Xanthium occidentale

Basic information
Scientific name	Xanthium occidentale	Click to magnify
Major synonym	Xanthium strumarium var. canadense
Common names	Oriental cocklebur
Higher taxon	Asteraceae, Asterales, Magnoliopsida, Magnoliophyta
Natural range	North America.
Habitat	Farm area, fruit garden, pasture field, vacancy, riverside, roadside, etc.

Invasion information
Range in Japan	Almost entire Japan
Origin	Unknown.
Date	The first record in Japan was in 1929, at Okayama Pref.
Route	Accidental: Details unknown.
Impact	Actually: Competition with native species, crops, pastures, etc. Allelopathy. Native organism(s) affected: Native grasses including native congeners, crops, pastures, etc.
Regulation in Japan	No action for prevention, mitigation, control, or eradication.
Introduced range in other countries	South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania

Reference

Notes

JWRC (ed) (2008) A Photographic Guide to the Invasive Alien Species in Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The Invasive Alien Species Act (Accessed on 2011-2-25) http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/as.html (in Jpn)
Osada (1976) Colored Illustrations of Naturalized Plants of Japan. Hoikusha, Osaka (in Jpn)
Satake et al. (1981) Wild Flowers of Japan, Herbaceous Plants [III]. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Shimizu (ed) (2003) Naturalized Plants of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
etc.

100 of the Japan’s Worst Invasive Alien Species