Tubifex tubifex
Freshwater and endobenthic species.
[ref. ID; 507]
Test system
Comparison of Alternative Models for Predicting the Uptake of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Strain
Toxicants
gamma-Chlordane, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, Mirex, Octachlorostyrene, Pentachlorobenzene, Pentachlorotoluene, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 2,5,2'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,2',3'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',6'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,2',3',4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2', 4', 5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6,2',3',4'-Heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-Octachlorobiphenyl.
Test design
Oliver (1984, 1987).
Evaluations
Predicting model.
[ref. ID; 1318]
Test system
96-hr acute toxicity test
Strains
20 mm long.
Toxicants
HgCl2, (NH4)2CrO4, CrO3, CdCl2/2.5H2O, Pb(CH3COO2)/3H2O, Na2HAsO4/7H2O.
Experimental conditions
No feeding, no aeration. Temperature 25 degrees C.
Evaluations
LC50, by probit analysis.
[ref. ID; 3110]
Test system
72-hr static whole-sediment system
Strains
The animals has been continuously kept in the laboratory of ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH (Florsheim, Germany) since March 1994. It was originally supplied by FEE Fischfutter Etzbach (Mechernich-Bergheim, Germany). According to the supplier, the animals originated from the River Mass, including its tributaries in Belgium. Adults with fully developed clitellum of uniform size (5+/-2 cm).
Toxicants
Lindane, Hexachlorobenzene, Copper sulfate.
Test design
Artificial sediment based on Artificial Soil according to OECD Guideline No.207, pH 6.0+/-0.5, 16L:8D photoperiod < /_ 100 lux. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Reworking activity, sediment avoidance, autotomy, mortality.
Evaluations
EC50, LC50.
[ref. ID; 3311]
Test system
96-hr acute toxicity & sublethal toxicity (by SEM)
Strains
From a Cd-free site near Reuil sur Marne (Marne, France).
Toxicants/concentrations
CdCl2/2.5H2O (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l).
Test design/
Regional spring water (Source des Grands Bois, Fismes, Marne, France: hardness 300+/-10 mg/l as CaCO3, pH 7+/-0.1), 12L:12D photoperiod, DO 60% saturation, each concentration x 3 replicates. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Dead number, autotomy.
Evaluations
LC50, EC50.
[ref. ID; 4438]
Test system
28-day whole-sediment test
Strains
Collected in Lake Suviana (Italy).
Toxicants
4-Nonylphenol (4NP).
Test design/concentrations
Toxicity test were performed according to the guideline set by Reynoldson et al. (1991) with minor modifications. Concentrations (Run 1: 180, 380, 420, 460 and 650 ug/g dry weight, Run 2: 90, 190, 310, 430, and 610 ug/g dry weight).
Measurements/observations
Number of coccons, young, and adult.
Evaluations
EC10, EC50.
[ref. ID; 4985]
Test system
The protective action of 24 amino acids on the acute toxicity (96 hr) of copper
Strains
Collected from natural streams.
Toxicants
CuSO4/5H2O + Amino acids (DL-Alanine, DL-2-Amino-n-butyric acid, L-Arginine, DL-Aspartic acid, L-Cysteine, L-Cystine, DL-Dopa, L-Glutamic acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Hydroxyproline, DL-iso-Leucine, DL-nor-Leucine, L-Leucine, L-Lysine, DL-Methionine, L-Ornithine, Dl-beta-Phenyl-alanine, L-Proline, DL-Serine, DL-Threonine, DL-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine, DL-Valine).
Test design
Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted in well water at 20+/-1 degrees C according to detail method described for the static test in Standard Methods (APHA et al., 1989). 10 tubificid worms were placed in 100 mL petri dishes. All tests were run in duplicate sets.
Measurements/observations
Death of worm (complete immobilization and no response to gentle prodding with blunt glass rod).
Evaluations
LC50 (moving-average-angle method of Harris (1959)), LT50 (method of Lichfield (1949)).
[ref. ID; 6003]
Test system
The effect on the oxygen-dependent nuclear volume alteration in the chloragocytes
Strains
Adults.
Toxicants
BaCl2 (Ba2+ 10ppm), CoCl2 (Co2+ 10ppm), MnCl2 (Mn2+ 10ppm), ZnCl2 (Zn2+ 10ppm), FeSO4 (Fe2+ 10ppm), and CuSO4 (Cu2+ 1ppm).
Test design
Aerated conditions, Hypoxic conditions.
Measurements
Nuclear volume.
[ref. ID; 6079]
Test system
24-hr and 48-hr LC50 and the confidence limits
Strains
Toxicants
Cadmium (3CdSO4/8H2O), Copper (CuSO4/5H2O), Mercury (HgCl2), Zinc (ZnSO4/7H2O), Chromium (K2Cr2O7) and Nickel (NiSO4/7H2O) in four diluents of different total hardness and alkalinity.
Test design
Toxicity tests were performed in a glass cylinder of 10 cm diameter, containing 200 ml of test solution. Ten individuals per bottle for each concentration. Temperature 20 degrees C.
Measurements
Survival numbers.
Evaluations
LC50.
[ref. ID; 6080]
Test system
6-hr respiration rate
Strains
Toxicants
Cadmium (3CdSO4/8H2O), Copper (CuSO4/5H2O), Mercury (HgCl2), Zinc (ZnSO4/7H2O), Chromium (K2Cr2O7) and Nickel (NiSO4/7H2O).
Test design
Slightly modified Procedure proposed by Whitley & Sikora (1970): (dilution water for the BOD test with phosphate buffer instead of Knopp solution). Temperature 20 degrees C.
Measurements
Oxygen consumption.
Evaluations
Microlitres of oxygen per milligramme of the wet weight of animals.
[ref. ID; 6087]
Test system
5 days' in vivo treatment
Strains
Toxicants/concentrations
Benomyl (1.0 ppm), Carbofuran (0.05 ppm), Carbaryl (0.05 ppm), Malathion (1.0 ppm), Trichlorfon (0.05 ppm) under aerated conditions and 0.1 ppm under hypoxic conditions.
Test design
Hypoxic (open columns) and aerated (hatched columns) condition.
Measurements
Nuclear volume.
[ref. ID; 6133]
Test ststem
Acute and sublethal toxicity
Strains
Tubifex tubifex was collected from a site near Cormicy sur Marne (Marne, France).
Toxicants
Fenhexamid (concentration: acute toxicity 1-200 mg/L, sublethal toxicity 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L)
Temperature
21+/-1 degrees C.
Test design
- Acute toxicity: Forty worms were introduced into each container and placed into an incubation chamber (21+/-1 degrees C and 12:12 photoperiod). 3 replicates.
- Sublethal toxicity: Approximately 2.5 g fresh weight of worms (about 500 individuals) were placed in crystallizing dishes containing 100 mL of spring water (Source des Grands Bois, Fismes, France; Ca2+ 121 mg/L, Mg2+ 24 mg/L, Na+ 11 mg/L, K+ 4 mg/L, HCO3- 440 mg/L, Cl-1 11 mg/L, (SO4)-2 52 mg/L, NO3- 1 mg/L (pH 7.3) with added fenhexamid. 3 replicates.
Measurments/observations
- Acute toxicity: After 2, 4, and 7 days, dead worms were counted.
- Sublethal toxicity: After 2, 4, and 7 days, the weight of individuals measured.
- Metallothionein anaylsis.
- Catalase (CAT) activity (umol of H2O2 consumed per mg of protein per min).
- Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity (the consumption of nmol of CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) per min per mg protein).
- Glutathione reductase (GR) activity (umol of GSSG reduced per min per mg of protein).
- Glycogen (with anthron reagent according to the sulfuric acid method).
- Fenhexamid quantification in worms and water.
Evaluations
- Acute toxicity: LC10, LC25, and LC50.
- Sublethal toxicity: Relative growth rate.
[ref. ID; 6606]
Test system
Bioassay (300 days)
Strains
The strain was collected from eastern Lake Malaren, and been kept in culture for about 3 years.
Toxicants
Sediments (surface layers 0-1 cm) of Lake Hjalmaren (eutrophy), Lake Malaren (eutrophy), Lake Rogsjon (oligotrophy), and Lake Runn (oligotrophy-mesotrophy). Lake Runn receives waste water from a major mining industry in Sweden.
Test design
The culturing method is slightly modified from Kosiorek (1974).
The animals were kept in plastic beakers about 70 mm in diameter and filled up to 20 mm with mud with another 40 mm of aerated tap water (50% aerated tap water (specific conductivity about 400-500 uS) and deionized water) on top.
Dark, 21+/-1 degrees C.
Measurements
Number (adult, young) and weight of worms.
Evaluations
Life-history.
[ref. ID; 6632]
Test system
Effect of temperature for sublethal bioassay
Strains
Toxicants
Sediments was collected in Big Creek Marsh, Lake Erie.
Test design
The method of Reynoldson et al. (1991).
The tests were carried out in 250 ml beakers with 100 ml of seive sediments (250 um sieve) and 100 ml of dechlorinated tap water. The beakers were placed in the incubator at 22.5 (+/-1) degrees C for Tubifex tubifex and at 25 (+/-1) degrees C in one test series and at 30 (+/-1) degrees C in another for Branchiura sowerbyi. T. tubifex: 4 worms per beaker (20 beakers), B. sowerbyi: 5 worms per beaker (25 beakers). The beakers were not aerated and food was not added throughout experiments. Water level in the beakers was maintained by adding dechlorinated tap water as required every 2-3 days.
Measurements
At the end of the week, the adults, young, full and empty cocoons and eggs per cocoon were counted (5 beakers). Eighty-five cocoons were cultured at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees to determine the hatch time for B. sowerbyi and ninety-four cocoons at 22.5 degrees C for T. tubifex.
Evaluations
The mean specific daily growth rate (Gw%), embrionic development, egg production per surviving worm.
[ref. ID; 6636]
Test system
A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations
Strains
The Spanish population of worms were obtained from Barazar (mountain stream) in Gorbea Natural Park, Bizkaia, Spain.
The Canadian worms were derived from western Lake Erie and Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario.
Sediments
Barazar (Spain) and Big Creek Marsh, Long Point, Lake Erie (Canada).
Toxicants
Cadmium (CdCl2), chromium (K2Cr2O7), copper (CuSO4), lindane.
Test design
- Reproduction tests: Using protocol of Reynoldson et al. (1991). 5 replicates. Each replicates contained sediment 100 ml + overying tap water 100 ml + 4 sexulally mature worms + Tetramin (food supplement) 80 mg in a 250 ml glass beaker. The sediment was sieved through a 250 um pore-size to eliminate the indigenous invertebrates. Dark. Temperature 20 or 22+/-0.5 degrees C. Gently aerated.
- Growth tests: Temperature 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30+/-0.5 degrees C.
- Toxicity tests; Acute toxicity was examined in dechlorinated, Lake Ontario tap water over a 96 h period using method similar to those reported by Chapman et al., (1982). 100 ml tap water + 5 worms (wet weight 3.1-10.0 mg) + toxicants in 250 ml beakers. 5 replicates. Dark. 22+/-0.5 degrees C. Not aerated.
Measurements
- Reproduction tests: The number of cocoons and young produced per adult.
- Growth tests: Wet weight of individuals.
- Toxicity tests: Dead (no response to tactile stimulation) animal counts.
Evaluations
- Growth tests: Gw% = (lnFW-InSW) x 100d-1 FW = final weight (mg), SW = start weight (mg), d = number of days.
- Toxicity tests: 24-96 hr LC50 by the least squares probit method using a programme developed by the University of Guelph.
[ref. ID; 6670]
Test system
Bioaccumulation test (12 day)
Strains
Toxicants
Lipophilic substance (lipophilicity (Kow) [14]C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Kow 5.7 > [14]C-lindane Kow 3.6 > [14]C-3,4-Dichloroanilie (3,4-DCA) Kow 2.7).
Test design
Artificial sediment (earthworm toxicity tests OECD, 1984) and reconstituted water (CaCl2 294 mg/L, MgSO4 123.25 mg/L, NaHCO3 64.75 mg/L, KCl 5.75 mg/L, pH 8, total hardness 1.8-2.7 mmol, oxygen content 80-100% saturation), 20+/-2 degrees C, 4 replicates.
Measurements
Liquid Scintillation Counting.
Evaluations
BAF.
[ref. ID; 6747]
Test system
Subcellular distribution
Strains
From local source.
Toxicants
CdCl2 monohydrate.
Test design
Tubifex tubifex were placed in 80-L aquaria containing a 0.1 uM Cd solution. Substrate is clean Rhine sand. During experimental period of 12 days, worms (15-50 organisms) were daily taken from the exposure aquaria. In a climate chamber at 20+/-1 degrees C and a light-dark cycle of 12 hr.
Measurements/observations
The procedure for determining the subcellular distribution of cadmium was adapted from the methods described by Wallace and co-workers (Wallace et al. 1998; Wallace et al. 2003; Wallace & Luoma 2003).
[ref. ID; 6968]
Test system
Acute toxicity (24, 48, 96 hr)
Strains
From Gheru Campus of ITRC, Lucknow.
Toxicants
32 metal salts. OsO4, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2, HgCl2, PtCl2, PbCl2, CuSO4/5H2O, K2Cr2O7, Bi(NO3)3/5H2O, UO2(CH3COO)2/2H2O, NaHSeO3, LiSO4/H2O, Na3AsO3, BeSO4, ZnSO4/7H2O, SnCl2/2H2O, Na2MoO4/2H2O, La(OH)3, BaSO4, CdCl2/6H2O, NiCl2/6H2O, Al(NH4SO4)2/12H2O, FeCl3/6H2O, CoCl2/6H2O, K2TeO3, MgSO4/7H2O, MnSO4/2H2O, ZrOCl2, SrCl2/6H2O, CaCl2/2H2O, Sb2O3, NaCl, KCl.
Test design
200 ml beakers (100 ml of tubewell water and ten worms), 3 replicates per each concentration. The dead specimens were removed and recorded at intervals of 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 14+/-2, 24, 33+/-3, 48 and 96 hr.
Measurements
Number of worms.
Evaluations
EC50.
[ref. ID; 7006]
Test system
96-hr acute lethal bioassay
Strains
Worms were sieved (0.5 mm mesh) from sediment (Fraser River, B.C.) collected by means of Ponar grabs or dip nets.
Toxicants
3CdSO4/8H2O, HgCl2, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentacholophenate, and black liquor.
Test design
Petri dishes (3.5 cm diameter and 1 cm depth). Loading densities <0.5 g/L. 24-hr solution replacement. 3 replicates. Dark.
Experimental condition
Temperature (1, 10, 20 degrees C), pH (6, 7, 8), salinity (0, 5 ppt).
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LC50.
[ref. ID; 7017]
Test system
Standard sediment bioassay protocol using Tubifex tubifex
Strains
Mature individuals were obtained from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, and the western basin of Lake Erie.
Sediments
Jacks Lake, Hamilton Harbour of Lake Ontario, Goergian Bay of Lake Erie.
Test design
- Sediment preparation: Sediments were collected with either an Ekman or a Ponar dredge and stored in 4-L covered plastic containers in the dark at 4 degrees C. At least 24 hr before testing, 500 ml of sediment should be sieved through 250-um mesh to remove large, indigenous macrofauna. Each 250-ml bioassy beaker receives 100 ml sieved sediment and 100 ml of dechlorinated Lake Ontario tap water. The beaker is placed in the dark in the test incubator at 22.5 degrees C (+/-0.5 degrees C) for 24 hr before adding worms.
- Test animals: Sexually mature specimens are removed from the culture sediment with a plastic sieve (500-um).
After 28 days, the contents of the beaker are individually sieved through 500-um and 250-um plastic mesh sieves.
- Methodological consideration: Mesh size (250 um, 500 um). Experiment period (Week 1, 2, 3, and 4). Initial density (2, 4, 6, and 8 N per beaker). Temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30 degrees C). Organic content of sediment (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Number of replicates.
Measurements/observations
Cocoons, young, and adult number.
Evaluations
Hatch rate (%), cocoons/adult, and young/adult.
[ref. ID; 7044]
Test system
Bioassay
Strains
Worms were collected from Gorvaln Bay of Lake Malaren, central Sweden. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).
Toxicants
Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).
Test design
Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.
Measurements/observations
Number and weight.
Evaluations
Growth rate.
[ref. ID; 7131]
Test system
Acute (96-hr) and chronic (28-days) toxicity
Strains
Adults obtained from Aquatic Research Organisms.
Toxicants
Chloride.
Test design
- Acute toxicity: American Soceity for Testing Material (1997).
- Chronic toxicity: American Soceity for Testing Material (2005).
Tests were conducted using four replicates per concentration in glass jar containing 100 ml of sediment (clean, a beach-collected sand) and filled to 275 ml with the test solutions. Food (cerophyll) were added. The exposure were conducted at 23+/-1 degrees C with a 16:8 hr lgiht:dark photoperiod. Five worms per replicates.
Measurements/observations
- Acute toxicity: Mortality.
- Chronic toxicity: Reproduction.
Evaluations
- Acute toxicity: LC50.
- Chronic toxicity: IC25, IC50.
[ref. ID; 7134]
Test system
Influence of water hardness and sulfate on the acute toxicity
Strains
From Aquatic Research Organisms (ARO).
Toxicants
Chloride.
Test design
Acute toxicity tests followed American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) protocols (E729). Test temperature 22+/-1 degrees C. Beaker size 250 ml (solution volume 150 ml). Exposure period 96-hr.
Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3): 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800.
Sulfate concentration (mg/L): 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600.
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LC50.
[ref. ID; 7769]
Test system
The influence of tubificid worms on oxygen concentrations in hyporheic sediments
Sampling sites
Tubificid worms were obtained from a dead arm of the River Rhone about 20-km upstream of Lyon. These worms were used 15- to 20-mm length and 5-mm diameter, each worm having a 0.8-0.9 mg dry weight.
Test design
Experiments took place in gravel-sand filtration columns (50-cm height, 10-cm diameter). Each column was filled with sand (60-630 um) previously incubated for 4 days with bacteria and cellulose powder as source of particulate organic matter (final concentration: 5 g kg-1 of dry sandy sediment) and with calcinated (550 degrees C) fine gravel (4-5 mm) to a height of 40 cm. Constant masses of gravel (590 g) and incubated sand (210 g) were alternately added to obtain a heterogeneous interface with interstitial pores. A water column (6-10 cm) was left at the surface of the sediment. Room temperature 15+/-0.5 degrees C, light and dark cycle 12h:12h (sediment of the column was kept in the dark). Dechlorinated drinking water permanently aerated to keep high oxygen concentration was continuously fed into the columns. Before entering the columns, the water was enriched with nitrate (to a NO3- concentration of 20 mg l-1) and dissolved organic carbon (2 mg l-1 of C introduced as sodium acetate). The infiltration rate was 2.0+/-0.1 ml min-1 in the columns.
3 columns x 2 times: 2 replicates of the same tubificid treatment (100 individuals of Limnodrilus per column (80% of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and 20% of Limnodrilus claparedeanus), and 100 individuals of Tubifex per column (100% of Tubifex tubifex tubifex)) + control.
Experimental period 20 days.
Measurements/observations
Dissolved O2 concentration were measured on days 0, 10, 15 and 20 at five depths (5 cm avobe the sediment surface, and 1, 5, 15, and 35 cm below the sediment surface).
Evaluations
Mathematical model.