Oenothera biennis

Basic information
Scientific name	Oenothera biennis	Click to magnify
Common names	Common eveningprimrose
Higher taxon	Onagraceae, Myrtales, Magnoliopsida, Magnoliophyta
Natural range	North America.
Habitat	Farm area, pasture field, fruit garden, roadside, riverside, vacancy, etc.

Invasion information
Range in Japan	Almost entire Japan
Origin	Unknown.
Date	1920s.
Route	Deliberate: As ornamental plant
Impact	Competition with native species, crop, pasture. Allelopathy. Parasite (insects, fungi) Native organism(s) affected: Native plants, crops, pasture, etc.
Regulation in Japan	No action for prevention, mitigation, control, or eradication.
Introduced range in other countries	South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia

Reference

Notes

Hotta et al. (1989) Useful Plants of the World. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The Invasive Alien Species Act (Accessed on 2011-1-20) http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/as.html (in Jpn)
Osada (1976) Colored Illustrations of Naturalized Plants of Japan. Hoikusha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Satake et al. (1982) Wild Flowers of Japan, Herbaceous Plants [II]. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Shimizu (ed) (2003) Naturalized Plants of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)
etc.