Fejervarya kawamurai

Basic information
Scientific name	Fejervarya kawamurai	Click to magnify
Major synonym	Rana limnocharis, Fejervarya limnocharis
Common names	Indian rice frog, Indian cricket frog, Boie's wart frog, grass frog, field frog, paddy frog, white-lined frog, marsh frog, paddyfield frog
Higher taxon	Ranidae, Anura, Amphibia
Natural range	Western Japan mainland and several adjacent islands, Amami and Okinawa Islands, Taiwan (western part), and middle to northern continental China.
Habitat	Rice field, stream, waterfront.

Invasion information
Range in Japan	Tonegawa and Watarasegawa River systems and Boso Peninsula (Ibaraki, Chiba, Saitama, Gumma, Tochigi Prefs.), Kanagawa, Tokyo, and several islands of Nagasaki Pref. (Tsushima, Iki, and Goto Islands). This species occurred on Tanegashima Is. in 2011 (whether established or was is unknown).
Origin	Possibly from mainland of Nagasaki Pref. to Tsushima, Iki, and Goto Islands. From somewhere in Japan to other non-native area. The Tokyo populations may be established by dispersal from northern non-native populations.
Date	1990s in Kanagawa, Chiba, Tochigi, and Gumma Prefs. The first record in Tochigi and Gumma Prefs were Sep 1999, although this species had already infested in that time. The first records in Tsushima and Iki was in 2001 and 2003, respectively. In 2003, this species already infested.
Route	Accidental: Possibly hitchhiking on rice straw, soil, etc.
Impact	Potentially: Competition with native frogs. Native organism(s) affected: Native frogs occurring similar habitat such as Rana porosa porosa.
Regulation in Japan	No action for prevention, mitigation, control, or eradication.
Introduced range in other countries	Unknown.

Reference

Notes

Djong et al. (2011) A new species of Fejervarya limnocharis complex from Japan (Anura, Dicroglossidae). Zool Sci. 28(12), 922-929.
Fukuyama et al. (2010) First report of Fejervarya limnocharis in Tokyo. Bull Herpetolo Soc Jpn. 2010(2), 132-133 (in Jpn)
Hasegawa & Ogano (1998) Discovery of Rana limnocharis in the Boso peninsula: its distribution and status. Jpn J Herpetol. 17, 193-194 (in Jpn)
Hayashi & Kimura (2004) The hibernation site of Rana limnocharis. Bull Herpetolo Soc Jpn. 2004(2), 119-120 (in Jpn)
Komaki (2012) Report of Fejervarya kawamurai on Tanegashima Is.. Bull Herpetol Soc Jpn. 2012(1), 1-2 (in Jpn)
Maenosono & Toda (2007) Distribution of amphibians and terrestrial reptiles in the Ryukyu Archipelago: A review of published records. Akamata. 18, 28-46 (in Jpn)
Matsuo (2004) Amphibians and Reptiles of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Nagasaki Shinbunsha (in Jpn)
Moriguchi et al. (2004) Distribution records of Rana limnocharis from Sakai and Nitta, Gunma Prefecture. Bull Herpetolo Soc Jpn. 2004(2), 121-123 (in Jpn)
Ogano et al. (2005) Rapid survey for distribution range and status of the newly introduced indian race frog Rana limnocharis in the Inba-numa Basin, Chiba Prefecture. Chiba Seibutsu-Shi. 55(1), 1-8 (in Jpn)
Sengoku et al. (eds) (1996) The Encyclopedia of Animals in Japan 5 Amphibians, Reptiles, Chondrichthyes. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn)

This species have spread rapidly in Kanto District, and further monitoring is required. One of the cause of the spread in Kanto District is possibly the climate change.

Fejervarya limnocharis sensu lato distributed in India, SE Asia to East Asia has been devided into several species by a recent taxonomic study. The populations in Japan (except Sakishima Islands), Taiwan, and mid to northern continental China are placed in F. kawamurai. In addition, the genus Fejervarya is sometimes placed in family Dicroglossidae.