Sturnus contra

Basic information
Scientific name	Sturnus contra	Click to magnify
Major synonym	Gracupica contra
Common names	Pied starling, Asian pied starling
Higher taxon	Sturnidae, Passeriformes, Aves
Natural range	Pakistan, N India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, SW continental China.
Habitat	Farm area, urban area.

Invasion information
Range in Japan	There is a record of breeding in Tokyo
Origin	Unknown.
Date	Observed in 1961 to 1981.
Route	Deliberate: Escape or release of pet animal.
Impact	Unknown impact.
Regulation in Japan	No action for prevention, mitigation, control, or eradication.
Introduced range in other countries	UAE, Saudi Arabia

Reference

Notes

Eguchi & Amano (2004) Spread of exotic birds in Japan. Ornithol Sci. 3, 3-12.
Eguchi & Fujimaki (eds) (2000) Check-List of Japanese Birds Sixth Revised Edition. The Ornithological Society of Japan, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Feare et al. (1998) Starlings & Mynas. Christopher Helm, London.
Kawakami & Kanouchi (2012) The Handbook of Introduced Birds in Japan. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo (in Jpn)
Lepage (ed) (2003-2012) Avibase – the world bird database (Accessed on 2012-6-15) http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/
etc.