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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Tubifex tubifex

Freshwater and endobenthic species.

[ref. ID; 507]

Test system

Comparison of Alternative Models for Predicting the Uptake of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Strain

Toxicants

gamma-Chlordane, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, Mirex, Octachlorostyrene, Pentachlorobenzene, Pentachlorotoluene, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 2,5,2'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,2',3'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',6'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,2',3',4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2', 4', 5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6,2',3',4'-Heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-Octachlorobiphenyl.

Test design

Oliver (1984, 1987).

Evaluations

Predicting model.

[ref. ID; 1318]

Test system

96-hr acute toxicity test

Strains

20 mm long.

Toxicants

HgCl2, (NH4)2CrO4, CrO3, CdCl2/2.5H2O, Pb(CH3COO2)/3H2O, Na2HAsO4/7H2O.

Experimental conditions

No feeding, no aeration. Temperature 25 degrees C.

Evaluations

LC50, by probit analysis.

[ref. ID; 3110]

Test system

72-hr static whole-sediment system

Strains

The animals has been continuously kept in the laboratory of ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH (Florsheim, Germany) since March 1994. It was originally supplied by FEE Fischfutter Etzbach (Mechernich-Bergheim, Germany). According to the supplier, the animals originated from the River Mass, including its tributaries in Belgium. Adults with fully developed clitellum of uniform size (5+/-2 cm).

Toxicants

Lindane, Hexachlorobenzene, Copper sulfate.

Test design

Artificial sediment based on Artificial Soil according to OECD Guideline No.207, pH 6.0+/-0.5, 16L:8D photoperiod < /_ 100 lux. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.

Measurements/observations

Reworking activity, sediment avoidance, autotomy, mortality.

Evaluations

EC50, LC50.

[ref. ID; 3311]

Test system

96-hr acute toxicity & sublethal toxicity (by SEM)

Strains

From a Cd-free site near Reuil sur Marne (Marne, France).

Toxicants/concentrations

CdCl2/2.5H2O (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l).

Test design/

Regional spring water (Source des Grands Bois, Fismes, Marne, France: hardness 300+/-10 mg/l as CaCO3, pH 7+/-0.1), 12L:12D photoperiod, DO 60% saturation, each concentration x 3 replicates. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.

Measurements/observations

Dead number, autotomy.

Evaluations

LC50, EC50.

[ref. ID; 4438]

Test system

28-day whole-sediment test

Strains

Collected in Lake Suviana (Italy).

Toxicants

4-Nonylphenol (4NP).

Test design/concentrations

Toxicity test were performed according to the guideline set by Reynoldson et al. (1991) with minor modifications. Concentrations (Run 1: 180, 380, 420, 460 and 650 ug/g dry weight, Run 2: 90, 190, 310, 430, and 610 ug/g dry weight).

Measurements/observations

Number of coccons, young, and adult.

Evaluations

EC10, EC50.

[ref. ID; 4985]

Test system

The protective action of 24 amino acids on the acute toxicity (96 hr) of copper

Strains

Collected from natural streams.

Toxicants

CuSO4/5H2O + Amino acids (DL-Alanine, DL-2-Amino-n-butyric acid, L-Arginine, DL-Aspartic acid, L-Cysteine, L-Cystine, DL-Dopa, L-Glutamic acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Hydroxyproline, DL-iso-Leucine, DL-nor-Leucine, L-Leucine, L-Lysine, DL-Methionine, L-Ornithine, Dl-beta-Phenyl-alanine, L-Proline, DL-Serine, DL-Threonine, DL-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine, DL-Valine).

Test design

Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted in well water at 20+/-1 degrees C according to detail method described for the static test in Standard Methods (APHA et al., 1989). 10 tubificid worms were placed in 100 mL petri dishes. All tests were run in duplicate sets.

Measurements/observations

Death of worm (complete immobilization and no response to gentle prodding with blunt glass rod).

Evaluations

LC50 (moving-average-angle method of Harris (1959)), LT50 (method of Lichfield (1949)).

[ref. ID; 6003]

Test system

The effect on the oxygen-dependent nuclear volume alteration in the chloragocytes

Strains

Adults.

Toxicants

BaCl2 (Ba2+ 10ppm), CoCl2 (Co2+ 10ppm), MnCl2 (Mn2+ 10ppm), ZnCl2 (Zn2+ 10ppm), FeSO4 (Fe2+ 10ppm), and CuSO4 (Cu2+ 1ppm).

Test design

Aerated conditions, Hypoxic conditions.

Measurements

Nuclear volume.

[ref. ID; 6079]

Test system

24-hr and 48-hr LC50 and the confidence limits

Strains

Toxicants

Cadmium (3CdSO4/8H2O), Copper (CuSO4/5H2O), Mercury (HgCl2), Zinc (ZnSO4/7H2O), Chromium (K2Cr2O7) and Nickel (NiSO4/7H2O) in four diluents of different total hardness and alkalinity.

Test design

Toxicity tests were performed in a glass cylinder of 10 cm diameter, containing 200 ml of test solution. Ten individuals per bottle for each concentration. Temperature 20 degrees C.

Measurements

Survival numbers.

Evaluations

LC50.

[ref. ID; 6080]

Test system

6-hr respiration rate

Strains

Toxicants

Cadmium (3CdSO4/8H2O), Copper (CuSO4/5H2O), Mercury (HgCl2), Zinc (ZnSO4/7H2O), Chromium (K2Cr2O7) and Nickel (NiSO4/7H2O).

Test design

Slightly modified Procedure proposed by Whitley & Sikora (1970): (dilution water for the BOD test with phosphate buffer instead of Knopp solution). Temperature 20 degrees C.

Measurements

Oxygen consumption.

Evaluations

Microlitres of oxygen per milligramme of the wet weight of animals.

[ref. ID; 6087]

Test system

5 days' in vivo treatment

Strains

Toxicants/concentrations

Benomyl (1.0 ppm), Carbofuran (0.05 ppm), Carbaryl (0.05 ppm), Malathion (1.0 ppm), Trichlorfon (0.05 ppm) under aerated conditions and 0.1 ppm under hypoxic conditions.

Test design

Hypoxic (open columns) and aerated (hatched columns) condition.

Measurements

Nuclear volume.

[ref. ID; 6133]

Test ststem

Acute and sublethal toxicity

Strains

Tubifex tubifex was collected from a site near Cormicy sur Marne (Marne, France).

Toxicants

Fenhexamid (concentration: acute toxicity 1-200 mg/L, sublethal toxicity 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L)

Temperature

21+/-1 degrees C.

Test design

Measurments/observations

Evaluations

[ref. ID; 6606]

Test system

Bioassay (300 days)

Strains

The strain was collected from eastern Lake Malaren, and been kept in culture for about 3 years.

Toxicants

Sediments (surface layers 0-1 cm) of Lake Hjalmaren (eutrophy), Lake Malaren (eutrophy), Lake Rogsjon (oligotrophy), and Lake Runn (oligotrophy-mesotrophy). Lake Runn receives waste water from a major mining industry in Sweden.

Test design

The culturing method is slightly modified from Kosiorek (1974). The animals were kept in plastic beakers about 70 mm in diameter and filled up to 20 mm with mud with another 40 mm of aerated tap water (50% aerated tap water (specific conductivity about 400-500 uS) and deionized water) on top. Dark, 21+/-1 degrees C.

Measurements

Number (adult, young) and weight of worms.

Evaluations

Life-history.

[ref. ID; 6632]

Test system

Effect of temperature for sublethal bioassay

Strains

Toxicants

Sediments was collected in Big Creek Marsh, Lake Erie.

Test design

The method of Reynoldson et al. (1991). The tests were carried out in 250 ml beakers with 100 ml of seive sediments (250 um sieve) and 100 ml of dechlorinated tap water. The beakers were placed in the incubator at 22.5 (+/-1) degrees C for Tubifex tubifex and at 25 (+/-1) degrees C in one test series and at 30 (+/-1) degrees C in another for Branchiura sowerbyi. T. tubifex: 4 worms per beaker (20 beakers), B. sowerbyi: 5 worms per beaker (25 beakers). The beakers were not aerated and food was not added throughout experiments. Water level in the beakers was maintained by adding dechlorinated tap water as required every 2-3 days.

Measurements

At the end of the week, the adults, young, full and empty cocoons and eggs per cocoon were counted (5 beakers). Eighty-five cocoons were cultured at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees to determine the hatch time for B. sowerbyi and ninety-four cocoons at 22.5 degrees C for T. tubifex.

Evaluations

The mean specific daily growth rate (Gw%), embrionic development, egg production per surviving worm.

[ref. ID; 6636]

Test system

A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations

Strains

The Spanish population of worms were obtained from Barazar (mountain stream) in Gorbea Natural Park, Bizkaia, Spain.
The Canadian worms were derived from western Lake Erie and Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario.

Sediments

Barazar (Spain) and Big Creek Marsh, Long Point, Lake Erie (Canada).

Toxicants

Cadmium (CdCl2), chromium (K2Cr2O7), copper (CuSO4), lindane.

Test design

Measurements

Evaluations

[ref. ID; 6670]

Test system

Bioaccumulation test (12 day)

Strains

Toxicants

Lipophilic substance (lipophilicity (Kow) [14]C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Kow 5.7 > [14]C-lindane Kow 3.6 > [14]C-3,4-Dichloroanilie (3,4-DCA) Kow 2.7).

Test design

Artificial sediment (earthworm toxicity tests OECD, 1984) and reconstituted water (CaCl2 294 mg/L, MgSO4 123.25 mg/L, NaHCO3 64.75 mg/L, KCl 5.75 mg/L, pH 8, total hardness 1.8-2.7 mmol, oxygen content 80-100% saturation), 20+/-2 degrees C, 4 replicates.

Measurements

Liquid Scintillation Counting.

Evaluations

BAF.

[ref. ID; 6747]

Test system

Subcellular distribution

Strains

From local source.

Toxicants

CdCl2 monohydrate.

Test design

Tubifex tubifex were placed in 80-L aquaria containing a 0.1 uM Cd solution. Substrate is clean Rhine sand. During experimental period of 12 days, worms (15-50 organisms) were daily taken from the exposure aquaria. In a climate chamber at 20+/-1 degrees C and a light-dark cycle of 12 hr.

Measurements/observations

The procedure for determining the subcellular distribution of cadmium was adapted from the methods described by Wallace and co-workers (Wallace et al. 1998; Wallace et al. 2003; Wallace & Luoma 2003).

[ref. ID; 6968]

Test system

Acute toxicity (24, 48, 96 hr)

Strains

From Gheru Campus of ITRC, Lucknow.

Toxicants

32 metal salts. OsO4, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2, HgCl2, PtCl2, PbCl2, CuSO4/5H2O, K2Cr2O7, Bi(NO3)3/5H2O, UO2(CH3COO)2/2H2O, NaHSeO3, LiSO4/H2O, Na3AsO3, BeSO4, ZnSO4/7H2O, SnCl2/2H2O, Na2MoO4/2H2O, La(OH)3, BaSO4, CdCl2/6H2O, NiCl2/6H2O, Al(NH4SO4)2/12H2O, FeCl3/6H2O, CoCl2/6H2O, K2TeO3, MgSO4/7H2O, MnSO4/2H2O, ZrOCl2, SrCl2/6H2O, CaCl2/2H2O, Sb2O3, NaCl, KCl.

Test design

200 ml beakers (100 ml of tubewell water and ten worms), 3 replicates per each concentration. The dead specimens were removed and recorded at intervals of 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 14+/-2, 24, 33+/-3, 48 and 96 hr.

Measurements

Number of worms.

Evaluations

EC50.

[ref. ID; 7006]

Test system

96-hr acute lethal bioassay

Strains

Worms were sieved (0.5 mm mesh) from sediment (Fraser River, B.C.) collected by means of Ponar grabs or dip nets.

Toxicants

3CdSO4/8H2O, HgCl2, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentacholophenate, and black liquor.

Test design

Petri dishes (3.5 cm diameter and 1 cm depth). Loading densities <0.5 g/L. 24-hr solution replacement. 3 replicates. Dark.

Experimental condition

Temperature (1, 10, 20 degrees C), pH (6, 7, 8), salinity (0, 5 ppt).

Measurements/observations

Mortality.

Evaluations

LC50.

[ref. ID; 7017]

Test system

Standard sediment bioassay protocol using Tubifex tubifex

Strains

Mature individuals were obtained from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, and the western basin of Lake Erie.

Sediments

Jacks Lake, Hamilton Harbour of Lake Ontario, Goergian Bay of Lake Erie.

Test design

Measurements/observations

Cocoons, young, and adult number.

Evaluations

Hatch rate (%), cocoons/adult, and young/adult.

[ref. ID; 7044]

Test system

Bioassay

Strains

Worms were collected from Gorvaln Bay of Lake Malaren, central Sweden. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).

Toxicants

Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).

Test design

Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.

Measurements/observations

Number and weight.

Evaluations

Growth rate.

[ref. ID; 7131]

Test system

Acute (96-hr) and chronic (28-days) toxicity

Strains

Adults obtained from Aquatic Research Organisms.

Toxicants

Chloride.

Test design

Tests were conducted using four replicates per concentration in glass jar containing 100 ml of sediment (clean, a beach-collected sand) and filled to 275 ml with the test solutions. Food (cerophyll) were added. The exposure were conducted at 23+/-1 degrees C with a 16:8 hr lgiht:dark photoperiod. Five worms per replicates.

Measurements/observations

Evaluations

[ref. ID; 7134]

Test system

Influence of water hardness and sulfate on the acute toxicity

Strains

From Aquatic Research Organisms (ARO).

Toxicants

Chloride.

Test design

Acute toxicity tests followed American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) protocols (E729). Test temperature 22+/-1 degrees C. Beaker size 250 ml (solution volume 150 ml). Exposure period 96-hr.
Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3): 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800.
Sulfate concentration (mg/L): 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600.

Measurements/observations

Mortality.

Evaluations

LC50.

[ref. ID; 7769]

Test system

The influence of tubificid worms on oxygen concentrations in hyporheic sediments

Sampling sites

Tubificid worms were obtained from a dead arm of the River Rhone about 20-km upstream of Lyon. These worms were used 15- to 20-mm length and 5-mm diameter, each worm having a 0.8-0.9 mg dry weight.

Test design

Experiments took place in gravel-sand filtration columns (50-cm height, 10-cm diameter). Each column was filled with sand (60-630 um) previously incubated for 4 days with bacteria and cellulose powder as source of particulate organic matter (final concentration: 5 g kg-1 of dry sandy sediment) and with calcinated (550 degrees C) fine gravel (4-5 mm) to a height of 40 cm. Constant masses of gravel (590 g) and incubated sand (210 g) were alternately added to obtain a heterogeneous interface with interstitial pores. A water column (6-10 cm) was left at the surface of the sediment. Room temperature 15+/-0.5 degrees C, light and dark cycle 12h:12h (sediment of the column was kept in the dark). Dechlorinated drinking water permanently aerated to keep high oxygen concentration was continuously fed into the columns. Before entering the columns, the water was enriched with nitrate (to a NO3- concentration of 20 mg l-1) and dissolved organic carbon (2 mg l-1 of C introduced as sodium acetate). The infiltration rate was 2.0+/-0.1 ml min-1 in the columns. 3 columns x 2 times: 2 replicates of the same tubificid treatment (100 individuals of Limnodrilus per column (80% of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and 20% of Limnodrilus claparedeanus), and 100 individuals of Tubifex per column (100% of Tubifex tubifex tubifex)) + control.
Experimental period 20 days.

Measurements/observations

Dissolved O2 concentration were measured on days 0, 10, 15 and 20 at five depths (5 cm avobe the sediment surface, and 1, 5, 15, and 35 cm below the sediment surface).

Evaluations

Mathematical model.