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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Ref ID : 1065

Diane K. Stoecker, Ann E. Michaels, and Linda H. Davis; Large proportion of marine planktonic ciliates found to contain functional chloroplasts. Nature 326(23):790-792, 1987

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Planktonic ciliates, most importantly tintinnids and oligotrichs (subclass Choreotrichia), are important components of the micro-plankton in coastal waters. At times, the biomass of ciliates is equivalent to the biomass of larger zooplankters. The role of ciliates as grazers has been recognized, but their role as chloroplast-bearing cells has not been widely appreciated. Many planktonic oligotrichs are pigmented because they sequester chloroplasts derived from a variety of chromophytic algae. We report the first quantitative data on the frequency of chloroplast retention among planktonic oligotrichs and tintinnids. In surface waters during the spring and summer, approximately 42% of the planktonic ciliates have chloroplasts. During the autumn and winter, chloroplast-retaining species are less abundant, but still constitute at least 10% of the combined tintinnid and oligotrich fauna. Water samples containing large numbers of pigmented ciliates have a high chlorophyll content and fix carbon. Although it has been speculated that sequestered chloroplasts in ciliates are functional, we have demonstrated photosynthesis by chloroplast-containing ciliates experimentally. The trophic position of ciliates in planktonic food webs needs to be reconsidered.