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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Litonotus

Litonotus Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 2013) or Lionotus Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 3690)

From Dr. Inaki

From Dr. Inaki

Class Kinetofragminophora: Subclass Gymnostomata: Order Pleurostomatida: Family Amphileptidae (ref. ID; 2013)

Synonym Hemiophrys Wrzesniowski (ref. ID; 1618); Lionotus Butschli, 1887 (ref. ID; 2013) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618)

[ref. ID; 2013]
Body laterally compressed, highly elongate with anterior neck-like region which bends towards the dorsal edge. Oral aperture a slit, on convex edge of neck extending less than halfway down the body. Ciliation present on both lateral surfaces. Ciliation on right surface takes the form of parallel longitudinal rows which do not converge on each other. There are some longer cilia on the neck region forming a mane-like structure. Trichocysts sometimes present. Macronucleus commonly in two spherical parts with single micronucleus wedged between the two. One to several contractile vacuoles present.
Quote; Colin R. Curds "British and other freshwater ciliated protozoa Part I Ciliophora: Kinetofragminophora" Cambridge University Press, 1982 (ref. ID; 2013)
  1. Litonotus alpestris Foissner, 1978 (ref. ID; 4612) reported year? (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1629)
  2. Litonotus binucleatus Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 3119)
  3. Litonotus bonnensis (ref. ID; 4612)
  4. Litonotus crystallinus (Vuxanovici, 1960) (ref. ID; 4612) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1629)
  5. Litonotus cygnus (O.F. Muller, 1773) (ref. ID; 4612) or 1776(?) (ref. ID; 3119) reported year? (ref. ID; 3698) or (O.F. Muller, 1776) Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 1219, 1622, 1629, 2117)
    Syn; Gastrotricha folium Wrzesniowski, 1866 (ref. ID; 4612); Lionotus anas Levander, 1894 (ref. ID; 1622); Lionotus anser Butschli, 1889 (ref. ID; 3115); Lionotus filum Gruber (ref. ID; 1622); Lionotus folium Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 3115); Litonotus wrzesniowskii Kent, 1882 (ref. ID; 4612); Vibrio cygnus O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 4612) or 1776 (ref. ID; 1622)
  6. Litonotus elongatus Dragesco (ref. ID; 2117)
  7. Litonotus fasciola (Ehrenberg) (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 2245, 3698) or (Ehrenberg) Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 3115)
    Syn; Amphileptus fasciola Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 3115); Dileptus fasciola Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 3115); Loxophyllum fasciola Claparede & Lachmann, 1981 (ref. ID; 3115); Vibrio fasciola O.F. Muller 1786 (ref. ID; 3115)
  8. Litonotus fasciola (O.F. Muller) Wrzesniowski 1870 (ref. ID; 2316) reported year? (ref. ID; 1335)
  9. Litonotus fusidens (Kahl, 1926) Foissner et al., 1995 (ref. ID; 4488, 4612) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1629, 1896)
    Syn; Lionotus fusidens Kahl, 1926 (ref. ID; 4612)
  10. Litonotus helus Stokes, 1884
    See; Loxophyllum helus (ref. ID; 1622, 4612)
  11. Litonotus lamella (ref. ID; 7255)
  12. Litonotus lamella (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 3115) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1629, 1896, 2245) or Schewiakoff (ref. ID; 3698)
    Syn; Loxophyllum lamella Claparede & Lachmann, 1861 (ref. ID; 3115); Trachelius lamella Ehrenberg, 1829 (ref. ID; 3115)
  13. Litonotus lamella Fryd-Versavel et al., 1975
    See; Acineria incurvata (ref. ID; 1601)
  14. Litonotus lamella (O.F. Muller, 1773) (ref. ID; 4612)
    Syn; Kolpoda lamella O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 4612); Trachelius lamella (O.F. Muller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 4612)
  15. Litonotus lamella var. armatum (ref. ID; 4612)
  16. Litonotus lamella var. uninucleolata Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 645)
  17. Litonotus mononucleatus (ref. ID; 4612)
  18. Litonotus muscorum (Kahl, 1931) Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 (ref. ID; 4861)
  19. Litonotus pygmaeus (ref. ID; 4612)
  20. Litonotus uninucleatus Foissner (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4612)
  21. Litonotus varsaviensis (Wrzesniowski, 1866) Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 4612) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1629)
    Syn; Gastrotricha varsaviensis Wrzesniowski, 1866 (ref. ID; 4612)
  22. Litonotus vermicularis Stokes, 1887
    See; Homalozoon vermiculare (ref. ID; 4612)
  23. Litonotus verrucosum Florentin, 1889
    See; Loxophyllum helus
  24. Litonotus wrzesniowskii Kent, 1882
    See; Litonotus cygnus (ref. ID; 4612)
  1. Lionotus anaticula Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 (ref. ID; 1622)
  2. Lionotus anguilla Kahl (ref. ID; 3690) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1622)
  3. Lionotus armillatus Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1622)
  4. Lionotus avellens (ref. ID; 3292)
  5. Lionotus carinatus Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1622) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342)
  6. Lionotus crinitus R. & L. Grandoei, 1934 (ref. ID; 1620)
  7. Lionotus crystallinus Vuxanovici, 1960 (ref. ID; 4612)
  8. Lionotus cygnus (O.F. Muller), 1776 (ref. ID; 1622, 4612)
  9. Lionotus digitatus R. & L. Grandoei, 1934 (ref. ID; 1620)
  10. Lionotus duplostriatus (Maupas, 1883) (ref. ID; 1622)
  11. Lionotus dusarti Dragesco, 1960 (ref. ID; 3690 original paper)
  12. Lionotus elongatus Dragesco (ref. ID; 3690)
  13. Lionotus fasciola Ehrenberg-Wrzeseniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 1622)
  14. Lionotus fusidens Kahl, 1926 (ref. ID; 4612)
  15. Lionotus hirundo Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1622)
  16. Lionotus indica Gulati, 1926 (ref. ID; 1622)
  17. Lionotus infusionus Ghosh, 1920 (ref. ID; 1622)
  18. Lionotus lamella (Ehrenberg, 1829) (ref. ID; 3593) reported year? (ref. ID; 5624) or (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 1622, 2117) reported year (ref. ID; 3342, 3690)
  19. Lionotus lamella var. rotundus Kahl, 1926
    See; Hemiophrys rotunda (ref. ID; 1622)
  20. Lionotus lamellus Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3544)
  21. Lionotus muscorum (ref. ID; 1622)
  22. Lionotus obtusus Maupas, 1888 (ref. ID; 1622)
  23. Lionotus pictus Gruber, 1884 (ref. ID; 1620, 1622)
  24. Lionotus pictus var. binucleatrus Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620)
  25. Lionotus piger Vuxanovici, 1962
    See; Amphileptus punctatus (ref. ID; 4612)
  26. Lionotus pleurosigma Stokes, 1884
    See; Amphileptus pleurosigma (ref. ID; 4612), Hemiophrys pleurosigma (Stokes, 1884) Kahl, 1931
  27. Lionotus procerus Penard, 1922
    See; Amphileptus procerus (ref. ID; 4612)
  28. Lionotus punctatus Kahl, 1926
    See; Amphileptus punctatus (ref. ID; 4612), Description of Amphileptus parafusidens (ref. ID; 4942)
  29. Lionotus reversus Kahl, 1926
    See; Acineria incurvata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1601)
  30. Lionotus trichocystus Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1622)
  31. Lionotus triqueter Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1622)
  32. Lionotus varsaviensis Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 1622, 4488)
  33. Lionotus vesiculosus Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1622)

Litonotus fasciola (Ehrenberg) (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 2245, 3698) or (Ehrenberg) Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 3115)

Synonym

Amphileptus fasciola Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 3115); Dileptus fasciola Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 3115); Loxophyllum fasciola Claparede & Lachmann, 1981 (ref. ID; 3115); Vibrio fasciola O.F. Muller 1786 (ref. ID; 3115)

Descriptions

Body elongated; right side flat, left side more or less convex; anterior and posterior parts flattened and hyaline; mouth a long slit, about one-third to one-half the total length of body. (ref. ID; 1219)
Elongate flask in form; hyaline; with flattened neck and tail, both of which are moderately contractile; posterior end bluntly rounded; without trichocysts; neck stout, bent toward the dorsal side; cytostome a long slit; contractile vacuole posterior; two spherical macronuclei between which a micronucleus is located; fresh water and probably also in salt water. (ref. ID; 1618)

Measurements

100 um long. (ref. ID; 1618)

Litonotus fasciola (O.F. Muller) Wrzesniowski, 1870 (ref. ID; 2316) reported year? (ref. ID; 1335)

Descriptions

The body had a distinctive 'neck' with longer cilia giving this area a mane-like appearance. Single contractile vacuole present. (ref. ID; 2316)

Measurements

Length 90 um. (ref. ID; 2316)

Litonotus lamella (ref. ID; 7255)

Descriptions

Litonotus lamella is about 250 um long about 80 um wide. The body is laterally flattened (compression) and, as a consequence, the ventral and dorsal surfaces become virtual edges, namely the functional left and right edge, respectively, while the right and left sides become, functionally speaking, the ventral and dorsal surfaces, respectively. The mouth opens about one-third the way along the left edge, at what can be described as a "neck" (Curds 1982). At that level, 150-200 toxicysts are ready to the discharged after contact with potential prey. The somatic ciliature is arranged mainly along kineties on the right side (functionally the ventral surface). Locomotory behavior and predatory behavior. (ref. ID; 7255)

Litonotus lamella (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 3115) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1629, 1896, 2245) or Schewiakoff (ref. ID; 3698)

Synonym

Loxophyllum lamella Claparede & Lachmann, 1861 (ref. ID; 3115); Trachelius lamella Ehrenberg, 1829 (ref. ID; 3115)

Descriptions

Anterior and posterior parts flattened, ventral side convex, neck bent towards the dorsal side; mouth slit-like, about one-third of the central side, clearly visible only when the ciliate is feeding; cilia only on the right side, large individuals with 10-15 longitudinal rows cilia, smaller specimens with about 3 rows only; left side without any cilia; trichocysts at the edge of the mouth-slit and at the posterior pole; 2 spherical macronuclei, between which a micronucleus is located; contractile vacuole single, close to the posterior end. (ref. ID; 1219)

Measurements

Length 40-200 um. (ref. ID; 1219)

Litonotus lamella var. uninucleolata Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 645)

Descriptions

Length 30 to 50 um. The body is flattened in such a way as to produce a convex ventral outline and a sigmoid dorsal outline. The left side is bare and bulges outward; the right side bears 6 rows of cilia. The anterior end is narrowed like a neck, and there is a flattened tail at the caudal end. A distinguishing feature is the radial array of trichocysts in the tail region. The mouth slit is also provided with sturdy trichocysts, and others are scattered in the cytoplasm. A contractile vacuole occupies the posterior end of the rounded part. L. lamella has degeneration forms. Small forms, 40 um in length, sometimes have 3 kineties, whereas individuals as large as 200 um have 10-15 (Kahl 1930-1935). The L. lamella population in Solar Lake uniformly had only one macronucleus. This is unusual, for the macronucleus normally consists of 2 oval parts. But the conjugants observed also had one macronucleus, so that it can be assumed that the single nucleus is not an interphase nucleus. The specimens studied by Penard (1922) also included forms with a single macronucleus. Apart from the nucleus, the ciliate has all the characteristics of L. lamella. For this reason Wilbert & Kahan regard the Solar Lake population as a variety. L. lamella var. uninucleaolata feeds on ciliates. (ref. ID; 645)

Habitats

According to Bick & Kunze (1971), the optimal range is in fresh water. The animals can also tolerate salinity as high as 35 0/00 in thalassogenic brackish water, and up to 3.5 0/00 in althlassogenic water. (ref. ID; 645)

Lionotus carinatus Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1622) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342)

Measurements

40-60x9-12 um. (ref. ID; 3342)

Lionotus lamella (Ehrenberg, 1829) (ref. ID; 3593) reported year? (ref. ID; 5624) or (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff, 1896 (ref. ID; 1622, 2117) reported year (ref. ID; 3342, 3690)

Measurements

70-140x20-40 um. (ref. ID; 3342)

Lionotus lamellus Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3544)

Measurements

Length 48-65; breadth 25-27 um. (ref. ID; 3544)