Lindernia dubia

Basic information
Scientific name	Lindernia dubia	Click to magnify
Common names	Falsepinpernel
Higher taxon	Scrophulariaceae, Scrophulariales, Magnoliopsida, Magnoliophyta
Natural range	North America.
Habitat	Paddy field, riverside, roadside, lakes/pond side, swamp, drained land, etc.

Invasion information
Range in Japan	Almost entire Japan
Origin	Unknown.
Date	The first record was in 1936, at Hyogo Pref.
Route	Accidental: Details unknown.
Impact	Competition with native species and crops. Native organism(s) affected: Native grasses (e.g., Lindernia pyxidaria), rice plant, etc. This species have become more common than L. pyxidaria in some area.
Regulation in Japan	No action for prevention, mitigation, control, or eradication.
Introduced range in other countries	East Asia, Northeast Asia, North Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Himalaya, South Asia, West Asia, Europe.

Reference	Notes
Osada (1976) Colored Illustrations of Naturalized Plants of Japan. Hoikusha, Osaka (in Jpn) Satake et al. (1982) Wild Flowers of Japan, Herbaceous Plants [II]. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn) Shimizu (ed) (2003) Naturalized Plants of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Jpn) etc.