monhystera cephalophora De Man, 1876 (ref. ID; 3571)
  43. Monhystera chesapeakensis Timm, 1952 (ref. ID; 3571)
  44. Monhystera chitinolaimus Allgen, 1932
    See; Theristus chitinolaimus (ref. ID; 3571)
  45. Monhystera chitwoodi Steiner, 1958 (ref. ID; 3571)
  46. Monhystera collaris Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  47. Monhystera conica Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  48. Monhystera crassa Butschli, 1873
    See; Monhystera disper (ref. ID; 3571)
  49. Monhystera crassissima Ditlevsen, 1911
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  50. Monhystera crassoides Micoletzky, 1913
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  51. Monhystera cuspidospiculum Allgen, 1932
    See; Pseudotheristus cuspidospiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  52. Monhystera dadayi Goodey, 1963 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Prismatolaimus macrurus Daday, 1899 (ref. ID; 3571)
  53. Monhystera dahli Wieser in Brinck et al., 1956 (ref. ID; 3571)
  54. Monhystera demani Hofmanner and Menzel, 1914
    See; Monhystera alpina (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera stagnalis (ref. ID; 3571)
  55. Monhystera demani Rouville, 1903
    See; Eleutherolaimus demani (ref. ID; 3571)
  56. Monhystera demani Stekhoven, 1931
    See; Cylindrotheristus tenuispiculum (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera metademani (ref. ID; 3571)
  57. Monhystera denticulata Timm, 1952 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729)
  58. Monhystera dintheriana De Man, 1885
    See; Diplohystera dintheriana (ref. ID; 3571)
  59. Monhystera diplops Cobb, 1894 (ref. ID; 3571)
  60. Monhystera disjuncta (ref. ID; 3571, 7190) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729, 1735)
    Syn; Desmolaimus viviparus Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera ambigua Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera ambiguoides Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera vivipara Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  61. Monhystera dispar Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 2588, 3282, 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera crassa Butschli, 1873 (ref. ID; 3571)
  62. Monhystera dolichura De Man, 1876
    See; Amphidelus dolichurus (ref. ID; 3571)
  63. Monhystera droebachiensis Allgen, 1931 (ref. ID; 3571)
  64. Monhystera dubia Butschli, 1873
    See; Mesotheristus dubius (ref. ID; 3571)
  65. Monhystera dubicola Hopper & Meyers, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571)
  66. Monhystera elegans Allgen, 1928 (ref. ID; 3571)
  67. Monhystera elegantula Stekhoven, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
  68. Monhystera elongata Butschli, 1874
    See; Ascolaimus elongatus (ref. ID; 3571)
  69. Monhystera fasciculata Skwarra, 1921 (ref. ID; 3571)
  70. Monhystera filamentosa Ditlevsen, 1928
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) arcticus (ref. ID; 3571)
  71. Monhystera filicaudata Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  72. Monhystera filiformis Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 880, 881, 2588, 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera pseudobulbosa Daday, 1897 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera rustica Butschli, 1873 (ref. ID; 3571)
  73. Monhystera filispiculum Allgen, 1932
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) filispiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  74. Monhystera floreanae (ref. ID; 1311 original paper)
  75. Monhystera frequens De Cillis, 1917 (ref. ID; 3571)
  76. Monhystera frigida Cobb, 1914
    See; Cylindrotheristus frigidus (ref. ID; 3571)
  77. Monhystera fuelleborni Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 3571)
  78. Monhystera fukienensis (subsp.) Hoeppli & Chu, 1932
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. fukienensis (ref. ID; 3571)
  79. Monhystera gerlachii Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  80. Monhystera godeti Steiner, 1920
    See; Monhystera godeti (ref. ID; 3571)
  81. Monhystera gracilicauda Stekhoven, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  82. Monhystera gracilior Johnston, 1938 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera paragracillima Goodey, 1963 (ref. ID; 3571)
  83. Monhystera gracilis De Man, 1876
    See; Theristus gracilis (ref. ID; 3571)
  84. Monhystera gracillima Cobb, 1894
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  85. Monhystera gracillima De Man, 1921
    See; Monhystera gracilior (ref. ID; 3571)
  86. Monhystera gracillima Kreis, 1929
    See; Monhystera longissimecaudata (ref. ID; 3571)
  87. Monhystera groenlandica Ditlevsen, 1928
    See; Cylindrotheristus groenlandicus (ref. ID; 3571)
  88. Monhystera hallensis (Paetzold, 1958) Meyl, 1960 (ref. ID; 881) or Paetzold, 1958 (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Monhystera multisetosa subsp. hallensis (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera parasimplex (ref. ID; 3571)
  89. Monhystera helvetica Steiner, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571)
  90. Monhystera heterolaima Stekhoven, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  91. Monhystera heteroparva Micoletzky, 1924
    See; Monhystera parva (ref. ID; 3571)
  92. Monhystera heterospiculum Allgen, 1932
    See; Theristus heterospiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  93. Monhystera horrida Steiner, 1916
    See; Pseudosteineria horrida (ref. ID; 3571)
  94. Monhystera impetuosa Cobb, 1906
    See; Monhystera villosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  95. Monhystera insignis Cobb, 1893 (ref. ID; 3571)
  96. Monhystera intermedia Butschli, 1873
    See; Prismatolaimus intermedius (ref. ID; 3571)
  97. Monhystera intermedia (subsp.) Juget, 1969
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. intermediella (ref. ID; 3571)
  98. Monhystera intermediella (subsp.)
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. intermediella (ref. ID; 3571)
  99. Monhystera islandice De Coninck, 1943 (ref. ID; 3571)
  100. Monhystera izhorica Filipjev, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  101. Monhystera karachiensis Timm, 1963 (ref. ID; 3571)
  102. Monhystera kossnensis Paramonov, 1929
    See; Monhystera parva (ref. ID; 3571)
  103. Monhystera kreisi Johnston, 1938
    See; Monhystera longissimecaudata (ref. ID; 3571)
  104. Monhystera labiata Daday, 1903 (ref. ID; 3571)
  105. Monhystera lata Cobb, 1894
    See; Cylindrotheristus latus (ref. ID; 3571)
  106. Monhystera lata subsp. arctica Steiner, 1916
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) arcticus (ref. ID; 3571)
  107. Monhystera lemani Juget, 1969 (ref. ID; 3571)
  108. Monhystera lemani (subsp.) Juget, 1969
    See; Monhystera vulgaris subsp. paralemani (ref. ID; 3571)
  109. Monhystera lepidura Andrassy, 1963
    See; Monhystrella lepidura (ref. ID; 3571)
  110. Monhystera leptosoma De Man, 1893
    See; Sarsonia leptosoma (ref. ID; 3571)
  111. Monhystera longicapitata Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera tenuicaudata Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  112. Monhystera longicauda Daday, 1899
    See; Onchulus longicauda (ref. ID; 3571)
  113. Monhystera longicaudata Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)
  114. Monhystera longicaudata (subsp.) Stefanski, 1924
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. longicaudatula (ref. ID; 3571)
  115. Monhystera longicaudatula (subsp.)
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. longicaudatula (ref. ID; 3571)
  116. Monhystera longissimecaudata Kreis in Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera gracillima Kreis, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera kreisi Johnston, 1938 (ref. ID; 3571)
  117. Monhystera longistoma Khera, 1971 (ref. ID; 3571)
  118. Monhystera luisae Bresslau & Stekhoven in Stekhoven, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
  119. Monhystera macquariensis Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  120. Monhystera macramphis Filipjev, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571) or 1930 (ref. ID; 880, 881)
    See; Monhystera wangi (ref. ID; 880)
  121. Monhystera macrocephala Rahm, 1924
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) agilis (ref. ID; 3571)
  122. Monhystera macrolabiata Kreis, 1928 (ref. ID; 3571)
  123. Monhystera macrura De Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 3571)
  124. Monhystera magallanica Wieser, 1956 (ref. ID; 3571)
  125. Monhystera mali Fuchs, 1938 (ref. ID; 3571)
  126. Monhystera maspapillata Cobb, 1891
    See; Theristus maspapillatus (ref. ID; 3571)
  127. Monhystera mediterranea (lapsus)
    See; Monhystera parva (ref. ID; 3571)
  128. Monhystera megacephala Steiner, 1916
    See; Paramonohystera megachephala (ref. ID; 3571)
  129. Monhystera megalaima Stewart, 1914
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) megalaimus (ref. ID; 3571)
  130. Monhystera meridiana Cobb, 1914
    See; Theristus meidianus (ref. ID; 3571)
  131. Monhystera meridiana (subsp.) Micoletzky, 1922
    See; Monhystera heteroparva (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera parva (ref. ID; 3571)
  132. Monhystera metademani
    See; Cylindrotheristus tenuispiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  133. Monhystera microcephalon Stekhoven, 1942
    See; Spiramphinema microcephalon (ref. ID; 3571)
  134. Monhystera microphthalma De Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 3571, 7190)
  135. Monhystera minuta Filipjev, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  136. Monhystera multisetosa Meyl, 1955 (ref. ID; 3571)
  137. Monhystera mwerazii Meyl, 1957 (ref. ID; 3571)
  138. Monhystera natans (Bastian, 1865) Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Tachyhodites natans Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)
  139. Monhystera naviculivora Cobb, 1930
    See; Cylindrotheristus naviculivorus (ref. ID; 3571)
  140. Monhystera neglecta Cobb, 1930
    See; Theristus (Penzanica) neglectus (ref. ID; 3571)
  141. Monhystera nidrosiensis Allgen, 1933
    See; Theristus nidrosiensis (ref. ID; 3571)
  142. Monhystera nidrosiensis (subsp.) Allgen, 1933
    See; Cylindrotheristus normandicus subsp. metanidrosiensis (ref. ID; 3571)
  143. Monhystera normandica De Man, 1890
    See; Cylindrotheristus normandicus (ref. ID; 3571)
  144. Monhystera norwegica Allgen, 1933
    See; Theristus (Penzancia) norwegicus (ref. ID; 3571)
  145. Monhystera ocellata Butschli, 1874
    See; Diplolaimella ocellata (Butschli) (ref. ID; 3571)
  146. Monhystera ocellata Linstow, 1876
    See; Monhystera oculata (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera stagnalis (ref. ID; 3571)
  147. Monhystera ocellidecornis Hopper & Meyers, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571)
  148. Monhystera oculata Linstow, 1878
    See; Monhystera stagnalis (ref. ID; 3571)
  149. Monhystera oistospiculum Allgen, 1932
    See; Theristus (Penzanica) oistopiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  150. Monhystera oxycerca De Man, 1888
    See; Cylindrotheristus oxycercus (ref. ID; 3571)
  151. Monhystera oxyuroides Stekhoven, 1931
    See; Cylindrotheristus oxyuroides (ref. ID; 3571)
  152. Monhystera pachyuris Ditlevsen, 1928 (ref. ID; 3571)
  153. Monhystera pacifica Johnston, 1938
    See; Theristus pacificus (ref. ID; 3571)
  154. Monhystera paludicola De Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 3571, 7848) or 1881 (ref. ID; 881, 1723)
  155. Monhystera papuana Daday, 1899 (ref. ID; 3571)
  156. Monhystera paraambigua Allgen, 1933 (ref. ID; 3571)
  157. Monhystera paraambiguoides Allgen, 1932 (ref. ID; 3571)
  158. Monhystera paradisjuncta De Coninck, 1943 (ref. ID; 3571)
  159. Monhystera paragracillima Goodey, 1963
    See; Monhystera gracilior (ref. ID; 3571)
  160. Monhystera paralemani (subsp.)
    See; Monhystera vulgaris subsp. paralemani (ref. ID; 3571)
  161. Monhystera paramacramphis Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera stagnalis subsp. parasalina (ref. ID; 3571)
  162. Monhystera paramacrura Meyl, 1953
    See; Monhystrella paramacrura (ref. ID; 3571)
  163. Monhystera paramonovi Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  164. Monhystera paranormandica Micoletzky, 1922
    See; Paramonohystera (Leptogastrella) paranormandica (ref. ID; 3571)
  165. Monhystera parasalina (subsp.)
    See; Monhystera paramacramphis (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera stagnalis subsp. parasalina (ref. ID; 3571)
  166. Monhystera parasetosa Allgen, 1928
    See; Theristus parasetosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  167. Monhystera parasimplex De Coninck, 1943 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera hallensis Paetzold, 1958 (ref. ID; 3571)
  168. Monhystera parasitica Penso, 1938 (ref. ID; 3571)
  169. Monhystera paratenuispiculum Allgen, 1942
    See; Pseudotheristus paratenuispiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  170. Monhystera paravillosa Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  171. Monhystera parelegantula De Coninck, 1943 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera filiformis subsp. salina Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera salina Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  172. Monhystera parva Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 7190) or (Bastian, 1865) Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729, 1735)
    Syn; Monhystera antarctica Cobb, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera heteroparva Micoletzky, 1924 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera kossnensis Paramonov, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571); Tachyhodites parvus Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)
  173. Monhystera parvelle Filipjev, 1931 (ref. ID; 3571)
  174. Monhystera pilosa Cobb, 1914
    See; Steineria pilosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  175. Monhystera polaris Cobb, 1914
    See; Cylindrotheristus polaris (ref. ID; 3571)
  176. Monhystera polychaeta Steiner, 1915
    See; Steineria polychaeta (ref. ID; 3571)
  177. Monhystera praevulvata Allgen, 1932 (ref. ID; 3571)
  178. Monhystera paratensis Cobb, 1893 (ref. ID; 3571)
  179. Monhystera problematica Allgen, 1928 (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Theristus problematicus (ref. ID; 3571)
  180. Monhystera propinqua Daday, 1905 (ref. ID; 3571)
  181. Monhystera psammophila Juget, 1969 (ref. ID; 3571)
  182. Monhystera pseudobulbosa Daday, 1896
    See; Monhystera filiformis (ref. ID; 3571)
  183. Monhystera pseudobulbosa (subsp.) Wu & Hoeppli, 1929
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. pseudoparbulbosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  184. Monhystera pseudomacrura Khera, 1971 (ref. ID; 3571)
  185. Monhystera pseudoparbulbosa (subsp.)
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. pseudoparbulbosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  186. Monhystera pseudoseta (Filipjev, 1918)
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  187. Monhystera psilocephalus (De Cillis, 1917) Meyl, 1960 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Helalaimus psilocephalus De Cillis, 1917 (ref. ID; 3571)
  188. Monhystera refringens Bresslau & Stekhoven in Stekhoven, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729)
    Syn; Monhystera britannica Wieser, 1951 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera refringens subsp. britannica Wieser, 1951 (ref. ID; 3571)
  189. Monhystera rivularis Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)
  190. Monhystera rotundicapitata Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  191. Monhystera rustica Butschli, 1873
    See; Monhystera filiformis (ref. ID; 3571)
  192. Monhystera sabulicoa Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  193. Monhystera salina (subsp.) Meyl, 1954
    See; Monhystera paelegantula (ref. ID; 3571)
  194. Monhystera salina (subsp.) Paetzold, 1958
    See; Monhystera paramacramphis (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera stagnalis subsp. parasalina (ref. ID; 3571)
  195. Monhystera scanica Allgen, 1942
    See; Cylindrotheristus trichuroides (ref. ID; 3571)
  196. Monhystera setiens Cobb, 1914
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  197. Monhystera septenrionalis Cobb, 1914
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) septentrionalis (ref. ID; 3571)
  198. Monhystera setosa Butschli, 1874
    See; Mesotheristus setosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  199. Monhystera setosa (subsp.) (Allgen, 1929) (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Cylindrotheristus metasetosus (ref. ID; 3571), Monhystera tenuispiculum subsp. setosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  200. Monhystera signifera Paramonov, 1929
    See; Diplolaimella signifera (ref. ID; 3571)
  201. Monhystera similis (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1981 (ref. ID; 880) or Butschli, 1873 (ref. ID; 3571)
  202. Monhystera similis subsp. arenicola Juget, 1969 (ref. ID; 3571)
  203. Monhystera similis subsp. villosoides Otto, 1936 (ref. ID; 3571)
  204. Monhystera simplex De Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 2588, 3571)
  205. Monhystera socialis Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571)
  206. Monhystera somereni Allgen, 1952 (ref. ID; 1311, 3571)
  207. Monhystera sphaerolaimoides Schulz, 1932
    See; Mesotheristus sphaerolaimoides (ref. ID; 3571)
  208. Monhystera sphaerolaimus Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Mesotheristus sphaerolaimus (ref. ID; 3571)
  209. Monhystera spiralis Wu & Hoeppli, 1926 (ref. ID; 3571)
  210. Monhystera stadleri Goffart, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  211. Monhystera stagnalis Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 880, 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera alpina Filipjev, 1918 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera oculata Linstow, 1878 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera wangi Wu & Hoeppli, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)
  212. Monhystera stagnalis subsp. parasalina
    See; Monhystera paramacramphis (ref. ID; 3571)
  213. Monhystera steineri (subsp.) Micoletzky, 1922
    See; Monhystera villosa (ref. ID; 3571)
  214. Monhystera stenosoma De Man, 1907
    See; Eleutherolaimus stenosoma (ref. ID; 3571)
  215. Monhystera stewarti Khera, 1971 (ref. ID; 3571)
  216. Monhystera strandi (subsp.) Allgen, 1934
    See; Monhystera filiformis subsp. strandi (ref. ID; 3571)
  217. Monhystera subfiliformis Cobb, 1918 (ref. ID; 3571)
  218. Monhystera subrustica Cobb, 1906 (ref. ID; 3571)
  219. Monhystera tasmaniensis Allgen, 1927 (ref. ID; 3571)
  220. Monhystera tatrica Daday, 1897 (ref. ID; 3571)
  221. Monhystera tenax De Man, 1876
    See; Achromadora tenax (ref. ID; 3571)
  222. Monhystera tenuicaudata Allgen, 1929
    See; Monhystera longicapitata (ref. ID; 3571)
  223. Monhystera tenuis Stekhoven, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  224. Monhystera tenuispiculum Ditlevsen, 1919
    See; Cylindrotheristus tenuispiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  225. Monhystera tenuispiculum subsp. setosa Allgen, 1929
    See; Cylindrotheristus metasetosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  226. Monhystera tenuissima Goffart, 1950 (ref. ID; 3571)
  227. Monhystera thermophila Meyl, 1953 (ref. ID; 3571)
  228. Monhystera tobagoensis Allgen, 1947 (ref. ID; 3571)
  229. Monhystera trabeculosa G. Schneider, 1906
    See; Cylindrotheristus trabeculosus (ref. ID; 3571)
  230. Monhystera trichospiculum Allgen, 1933
    See; Theristus (Daptonema) trichospiculum (ref. ID; 3571)
  231. Monhystera trichura Allgen, 1930 (ref. ID; 3571)
  232. Monhystera trichuroides Allgen, 1935
    See; Cylindrotheristus trichuroides (ref. ID; 3571)
  233. Monhystera tripyloides Andrassy, 1968 (ref. ID; 3571)
  234. Monhystera uniformis Cobb, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571)
  235. Monhystera uria Stewart, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571)
  236. Monhystera villosa Butschli, 1873 (ref. ID; 2588, 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera australis Cobb, 1893 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera impetuosa Cobb, 1906 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera villosa subsp. steineri Micoletzky, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  237. Monhystera villosoides (subsp.) Otto, 1936
    See; Monhystera similis subsp. villosoides (ref. ID; 3571)
  238. Monhystera vivipara Allgen, 1929
    See; Monhystera disjuncta (ref. ID; 3571)
  239. Monhystera vulgaris de Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 1723, 2588, 3571)
  240. Monhystera vulgaris subsp. paralemani (ref. ID; 3571)
  241. Monhystera wangi Wu & Hoeppli, 1928 (ref. ID; 1311) or 1929 (ref. ID; 880, 3571)
    See; Monhystera stagnalis (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Monhystera macramphis Filipjev, 1930 (ref. ID; 880)
  242. Monhystera wilsoni Baylis, 1915 (ref. ID; 3571)
    See; Monhystrium wilsoni (ref. ID; 3571)

Monhystera denticulata Timm, 1952 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729)

Descriptions

Marine nematode. (ref. ID; 1729)

Monhystera disjuncta (ref. ID; 3571, 7190) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729, 1735)

Synonym

Desmolaimus viviparus Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera ambigua Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera ambiguoides Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera vivipara Allgen, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)

Descriptions

Marine nematode. (ref. ID; 1729)

Monhystera floreanae (ref. ID; 1311 original paper)

Diagnosis

This species is close to M. wangi, M. somereni, M. afromacramphis; in having the amphidial fovea at about one lip region width from the anterior end, a value for the c-ratio of about 5, absence of a subterminal setae, short neck setae, a poorly developed vaginal sphincter, labial setae that occupy about 30% of the lip region width and a vaginal and rectal length of about one [corresponding body width] or less. However, it differs from in its smaller body (body length=810-990 µm in M. wangi), smaller c' (9.5 in M. wangi), absence of males, fovea further backward (less than one-half lip region width from the anterior end in M. wangi) and absence of post-vaginal gland (present in M. wangi). From M. somereni the new species differs in lacking a prominent vaginal sphincter, in its smaller body length (L=692-1090 µm in M. somereni), smaller c' (7.6-10.4 in M. somereni), smaller amphidial fovea (3-4.5 µm in M. somereni), longer distance of fovea to anterior end (0.35-0.51 of lip region width in M. somereni), and smaller value for the ratio vulvanus distance/tail length (1.04-1.50 in M. somereni). From M. afromacramphis the new species differs in the longer distance of fovea to anterior end (0.35 lip region width in M. afromacramphis) and its narrower lip region (about 21 µm in M. afromacramphis); furthermore M. afromacramphis is a halophilic species found so far only near the sea or in brackish water. (ref. ID; 1311)

Descriptions

Size medium. Body upon fixation almost straight, rarely slightly undulated with either a dorsally or a ventrally directed tail end. Cuticle with transverse striations (SEM) with around 2.3 µm long (SEM) somatic setae all over the body; six in the pharyngeal region, around twenty between cardia and anus, and three to five on the tail. An inner ring of six labial papillae and an outer ring of six outer labial setae (5-6 µm long) and four shorter cephalic setae are situated on the lip region. Lip region continuous with the rest of the body. A ring of perioral platelets surrounds the mouth opening (SEM). Cheilostome distinctly wider than long, with refractive linings. Rest of stoma very short "V"-shaped with sclerotized lining and surrounded by pharyngeal tissue. Amphidial fovea fairly small [2.8 µm (2-3 µm in diameter)], situated nearly one lip region width from the anterior end. Ocelli not observed. Pharynx cylindrical and muscular, expanding posteriorly. Pharyngeal lumen undulating. Glandular system in the pharynx very well developed, with one folded canal and another long and straight tube-like canal extending from the bulb-like region to region of the nerve ring; latter situated slightly posterior to mid-pharynx. The exact starting as well as ending points of the canals are, however, difficult to detect. Cardia mushroom-shaped. On the ventral side behind the cardia is situated the ventral gland. Intestinal cells are filled with brown granules. Intestine with a small triangular projection before joining the rectum, which is shorter than one anal body width. Tail nearly ten times rectal length, and tapering for more than half its length. Tail-tip strongly to slightly swollen. Two of the three caudal glands are well developed and distinct, the third more or less obscure. Spinneret situated in the swollen part of tail lip. Female reproductive system prodelphic, monodelphic with outstretched ovary. Ovary with a germinal zone, then a double row of cells followed by a single row of relatively larger oocytes. Gonoduct with or without large transparent cells. Vagina weakly visible. Vaginal sphincter muscle inconspicuous. Vulva transverse, situated posterior to mid-body. (ref. ID; 1311)
  • Egg: Egg size 45x19 µm. (ref. ID; 1311)
  • Male: Male not found. (ref. ID; 1311)

    Etymology

    The species' name is derived from the locality. (ref. ID; 1311)

    Measurements

    Body length 560+/-35.8(506-634) µm, maximum body width 25+/-1.1(24-28) µm, pharyngeal length measured from the anterior end 110+/-4.2(105-120) µm, tail length 110+/-6.2(100-120) µm, anal body width 17+/-0.9(16-19) µm, lip region width 15+/-1.2(13-17) µm, distance from vulva to anus 106+/-7.9(90-121) µm, amphid anterior body end 16+/-1.0(14-17) µm, amphid width 3+/-0.3(2-3) µm, corresponding body width 18+/-0.8(16-19) µm, nerve ring from the anterior end 60+/-3.2(54-66) µm, rectal length 14+/-1.4(12-17) µm, vagina length 14+/-2.3(11-18) µm, cephalic seta length 5+/-0.8(5-6) µm. (ref. ID; 1311)

    Monhystera paludicola De Man, 1880 (ref. ID; 3571, 7848) or 1881 (ref. ID; 881, 1723)

    Descriptions

    Cuticle of the body smooth. Mouth-cavity cylindrical. Some individuals show a small tooth inside the cavity (depends on the position of the individuals on the slides). Amphids circular, about one head-width from the head end and 1/2-1/3 of the body width. Ocells about 2-2.5 head-widths from the head end. Oesophagus almost cylindrical. Body at the end of the oesophagus about 2.1-2.9 times wider than at the head. Distance of vulva to anus 1.1-1.5 times longer than the tail. Tail about 6-10 times longer than wide. Rectum 0.8-1.0 times anal body diameter. Female gonad is outstreched, on average 372 µm lnog and is located right of the intestine (n=50). Male gonad is on average 527.4 µm (range 400-700 µm) long. Spiculae 4-7 times anal body diameter. M. paludicola is a sexually dimorphic species. Females are significantly longer, wider and 33% heavier than males. The ratio of length to width was significantly higher in males than in females, thus reflecting the more elongated shape of male M. paludicola. Accordingly, the ratio of tail length to tail width was significantly higher in females than in males. The amphids are significantly wider in males than in females. Crystalloids of less than a few micrometers long were abundant in the body of adults. The occurrence of crystalloids in juveniles seemed to depend on age, becoming more abundant towards adulthood (pers. obs).). (ref. ID; 7848)

    Habitats

    M. paludicola is a common freshwater free-living nematode especially in soft sediments of lentic systems. (ref. ID; 7848)

    Examined materials

    Samples were collected from Lake Konigssee, oligotrophic lake. (ref. ID; 7848)

    Measurements

    Morphometric data for males (n=92), females (n=159) and juveniles (n=407) are shown in table 1. The mean size, minima and maxima of 40 eggs were: length 50(44-56) µm and width 26(23-32) µm. Some moulting were observed on living material. The lengths of these individuals were 448 µm, 461 µm, 700 µm, 710 µm, 727 µm, 938 µm, 910 µm, 946 µm, and 981 µm. (ref. ID; 7848)

    Monhystera parva Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 7190) or (Bastian, 1865) Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729, 1735)

    Synonym

    Monhystera antarctica Cobb, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera heteroparva Micoletzky, 1924 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera kossnensis Paramonov, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571); Tachyhodites parvus Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3571)

    Descriptions

    Marine nematode. (ref. ID; 1729)

    Monhystera refringens Bresslau & Stekhoven in Stekhoven, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1729)

    Synonym

    Monhystera britannica Wieser, 1951 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera refringens subsp. britannica Wieser, 1951 (ref. ID; 3571)

    Descriptions

    Marine nematode. (ref. ID; 1729)

    Monhystera somereni Allgen, 1952 (ref. ID; 1311, 3571)

    Descriptions

    Body moderately large, attenuating towards both ends but more so posteriorly. Upon fixation body either straight or slightly dorsally curved. Cuticle with transverse striae. Somatic setae scarce, around 3 µm long (SEM), tail usually with four setae. However, some specimens do not have setae on their tail (broken off?). Very fine elongate crystalloid bodies occur all over the body, but less in number in the tail region. Mouth opening surrounded by a ring of perioral platelets (SEM). Lip region truncate at the top, almost continuous with the body. A clear increase in body width is observed only behind the amphidial opening. Lip region with one whorl of six labial papillae and one whorl of ten setae: six longer outer labial setae and four shorter cephalic setae, the longer ones are about 3 µm (3-4 µm). Cheilostome and 'V'-shaped stoma with sclerotized lining. Amphidial fovea circular, and about one half lip region width from the anterior end. Pharynx muscular, anteriorly cylindroid but posteriorly wider. Pharyngeal glands with well developed canal system but indistinct gland openings. Nerve ring encircling pharynx exactly in the middle. Ventral gland nor its opening seen. Pharygo-intestinal junction with mushroom-shaped cardia. Intestinal cells with brown granules, lumen fairly wide. Rectum longer than one anal body width. Tail long, eight rectal-lengths; tapering initially but cylindrical towards the end, terminating in a swollen tip. Two caudal glands clearly seen, the third obscure, more anterior and more or less vacuolar. Ducts of the caudal glands can be detected by the granules in them. Spinneret in the swollen end of tail but its detailed structure difficult to see. Female reproductive system prodelphic, monodelphic with outstretched ovary, and generally long: almost touching the cardia in mature females. Ovary with three zones: first a geminal zone, then a double row of cells followed by a single row of relatively larger oocytes. Gonoduct long with few but large transparent cells. Vagina long, more than one half corresponding body width, and surrounded by a strong sphincter muscle. Vulva transverse, posterior to middle of body, and with non-sclerotized lips. (ref. ID; 1311)
  • Male: Males not found. (ref. ID; 1311)

    Measurements

    Body length 1002+/-37.7(918-1071) µm, maximum body width 32+/-1.9(29-35) µm, pharyngeal length measured from the anterior end 147+/-4.8(141-155) µm, tail length 170+/-4.0(162-177) µm, anal body width 21+/-2.3(18-26) µm, lip region width 12+/-0.5(11-13) µm, distance from vulva to anus 194+/-9.6(173-206) µm, amphid anterior body end 7+/-0.9(6-9) µm, amphid width 4+/-0.4(4-5) µm, corresponding body width 13+/-0.7(12-15) µm, nerve ring from the anterior end 75+/-3.1(68-80) µm, rectal length 23+/-2.0(21-27) µm, vagina length 18+/-2.2(14-22) µm, cephalic seta length 3+/-0.3(3-4) µm. (ref. ID; 1311)

    Monhystera stagnalis Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 880, 3571)

    Synonym

    Monhystera alpina Filipjev, 1918 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera oculata Linstow, 1878 (ref. ID; 3571); Monhystera wangi Wu & Hoeppli, 1929 (ref. ID; 3571)

    Descriptions

    Cristalloids frequently present in high density; intestine reddish-brown in most individuals. Head 10-15 µm (mean: 11.8 µm; n=49) wide, body width at proximal end of esophagus 2.8-3.1 head diameters. Cephalic setae 2 µm. Amphids circular, 4.5 µm (3.8-4.9; n=31) corresponding to 1/3 (33-42%; n=31) of the respective body width at this point, located 0.4-0.6 (mean: 0.5; n=31) head diameters from anterior end. Ocellus red (only visible in fresh material), 3 to 4 head diameters behind anterior end. Spicula slightly chephalated proximally, 75-95 µm (mean: 85.2 µm; n=12) long, corresponding to 44-59% (mean: 49.3%; n=12) of tail length, and 2.7-4.0 (mean: 3.5; n=8) anal widths. Gubernaculum 8-11 µm (mean: 9.1 µm; n=8) long. Distance vulv-nus 0.75-1.2 (mean: 0.95; n=8) times tial length. Length of tail 6.2-7.5 anal widths, slightly bulbous at end. The species is ovoviviparous. In the material from Piburger See the females rarely bore eggs in their uterus. Very frequently, however, there were structures in the uterus which could be interpreted as spent egg-membranes. Samples in which such females were present regularly contained high numbers of tiny juveniles which must have been born during the extraction procedure, since otherwise most of them would have been lost by sieving at an earlier stage of sample processing. (ref. ID; 880)

    Remarks

    The Piburger See population of M. stagnalis shows some features resembling very similar species M. wangi Wu and Hoeppli, 1929. In an earlier paper (Pehofer 1977) on Piburger See this species was erroneously listed as M. wangi (syn.: M. macramphis, Filipjev, 1930). The length/width ratio of females (a=23-35) and the position of the vulva (V=56-62%) seem to comform better with figures stated in the literature for M. wangi (a=23-38; V=54-62; see e.g. Andrassy, 1984) than with those given for M. stagnalis (a=16-27, V=65-75). While the greater slenderness of the females in the material from Piburger See might be an artifact caused by the emptying of the uterus of the females during sample processing, no ready explanation for the different position of the vulva is at hand. Ovovivipary, most of the body-measures and -ratios, the shape, size and position of the amphids and the shape and size of spicula and gubernaculum correspond to values characteristic of M. stagnalis. Spicula length in particilar, which in the Piburg population lies between 75 and 95 µm, clearly delineates this species from M. wangi for which spicula lengths of around 40-50 µm are given (e.g. Andrassy 1984; Meyl 1955; Schiemer 1978; Zullini 1982). Wu and Hoeppli 1929) and Filipjev (1930) do not give numerical values for spicula length in their species diagnoses of M. wangi (syn; M. macramphlis), although measurement of the drawing reveals spicula lengths of around 50 µm. According to Schiemer (1978) some studies in which M. wangi populations with clearly longer spicula were described (Stefansky 1938; Juget 1969) probably concerned a different species. (ref. ID; 880)

    Ecology

    M. stagnalis is described as a widely distributed freashwater species (Andrassy 1984) inhabiting stagnant as well as flowing waters, and capable of withstanding moderate organic pollution (Zullini 1982). (ref. ID; 880)

    Measurements

  • Female: L (total length)=1031(850-1400) µm, a (length/greatest width)=29.8(23.4-35.1), b (length/length of esophagus from anterior end)=6.2(5.8-6.6), c (length/length of tail, i.e. anus to tail tip)=5.2(4.2-7.4), V (distance of vulva from anterior end expressed as a precentage of the total length)=58.4(55.6-62.2)%. (ref. ID; 880)
  • Male: L=1024(880-1214) µm, a=30.8(25.4-33.4), b=6.1(6.1-6.8), c=5.9(5.0-7.2). (ref. ID; 880)