Ref ID : 2171
Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, Philip D. Monson, Corlis W. West, and Gerald T. Ankley; Influence of pH on the toxicity of Ammonia to Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 14(4):713-717, 1995
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria establish permissible levels of ammonia in the nation's fresh waters. These criteria are based on accumulated research suggesting that, for most aquatic species (primarily fishes), the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia predominates over that of the ammonium ion. The development of a sediment-quality criterion for ammonia requires evaluation of the relative toxicity of the two ammonia forms to benthic and epibenthic macroinvertebrates to determine whether the water-quality toxicity model can be applied so sediments. Flow-through ammonia toxicity tests were conducted over 10 days with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and the larval midge Chironomus tentans at four pH values (6.3, 7.2, 7.8, and 8.6) using a unique pH control system. Total ammonia was more toxic at elevated than at low pH to both species, suggesting that un-ionized ammonia (more prevalent at high pH) is important in determining the toxicity of ammonia to these two species. Hardness or alkalinity differences in the range of 30 to 200 mg/kg (as CaCO3) did not appear to affect the toxicity of ammonia to the two species in separate 4-day tests. Based on results of the 10-day tests, the joint toxicity/pH model that establishes the water-quality criterion value for ammonia appears to be sufficiently protective of L. variegatus and C. tentans, by factors of at least 3 and 10, respectively. However, this study did not address potential differences in exposure of benthic organism to ammonia in sediments vs. that in the water column; nor were the chronic effects of ammonia on these species measured in this study.