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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Dendrobaena

  1. Dendrobaena madeirensis
  2. Dendrobaena octaedra
  3. Dendrobaena rubida
  4. Dendrobaena veneta

1. Dendrobaena madeirensis

[ref. ID; 5990]

Test system

Test design

The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road.

Samples

Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.

Sampling method

Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.

Measurements

Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.

2. Dendrobaena octaedra

[ref. ID; 5990]

Test system

Test design

The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road.

Samples

Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.

Sampling method

Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.

Measurements

Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.

[ref. ID; 6928]

Test system

Freeze tolerance

Strains

The strains were collected in a coniferous forest near Silkeborg, Denmark.

Toxicants

Heavy metal (HgCl2, NiCl2, and PbCl2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, pyrene), pesticides (abamectin, Bavistin (carbendazim 50%).

Test design

Topsoil from an ecologically farmed Danish pea filed (Foulum, Viborg), which loamy sand consisting 35% coarse sand, 45% fine sand, 9.4% silt, 8.9% clay, and 1.7% organic matter. pH 6.8.
The cow-dung food was produced by adding 400 ml of demineralized water to 150 g of dried and finely groud cow dung.

Measurements/observations

Survival and cocoon number.

Evaluations

LC50, EC50.

[ref. ID; 6966]

Test system

Evolutionary response to long-term metal exposure

Samples

Dendrobaena octaedra was collected by the formaldehyde method (Raw 1959) at three equally sized and aged coniferous forest sites at Gusum, in the southeast of Sweden.

Toxicity

Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd.

Test design

Cardboard boxes (0.5 litre) were filled with 0.3 litre of soil. Five earthworms were transferred to each box; specimens from site ST were combined with soil from site R, ST and LT and so on, thus giving nine combination of earthworms and soils. Six replicates (boxes) were used for each combination, but the number of boxes provided with adult worms varied from four (site R), three (site LT) and one to two (site ST) due to a limited supply of adult. The boxes were sealed and incubated at 14 degrees C, weighed and watered once a week to maintain the same moisture level throughout the experiment. No extra food was supplied.

Measurements

Survival, growth (weight change) and cocoon production were determined for 169 day. At this time reproduction had ceased, but survival and growth were followed for another 56 day. Metallothioneins (MT) analyses at the end of experiment.

Evaluations

Friedman two-way analysis of variance.

3. Dendrobaena rubida

[ref. ID; 6077]

Test design

To investigate the levels of lead and zinc, together with calcium, in earthworm tissues at different times of the year and at three sites containing different soil metal content

Worms samples

D. rubida were collected at different times of the year and three sites.

Measurements

Concentrations of Pb, Zn and Ca in soil and earthworm tissue (six earthworms from each site).

[ref. ID; 6871]

Test system

Effect of soil pH on heavy metal toxicity

Strains

Adult D. rubida were collected under cow droppings in a pine plantation east of Lund, S. Sweden and represented the parent generation.

Toxicants/concentrations

Cu, Cd, and Pb nitrate solutions (0, 100 Cu, 500 Cu, 10 Cd, 100 Cd, 100 Pb, and 500 Pb ug g-1, d.w.). pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5.

Test design

Soil was obtained by mixing sand (0.2 to 2 mm particle size) from the C horizon of a coniferous forest soil with well decomposed cattle dung (1:2, vol:vol). Soil moisture 45 to 50% (d.w.). Cardboard boxes (70x70x100 mm; 0.5 L) were filled to 2/3 with soil. Five replicates of each experimental soil (metal, pH) gave a total of 105 chambers. Five to six worms per chamber. Chamber took place at 14 degrees C and 70% RH. Hatching chambers were made of plastic jars (diameter 40, height 45 mm) with a 5 mm thick bottom layer of plaster of Paris and pulverized activated carbon (9:1, vol:vol). Tap water was added until the cocoons were almost immersed. Up to 50 cocoons were incubated in the same chamber in darkness at 20 degrees C.

Measuremetns/observations

Cocoon production, cocoon viablilty, and juvenile growth. Metal concentrations in worm tissue.

4. Dendrobaena veneta

[ref. ID; 6083]

Test system

Metal accumulation

Sampling site

Measurements

Tissue concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, and Ca.

[ref. ID; 6121]

Test system

Cadmium effects on the ovary structure and oocytes

Strains

From EKAGRO Sp. z o.o in Slupsk. 70 specimens weighed 1200+/-110 mg, were sexually mature and had well-developed clitellums.

Toxicity

CdCl2

Test design

Experimental breeding was performed in three glass containers filled with carefully crushed and sieved soil containing peat, sand and compost manure from a cattle farm. Each container contained 5 cm2 of soil (2.5 kg) with pH 6.5-6.7. Temperature 20 degrees C. Air humidity 65% and soil humidity 35%. 20 days.

Observations

Ovarian ultrastructure.

[ref. ID; 6127]

Test system

Cadmium effects on the structure of supra- and subpharyngeal ganglia, neurosecretion and RNA content in the neurosecretory cells

Strains

From a bait store. 90 specimens weighed 1200+/-110 mg, were sexually mature and had well-developed clitellums.

Toxicity

CdCl2

Test design

Experimental breeding was performed in three glass containers filled with medium composed peat (10%), sand (70%) and compost manure (20%) from a cattle farm. Each container held 5 cm2 (2.5 kg) soil of pH 6.5. Temperature 20 degrees C. Air humidity 65% and soil humidity 35%. 20 days.

Measurements/observations

Cadmium content (using atomic absorption spectrophotometry) in neural ganglia in the earthworm, RNA content in neurosecretory cells.

Evaluations

STAT-GRAPHICS program, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Student's t-test using LSD test as P <0.001.

[ref. ID; 6837]

Test system

Metal competition

Strains

From vermiculturist.

Toxicants

Uncontaminated sandy loam soil (7% clay, 3% OM, (loss on ignition) was sampled at a field site in Doetinchem, The Netherlands. Heavy metal nitric salts were added to eight portions of 5 kg each established on Cu level (addition of 3.9 mmol kg-1) and four Cd levels (addition of 0, 0.035, 0.07, and 0.14 mmmol Cd kg-1) or five Pb levels (addition of 0, 0.97, 1.9, 2.9, and 3.9 mmol Pb kg-1). These Cd and Pb levels include the intervention values according to the Dutch soil protection legislation.

Test design

Contaminated soil (moisture content 20%) were put into plastic 6-L jars, and then 0.1 kg apple sauce was added in each jar. 15 worms per each jar. Adhesive tape (0.05 m) was attached to the rim of each jar. Temperature 15 degrees C under light condition 16:8 hr, relative humidity of 85%.

Measurements/observations

Tissue heavy metal (Cu, Cd, and Pb) concentrations.

[ref. ID; 6851]

Test system

Cu accumulation

Strains

From local vermiculturist.

Toxicants

Contaminated (Cu, Pb and Zn) Soil. Sandy loam soil (clay content 7%, soil organic matter content (loss on ignition) 3%) was collected at a former breaker's yard in Doetinchem, the Netherlands.

Test desgin

Measurements

Heavy metal concentration in earthworm tissue.

[ref. ID; 6867]

Test system

Heavy metal kinetics in earthworm

Contaminated soil

Sandy loam soil (clay 7%, organic matter 3%) was collected at a former wrecking yard in Doetinchem, The Netherlands. Major activities were obtaining Cu by burning cables and breaking up cars and electric motors. Plastic containers (0.4 m x 0.3 m x 0.2 m) were filled with Wet soil (moisture content 25%) and 60 earthworms. The containers were put into a phytotron, adjusted to 9 hr daylight and 3 hr darkness, room temperature at 15 degrees C, and relative air humidity of 85%. Every 14 days, 0.1 kg of rotten apples and vegetables were supplied on the soil surface as food for earthworms. Exposure to soil MH started later than exposure to soil LB.

Measurements/observations

Initial tissue heavy metal concentrations.