Perionyx excavatus
The Asian epigeic species. (ref. ID; 6841)
[ref. ID; 6841]
Test system
Sublethal toxicity test
Strains
20 days old (0.0026+/-0.0020 g).
Toxicants
Pb(NO3)2. The concentration in the cattle manure was 0.2% (2000 ug/g), dry weight by wet weight.
Test design
Six plastic containers (1 control and 5 experimental) with a volume of 2 L each were used. Twenty worms were placed in the six plastic containers filled with 400 g of substrate (fresh, urine-free cattle manure that was sun-dried, particle size 500-1000 um). Control earthworms were fed 60 g fresh, urine-free cattle manure. Experimentals earthworms were fed 60 g fresh, urine-free cattle manure mixture with 0.12 g of lead nitrate. The container lids were perforated and covered with fine gauze to allow aeration and to keep the worms from escaping. pH ~~7 and moisture content 70-80%. Temperature 25 degrees C. Experimental period 76 days.
Measurements/observations
Biomass, maturation rate, and cocoon production, hatching success of the cocoons and tissue lead concentrations in worm.
Evaluations
Student t-tests (parametric) or Mann-Whitney tests (nonparametric) were used.
[ref. ID; 7085]
Test system
96-hr LC50
Strains
Specimens were collected from the grasslands, around Midnapore town (West Bengal, India), that has never been used for any agricultural purpose and pest control. Age synchronized specimens (250-300 mg).
Toxicants
Aldicarb, Carbaryl, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Endosulfan, Monocrotophos.
Test design
Small inert polythene boxes (16x12x1 cm; total area, 192 cm2) were used. The experimental boxes filled with 200 g grassland soils, and were kept in a BOD incubator at a constant temperature of 28+/-0.5 degrees C and 50% moisture. 3 replicates for each level. Different levels of the insecticides based on their recommended agricultural doses (RAD) (viz RAD, 1/2X-RAD, 2X-RAD and 3X-RAD) and control. 5 worms per box.
Measurement/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
- LC50 by EPA probit analysis program, version 1.5 (US EPA 2006).
- LT50 (mean lethal time to cause 50% mortality at recommended agricultural dose).
[ref. ID; 7159]
Test system
Contact test (48 hr) and aritifical soil test (2 weeks)
Strains
Toxicants
Carbaryl, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Dimethyl phthalate, Fluorene, Nitrobenzene, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 4-Nitrophenol, Phenol, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol.
Test design
- Contact test: The glass vials used (Wheaton, 3 oz. snap cap) were 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter. Strips of filter paper 12x6.7 cm (Whatman No.1) lined and completely covered the sides of the vial. One milliliter of water was added to the filter paper to provide enough moisture for earthworm survival. One adult earthworm was added per vial and the vials were kept on their side at 20 degrees C in a darkened incubator for 48 hr. At least five concentrations were evaluated in the definitive test, with 10 or more replicates used for each concentration tested.
- EEC aritifical soil test: The medium consists by weight of 10% finely ground sphagnum peat, 20% kaolinite clay, 69% fine sand and 1% pulverized calcium carbonate. pH 6.0+/-0.5. water content 35% of the dry wt of the four components. Ten adult earthworms were added to 400 g (dry wt) of the test mixture in covered glass dishes 6.5 cm high and 12.5 cm in diameter. The dishes were incubated at 20 degrees C and mortality was assessed after 2 weeks. This test had at least five chemical concentration and four control dishes, all containing 10 worms per dish.
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
- Contact test: LC50 using the method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949). The LC50 values are reported as ug of test chemical cm-2 of filter paper.
- EEC aritifical soil test: LC50 using the method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949). The LC50 values are reported as mg chemical/kg dry wt of artificial soil.
[ref. ID; 7163]
Test system
Contact test (2 days) and soil test (14 days)
Strains
Toxicants
Carbaryl,
1,2-Dichloropropane,
Dimethyl phthalate,
Diphenylnitrosamine,
Fluorene,
Nitrobenzene,
4-Nitrophenol,
Phenol,
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene,
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol.
Test design
Standard protocols.
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LC50 and Weibull function.