Bodo
Bodo Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 4921) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618) or (Ehrenberg) Alex., 1912 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 3517)
Order Bodonids (ref. ID; 4826)
Order Kinetoplastida Honigberg, 1963 (ref. ID; 4872, 5772)
Order Kinetoplastida: Family Bodonidae (ref. ID; 7051)
Synonym Prowazekia Hartmann & Chagas (ref. ID; 1618)
[ref. ID; 1618]
Small, ovoid, but plastic; cytostome anterior; nucleus central or anterior; flagella connected with two blepharoplasts in some species; encystment common; in stagnant water and coprozoic. (ref. ID; 1618)
See Rhynchomonas
- Bodo alexeieffi Lemm.
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo asiaticus Castellanii & Chalmers
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo angustus (Dujardin) Butschli, 1883 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 3517)
- Bodo caudatus (ref. ID; 4826)
- Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 1618) or (Dujardin) Stein, 1878 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796)
Syn; Bodo alexeieffi Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo asiaticus Castellanii & Chalmers (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo compressus Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo cruzi Hartm. & Chagas (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo josephi Belar (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo mutabilis Klebs (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo obovatus Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo putrinus (Stokes) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Heteronema minima Form. (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo caudatus Hollande (ref. ID; 1335)
- Bodo celer Klebs (ref. ID; 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2658)
See; Bodo edax Klebs (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo compressus Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3497, 4656)
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo cruzi Hartm. & Chagas
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo curvifilus Griessmann, 1913 (ref. ID; 4921) or 1914 (ref. ID; 3779)
- Bodo designis Skuja, 1948 (ref. ID; 4872) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4975, 7051)
- Bodo edax (ref. ID; 2658)
- Bodo edax (Kuhn) (ref. ID; 1308)
- Bodo edax Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 1796, 3342, 3497, 3517)
Syn; Bodo caudatus Stein (Tafel II, Abb. V/8 und 15) (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo celer Klebs (ref. ID; 4656); Colpodella pugnax Cienk. (ref. ID; 4656); ?Dinomonas vorax Kent (ref. ID; 4656); Spiromonas angusta (Dujardin) Alex. (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo erectus (Ruhle) (ref. ID; 1796) or (Ruhle, 1961) nov. comb. (ref. ID; 4656 redescribed paper)
- Bodo fusiformis (Stokes) Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3517)
- Bodo globosus Stein, 1878 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 2658, 3342, 3493, 3497, 3517)
- Bodo josephi Belar
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo lens (O.F. Muller) Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo ludibundus (Kent) Senn (ref. ID; 3342, 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
See; Bodo saltans (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo minimus Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 2658, 3342, 3517)
Syn; Bodo parvus (Nagler) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo mutabilis Klebs (ref. ID; 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo ovatus (Dujardin) Stein, 1878 (ref. ID; 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
- Bodo ovobatus Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3342, 4656)
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo parvulus Griessmann, 1913 (ref. ID; 5772)
See; Pseudobodo parvulus (ref. ID; 1881)
- Bodo parvus (Nagler) (ref. ID; 3497) or (Nagler) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656)
See; Bodo minimus Klebs (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo putrinus (Stokes) Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3517, 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2658)
See; Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo repens Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796)
Syn; Heteromita triangularis Stokes, 1890 (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo rostratus Klebs, 1893 (ref. ID; 4921)
- Bodo saliens Larsen & Patterson, 1990 (ref. ID; 4872)
- Bodo saltans Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3644), 1832 (ref. ID; 4921, 5772) or 1838 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 3517) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4826, 4975)
See; Bodo ludibundus (Kent) Senn (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo ventralis Holl. (ref. ID; 4656); Pleuromonas jaculans Perty (ref. ID; 4656)
- Bodo sorokini (Zhukov, 1975) (ref. ID; 4975)
- Bodo uncinatus (Kent) Klebs (ref. ID; 3342) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
- Bodo ventralis Holl.
See; Bodo saltans (ref. ID; 4656)
Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 1618) or (Dujardin) Stein, 1878 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796)
Synonym
Bodo alexeieffi Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo asiaticus Castellanii & Chalmers (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo compressus Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo cruzi Hartm. & Chagas (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo josephi Belar (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo mutabilis Klebs (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo obovatus Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo putrinus (Stokes) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656); Heteronema minima From. (ref. ID; 4656)
Descriptions
Highly flattened, usually tapering posteriorly; blepharoplast; cysts spherical; stagnant water. (ref. ID; 1618)
Measurements
Body 11-22 by 5-10 um; anterior flagellum about body length, trailing flagellum longer. (ref. ID; 1618)
Bodo compressus Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3497, 4656)
See
Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
Descriptions
The oval body is remarkably compressed to make a convex dorsal and a concave or flat ventral side. The swimming flagellum is as long as a cell containing a contractile vacuole in the anterior region, and the other trailing is nearly twice as long as it. (ref. ID; 3497)
Measurements
Length 6-13 um. (ref. ID; 3497)
Bodo curvifilus Griessmann, 1913 (ref. ID; 4921) or 1914 (ref. ID; 3779)
Descriptions
- Light microscopy: In the light microscopy, B. curvifilus appears to vary in shape; however, it is usually ovoid to a quite elongate, with an average length-to-width ratio of ~3.5:1. The organism, as is typical of the genus, is slightly flattened, though this flattening is not nearly so pronounced as in the genus Rhynchomonas. The posterior end of the organism is sometimes drawn out into a point and, as Griessmann (1914) stated, this condition is more common and easily detected when the flagellate are associated with a solid substrate such as a slide, coverglass, or surface of detritus particles. The overall length varies from 4-7 um; the average width of the cell midway along its length is ~2-4 um, these measurements being in agreement with Griessmann's description. The main distinguishing features of B. curvifilus at the light microscopic level is its anterior flagellum. As in most species of the genus, the active anterior flagellum of B. curvifilus is directed forward from the point of its emergence from the subapical pocket. In the latter species, however, this flagellum has a permanent curvature which occupies about half of its free segment. The pattern of motion consists of a characteristic kind of "paddling" stroke; this stroke can be accomplished very rapidly, and B. curvifilus derived from our clone is one of the most rapidly swimming organisms among ~30 bodonid species that I have examined. Griessmann (1914) compared this swimming pattern to that of Rhynchomonas to which it does bear some superficial resemblance. As is characteristic of most bodonids investigated, the posterior flagellum usually trails passively behind the organism; it does not appear to contribute to forward progress of the organism in most cases. On the other hand, it may serve to keep Bodo in contact with the particulate detritus of the substrate and consequently to keep it in the vicinity of the relatively abundant bacterial populations on which it feeds. Both flagella of B. curvifilus have terminal hairs that are visible in organisms examined by phase contrast and Nomarski differential interference contrast systems. The terminal hair typically accounts for ~10% of the emergent length of the free segment of the trailing flagellum. Numerous cytoplasmic structures are visible in living material. There is large contractile vacuole located in the anterior part of the cell near the bases of the flagella. Griessmann (1914) did not observe a contractile vacuole in the marine form that he studied; however, this might have been due to the fact that this organisms were not pumping actively because of the relatively much higher salinity of the environment in which he found them. This assumption is supported by my observations of these organisms, in which contractile vacuole activity ceases abruptly at elevated salinities, even though the bodonids continue to thrive and reproduce. The nucleus has a diameter of ~1 um; it is located in the anterior region of the cell near its midline. In the course of my observations I noted a Feulgen-positive kinetoplast-mitochondrion of somewhat variable and irregular shape located between the nucleus and the basal bodies of the 2 emergent flagella. Numerous (5-12) food vacuoles, 0.5-1.0 um in diameter, are the main features of the posterior end of the organism. Bodo curvifilus is quite similar to B. saltans and is difficult to differentiate between these 2 species at the light microscopy level. (ref. ID; 3779)
- Electron microscopy: The 2 flagella arise from a slight depression or "flagellar pocket" which is located subapically and is formed by an indentation of the cell surface. The plasma membrane is continuous and apparently undifferentiated in this region except for the usual continuity of the membrane over the surface of the flagella. Both flagella of B. curvifilus possess paraxial rods similar to those found in other species of Bodo and in Rhynchomonas, some trypanosomes and certain euglenoid flagellates. The paraxial rod in cross section is seen as a crescent-shaped body lying against 4 of the outer doublet fibers of the flagellar axoneme. There appears to be some periodically ordered substructure in the paraxial material but the precise nature of this pattern cannot be elucidated on the basis of the available electronmicrographs. In B. curvifilus, as in other species that have been investigated to date, the paraxial rod begins at a point distal to the emergence of the flagellum from the body of the organism, but within the flagellar pocket. It terminates proximally in an electron-dense plate, the "paraxial plate", which is slightly distal to the basal plate of the flagellum. The paraxial plate is somewhat thicker than the flagellar plate, and in some sections appears to vary slightly in thickness across its diameter. As in B. saltans and in Rhynchomonas metabolita (Burzell, 1973), the paraxial rods of the 2 flagella are characteristically oriented facing one another near their points of origin. (ref. ID; 3779)
- Pellicular Microtubules. Bodo curvifilus has a well-developed system of pellicular microtubules, similar in location, disposition, and number to those of B. saltans (Brooker, 1971). The microtubules are located directly beneath the plasmalemma. Cross sections of the pellicular microtubules are seen in organisms cut in a plane parallel to the antero-posterior axis and passing through or near the dorso-ventral midline. Individual microtubules are separated from each other by ~0.1-0.15 um. (ref. ID; 3779)
- Microtubular Prism. Bodo curvifilus possesses structure which has not been reported from any representative of the Bodonidae. It is composed of a group of closely associated microtubules arranged in a highly ordered structure. There are 15 microtubules in the main part of the structure arranged in a cross-liked prismatic array. Lying alongside this structure are 4 additional microtubules arranged in a plane parallel to one side of the microtubular array. This orderly bundle of microtubules, the "microtubular prism," originates in a thickened electron dense plate located close to the plasmalemma of the flagellar pocket and extends for several micrometers into the body of the organism, remaining near the periphery of the cell. Near its distal point of origin, it begins to parallel the course of the cytopharynx. About 1-2 um from the point of origin it passes close to the outer membrane of the kinetoplast-mitochondrion and follows the contour of this structure for several micrometers in a generally posterior direction, paralleling the course of one of the fingerlike projections of the kinetoplast-mitochondrion as it follows the periphery of the cell. (ref. ID; 3779)
- Cytoplasmic bacteria. The cytoplasm contains numerous membrane-limited structures which resemble Gram-negative bacteria. They are distributed throughout the cytoplasm, although they appear to be concentrated in the anterior half of the cell. The bacteria-like bodies are rod-shaped, with a diameter of ~0.3 um and an average length of 1.0 um. These apparent endosymbiotes do not seem to be associated with any specific organelle. (ref. ID; 3779)
Bodo designis Skuja, 1948 (ref. ID; 4872) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4975, 7051)
Descriptions
Cell length about 7.5 um, range 4.8-14.8 um. Cell elliptical, usually slightly wider posteriorly, with a subapical indentation from which two unequal flagella emerge. The cell is plastic, although it mostly retains the elliptical shape. The anterior flagellum is about the length of the cell or slightly shorter, and points forward with the tip curved. The acronematic posterior flagellum is about twice the cell length. Swimming and skidding cells rotate around their longitudinal axis and this is one of the most useful diagnostic features. The posterior and rotates with greater excursion than the front end and the trailing posterior flagellum follows in sinusoidal curves. Common. (ref. ID; 4872)
Remarks
Cells usually move close to a surface and feed with the anterior flagellum wrapped around the anterior end of the cell. This characteristic is shared with B. saliens. Despite occasional similarities of movement with B. saliens, B. designis can be identified because of its consistent rotational swimming and skidding, its more developed rostrum and the orientation of the anterior flagellum. Morphology and ultrastructure described in detail by Eyden (1977). (ref. ID; 4872)
B. designis is a very common and often abundant organism in marine, freshwater as well as soil sites. This species found in highly contrasting environments apparently can be assigned to the same morpho species. SSU rRNA Gene analysis. (ref. ID; 7051)
Measurements
The sizes ranges have been reported by 7-11 um (Skuja 1948), 7-12.7 um by Eyden (1977), 7-15 um by Larsen & Patterson (1990), 5.5-8 um by Patterson et al. (1993), and 8-15 um by Vors (1992). (ref. ID; 4872)
Bodo edax Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 1796, 3342, 3497, 3517)
Synonym
Bodo caudatus Stein (Tafel II, Abb. V/8 und 15) (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo celer Klebs (ref. ID; 4656); Colpodella pugnax Cienk. (ref. ID; 4656); ?Dinomonas vorax Kent (ref. ID; 4656); Spiromonas angusta (Dujardin) Alex. (ref. ID; 4656)
Descriptions
Pyriform with bluntly pointed ends; stagnant water. (ref. ID; 1618)
The body provided with an anterior projection is fusiform, and has a slight furrow on the ventral side. The swimming flagellum is longer than a cell and the trailing twice as long as a cell. (ref. ID; 3497)
Measurements
11-15 by 5-7 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
9-13x3-4 um. (ref. ID; 3342)
Length 7-15 um. (ref. ID; 3497)
Bodo globosus Stein, 1878 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 2658, 3342, 3493, 3497, 3517)
Descriptions
The body is globose or ovoid and usually has a contractile vacuole in the anterior region. The swimming flagellum is nearly as long as a cell and the trailing twice as long as the former. (ref. ID; 3497)
Measurements
5-9 um. (ref. ID; 3342)
Length 5-10 um. (ref. ID; 3497)
Bodo ludibundus (Kent) Senn (ref. ID; 3342, 4656) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
See
Bodo saltans (ref. ID; 4656)
Measurements
9-10.5 um. (ref. ID; 3342)
Bodo minimus Klebs, 1892 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 2658, 3342, 3517)
Synonym
Bodo parvus (Nagler) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656)
Measurements
4-5x3 um. (ref. ID; 3342)
Bodo ovobatus Lemmermann (ref. ID; 3342, 4656)
See
Bodo caudatus Dujardin (ref. ID; 4656)
Measurements
11 um. (ref. ID; 3342)
Bodo parvus (Nagler) (ref. ID; 3497) or (Nagler) Lemm. (ref. ID; 4656)
See
Bodo minimus Klebs (ref. ID; 4656)
Descriptions
The small body is oblong and has no vacuole. The swimming flagellum is shorter than a cell, while the trailing longer than it. (ref. ID; 3497)
Measurements
Length 5 um. (ref. ID; 3497)
Bodo saliens Larsen & Patterson, 1990 (ref. ID; 4872)
Descriptions
Observed frequently, average length 7.2 um. Appearance entirely consistent with description in Larsen & Patterson (1990). Cell body somewhat lanceolate in form and inflexible. Anterior flagellum directed forwards with a single curve, posterior flagellum typically directed straight behind the cell. Swimming motion frequently in rapid darts in straight lines. (ref. ID; 4872)
Remarks
Bodo saliens was generally identified because its rapid darting movement. The tip of the anterior flagellum is usually curved away from the substrate. (ref. ID; 4872)
Measurements
Previously reported size ranges: 6-12 um (Larsen & Patterson 1990), 5-12 um (Patterson et al. 1993), and 10-15 um (Vors 1992). (ref. ID; 4872)
Bodo saltans Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3644), 1832 (ref. ID; 4921, 5772) or 1838 (ref. ID; 4656) reported year? (ref. ID; 1796, 3517) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4826, 4975)
See
Bodo ludibundus (Kent) Senn (ref. ID; 4656); Bodo ventralis Holl. (ref. ID; 4656); Pleuromonas jaculans Perty (ref. ID; 4656)
Descriptions
The kidney-shaped body is typically 5-8 um long and 2-5 um wide, with two unequal flagella which arise from an anterior flagellar pocket. Bodo saltans may attach to the substratum by the tip of its trailing flagellum, which is 10-15 um long; in this attached mode the anterior flagellum creates feeding currents while the cell swings and jerks erratically around the attachment point of the trailing flagellum. The flagellate also swims free of the substrate, being propelled and rotated around its longitudinal axis by the shorter flagellum while the longer flagellum remains passive and trailing. The capture of bacteria prey by B. saltans; The mastigonemes of the anterior flagellum appear to propel particles towards the cytostome as the flagellate performs sweeping movements, and coiling movements of the circumbuccal lappets around the cytostomal region capture the prey which is then transported to the cytopharynx. The cytopharynx is supported by eight microtubules which extend dorsally beyond the kinetoplast and are thought to be involved in ingestion. (ref. ID; 3644)
Bodo uncinatus (Kent) Klebs (ref. ID; 3342) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2659)
Measurements
6.5-8 um. (ref. ID; 3342)