Dendrobaena
- Dendrobaena madeirensis
- Dendrobaena octaedra
- Dendrobaena rubida
- Dendrobaena veneta
[ref. ID; 5990]
Test system
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road.
Samples
Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.
Sampling method
Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.
Measurements
Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 5990]
Test system
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road.
Samples
Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.
Sampling method
Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.
Measurements
Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 6928]
Test system
Freeze tolerance
Strains
The strains were collected in a coniferous forest near Silkeborg, Denmark.
Toxicants
Heavy metal (HgCl2, NiCl2, and PbCl2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, pyrene), pesticides (abamectin, Bavistin (carbendazim 50%).
Test design
Topsoil from an ecologically farmed Danish pea filed (Foulum, Viborg), which loamy sand consisting 35% coarse sand, 45% fine sand, 9.4% silt, 8.9% clay, and 1.7% organic matter. pH 6.8.
The cow-dung food was produced by adding 400 ml of demineralized water to 150 g of dried and finely groud cow dung.
- Survival and reproduction test: Ten Worms was placed separately in a 200-ml plastic beaker (diameter, 7 cm; height, 4.2 cm) containing 75+/-1 g moist soil (wet wt) with the required concentration of the tested chemical. Six grams (wet wt) of cow dung were added. The contaniers were covered with perforated lids, and were kept at 15 degrees C during the four-week exposure period.
- Frost and chemical exposure: Worms were exposed to the required concentrations of chemicals in soil for one week at 10 degrees C, followed by one week at 5 degrees C and then four week at 2 degrees C before exposure to the freezing temperature of -6 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Survival and cocoon number.
Evaluations
LC50, EC50.
[ref. ID; 6966]
Test system
Evolutionary response to long-term metal exposure
Samples
Dendrobaena octaedra was collected by the formaldehyde method (Raw 1959) at three equally sized and aged coniferous forest sites at Gusum, in the southeast of Sweden.
- Long term exposure site (LT) was located in the middle of the village 150-200 m from an old brass mill, which had been in operation from 1661 until late 1960.
- Short term exposure site (ST) was 1 km from a new brass mill, operated in 1968.
- Uncontaminated reference site (R).
Toxicity
Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd.
Test design
Cardboard boxes (0.5 litre) were filled with 0.3 litre of soil. Five earthworms were transferred to each box; specimens from site ST were combined with soil from site R, ST and LT and so on, thus giving nine combination of earthworms and soils. Six replicates (boxes) were used for each combination, but the number of boxes provided with adult worms varied from four (site R), three (site LT) and one to two (site ST) due to a limited supply of adult. The boxes were sealed and incubated at 14 degrees C, weighed and watered once a week to maintain the same moisture level throughout the experiment. No extra food was supplied.
Measurements
Survival, growth (weight change) and cocoon production were determined for 169 day. At this time reproduction had ceased, but survival and growth were followed for another 56 day. Metallothioneins (MT) analyses at the end of experiment.
Evaluations
Friedman two-way analysis of variance.
[ref. ID; 6077]
Test design
To investigate the levels of lead and zinc, together with calcium, in earthworm tissues at different times of the year and at three sites containing different soil metal content
Worms samples
D. rubida were collected at different times of the year and three sites.
- One site consisted of a mixed compost heap on the University campus and served as the area containing low concentrations of lead and zinc and high concentrations of calcium.
- Second site consisted of decomposed straw located near the maintenance workshop of the disused Cwmystwyth lead/zinc mine in the Ystwyth valley.
- Third site was located alongside a stream which flowed through a mixed lead/zinc mine spoil at Cwmystwyth and represented soil containing high concentrations of lead and zinc but low concentrations of calcium.
Measurements
Concentrations of Pb, Zn and Ca in soil and earthworm tissue (six earthworms from each site).
[ref. ID; 6871]
Test system
Effect of soil pH on heavy metal toxicity
Strains
Adult D. rubida were collected under cow droppings in a pine plantation east of Lund, S. Sweden and represented the parent generation.
Toxicants/concentrations
Cu, Cd, and Pb nitrate solutions (0, 100 Cu, 500 Cu, 10 Cd, 100 Cd, 100 Pb, and 500 Pb ug g-1, d.w.). pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5.
Test design
Soil was obtained by mixing sand (0.2 to 2 mm particle size) from the C horizon of a coniferous forest soil with well decomposed cattle dung (1:2, vol:vol). Soil moisture 45 to 50% (d.w.).
Cardboard boxes (70x70x100 mm; 0.5 L) were filled to 2/3 with soil. Five replicates of each experimental soil (metal, pH) gave a total of 105 chambers. Five to six worms per chamber. Chamber took place at 14 degrees C and 70% RH.
Hatching chambers were made of plastic jars (diameter 40, height 45 mm) with a 5 mm thick bottom layer of plaster of Paris and pulverized activated carbon (9:1, vol:vol). Tap water was added until the cocoons were almost immersed. Up to 50 cocoons were incubated in the same chamber in darkness at 20 degrees C.
Measuremetns/observations
Cocoon production, cocoon viablilty, and juvenile growth. Metal concentrations in worm tissue.
[ref. ID; 6083]
Test system
Metal accumulation
Sampling site
- No. 1: High concentration of zinc (sewage sludge deposited on waste ground at Borth, Dyfed).
- No. 2: High concentration of lead (soil situated near the Cwmystwyth lead mine in the Ystwyth Valley).
- No. 3: High concentration of copper (waste tailing of the Glasdir copper mine near Dolgellau, Gwynedd, North Wales).
Measurements
Tissue concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, and Ca.
[ref. ID; 6121]
Test system
Cadmium effects on the ovary structure and oocytes
Strains
From EKAGRO Sp. z o.o in Slupsk. 70 specimens weighed 1200+/-110 mg, were sexually mature and had well-developed clitellums.
Toxicity
CdCl2
Test design
- Group I constituted the control (30 individuals). The animals were maintained in an uncontaminated soil (0 mg Cd kg-1) throughout the experiment.
- Group II contained the experimental earthworms (20 specimens) maintained in the soil with CdCl2 in concentration 10 mg Cd kg-1 wet soil.
- Group III included the experimental earthworms (20 specimens) maintained in the soil with CdCl2 in concentration 50 mg Cd kg-1 wet soil.
Experimental breeding was performed in three glass containers filled with carefully crushed and sieved soil containing peat, sand and compost manure from a cattle farm. Each container contained 5 cm2 of soil (2.5 kg) with pH 6.5-6.7. Temperature 20 degrees C. Air humidity 65% and soil humidity 35%. 20 days.
Observations
Ovarian ultrastructure.
[ref. ID; 6127]
Test system
Cadmium effects on the structure of supra- and subpharyngeal ganglia, neurosecretion and RNA content in the neurosecretory cells
Strains
From a bait store. 90 specimens weighed 1200+/-110 mg, were sexually mature and had well-developed clitellums.
Toxicity
CdCl2
Test design
- Group I (30 individuals) contained control animals maintained in the non-treated soil throughout the experiment (0 mg Cd kg-1 soil).
- Group II (30 individuals) contained the experimental earthworm maintained in the soil with CdCl2 added at concentration 10 mg Cd kg-1 wet soil.
- Group III (30 individuals) contained the experimental earthworms maintained in the soil with CdCl2 added at concentration 50 mg Cd kg-1 wet soil.
Experimental breeding was performed in three glass containers filled with medium composed peat (10%), sand (70%) and compost manure (20%) from a cattle farm. Each container held 5 cm2 (2.5 kg) soil of pH 6.5. Temperature 20 degrees C. Air humidity 65% and soil humidity 35%. 20 days.
Measurements/observations
Cadmium content (using atomic absorption spectrophotometry) in neural ganglia in the earthworm, RNA content in neurosecretory cells.
Evaluations
STAT-GRAPHICS program, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Student's t-test using LSD test as P <0.001.
[ref. ID; 6837]
Test system
Metal competition
Strains
From vermiculturist.
Toxicants
Uncontaminated sandy loam soil (7% clay, 3% OM, (loss on ignition) was sampled at a field site in Doetinchem, The Netherlands. Heavy metal nitric salts were added to eight portions of 5 kg each established on Cu level (addition of 3.9 mmol kg-1) and four Cd levels (addition of 0, 0.035, 0.07, and 0.14 mmmol Cd kg-1) or five Pb levels (addition of 0, 0.97, 1.9, 2.9, and 3.9 mmol Pb kg-1). These Cd and Pb levels include the intervention values according to the Dutch soil protection legislation.
Test design
Contaminated soil (moisture content 20%) were put into plastic 6-L jars, and then 0.1 kg apple sauce was added in each jar. 15 worms per each jar. Adhesive tape (0.05 m) was attached to the rim of each jar. Temperature 15 degrees C under light condition 16:8 hr, relative humidity of 85%.
Measurements/observations
Tissue heavy metal (Cu, Cd, and Pb) concentrations.
[ref. ID; 6851]
Test system
Cu accumulation
Strains
From local vermiculturist.
Toxicants
Contaminated (Cu, Pb and Zn) Soil. Sandy loam soil (clay content 7%, soil organic matter content (loss on ignition) 3%) was collected at a former breaker's yard in Doetinchem, the Netherlands.
Test desgin
- Laboratory experiment; The jars filled with soil (2 kg dry wet, moisture content 25%) and 10 worms. The thirty jars were put into a phytotron, adjusted to 18 h daylight and 6 h darkness, room temperature at 15 degrees c, and relative air humidity of 85%. Exposure period 14 days.
- Field experiment; Soil samples were taken from the top layer (0-20 cm) at plot. The soil sampling scheme employed a square 8x8 grid with 1-m node distance, resulting in 81 soil samples being taken, over 64 m2. 1000 worms were homogeneously distributed in the plot and sampled after 1, 2, and 5 weeks. Additionally, 2000 worms were introduced and sampled after 1, 2, and 4 weeks.
Measurements
Heavy metal concentration in earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 6867]
Test system
Heavy metal kinetics in earthworm
Contaminated soil
Sandy loam soil (clay 7%, organic matter 3%) was collected at a former wrecking yard in Doetinchem, The Netherlands. Major activities were obtaining Cu by burning cables and breaking up cars and electric motors.
Plastic containers (0.4 m x 0.3 m x 0.2 m) were filled with Wet soil (moisture content 25%) and 60 earthworms. The containers were put into a phytotron, adjusted to 9 hr daylight and 3 hr darkness, room temperature at 15 degrees C, and relative air humidity of 85%. Every 14 days, 0.1 kg of rotten apples and vegetables were supplied on the soil surface as food for earthworms. Exposure to soil MH started later than exposure to soil LB.
- MH-soils: Sampling times Day 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112.
- Uncontaminated soil (WK: from an agricultural field near Wageningen, The Netherlands. The soil a slightly loamy fine sand and low in OM).
Measurements/observations
Initial tissue heavy metal concentrations.