Tetrahymena
- Tetrahymena furgasoni (formerly T. pyriformis strain W)
- Tetrahymena pyriformis
- Tetrahymena thermophila
- Tetrahymena vorax
[ref. ID; 3977]
Test system
Growth inhibition (24-hr and 48-hr)
Strains
ATCC strain number 10542.
Toxicants/concentrations
C19 and C21 Steroids 0.02~0.4 mM.
- A/B-cis-fused steroids: Androst-5beta-an-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-5beta-an-3beta-ol-17-one, Androst-5beta-an-3alpha-ol-17-one, Pregn-5beta-an-3beta-ol-20-one, Pregn-5beta-an-3alpha-ol-20-one, Pregn-5beta-ane-3,20-dione, Androst-5beta-ane-3beta,17beta-diol, Pregn-5beta-ane-3alpha,20beta-diol
- A/B-trans-fused steroids: Androst-4-en-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-5alpha-an-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-4,6-dien-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-4,9(11)-dien-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-1,4-dien-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-4-ene-19-nor-17beta-ol-3-one, Androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one, Androst-5-en-3beta-ol-17-one, Androst-5alpha-an-3beta-ol-17-one, Androst-5alpha-an-3alpha-ol-17-one, Pregn-5-en-3beta-ol-20-one, Pregn-5alpha-an-3beta-ol-20-one, Pregn-16(5alpha)-en-3beta-ol-20-one, Pregn-5,16-dien-3beta-ol-20-one, Pregn-5alpha-en-20beta-ol-3-one, Pregn-4-en-20beta-ol-3-one, Pregn-5alpha-ane-3,20-dione, Pregn-4,16-diene-3,20-dione, Pregn-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione, Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione, Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, Androst-5alpha-ane-3beta,17beta-diol, Androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol, Androst-4-ene-3beta,17alpha-diol, Pregn-5alpha-ane-3beta,20beta-diol, Pregn-5-ene-3beta,20beta-diol.
Test design
A 1% inoculum was added to 150 ml of media and shaken for 24 hr prior to addition of the steroid in 0.5 ml of ethanol through a Swinnex filter. Temperature 28 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number using a Hausser counting chamber.
This ciliate has several advantages as a monitoring system for agents which, because of a variety of developing technologies, have been or may become environmental toxicants. Among these are (a) it is abundant in fresh water and estuarine environments; (b) it is an important component of food chains; (c) its cytology and physiology have been extensively studied; (d) a variety of strains with different genetic backgrounds and physiological requirements are available; (e) toxicants which are not readily water soluble can be solubilized in alcohol, acetone, or proplyene glycol 200 and added to cultures with no apparent effect on the organisms (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1975); (f) the organisms can be readily grown in axenic cultures; (g) maintenance of cultures is easy and inexpensive; and (h) bioassays are rapid (usually <96 hr), making evalution of many compounds possible in a short time. (ref. ID 3842)
[ref. ID; 193]
Test system
Modeling the toxicity of 825 chemicals.
Strains
Strain GL: This strain lacks a micronucleus and has no sexual stage in its life cycle.
The present use of Tetrahymena in aquatic toxicity testing has its roots in the early 1970s, especially the work of Cooely et al. (1972 see ref. ID; 2682). In the late 1970s, work began to focus on the use of T. pyriformis in toxicity testing. While early studies examined a number of biological endpoints, it was the endpoint of population growth impairment that was a major development. The first systemtic effort to evaluated aquatic toxicity using a T. pyriformis growth assay examined nitrogen-containing hetero-cyclics (Schultz et al. 1980). Schultz (1983) first presented an overview of this method. Briefly, this assay used 250-ml Erlenmyer flasks containing 50 ml of toxicant/proteose-peptone medium solution, and the method involved using graded concentration series evaluated in replicates. Population densities were estimated by absorbance at 540 nm. From these data, the 50% population growth impairment concentration was determined by probit analysis. Although this assay has undergone modifications (e.g., Schultz et al. 1990; Schultz 1997), the basic design has stayed the same for the last 20 years.
Test design
Method of assay: OECD Guideline 201 (1984).
Evaluations
48-hr IGC50, Molecular fragment descriptors which derived from the chemical structure and which dose not use the octanol/water partition coefficient, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) using by ECOSAR, SAR, TOPKAT, ASTER, CNN, OASIS.
Detabase: TerraTox 2000 CD-ROM (TerraBase Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada 1999).
[ref. ID; 449]
Test system
Acute toxicity
Strains
Axenic culture.
Toxicants
2-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine, 3-Aminoquinoline, 5-Aminoquinoline, 4-Nitropyridine, 5-Nitroquinoline, 6-Nitroquinoline, 2-Amino-5-nitropyridine, 5-Amino-6-nitroquinoline, 5-Aminoindole, 5-Nitroindole, 5-Aminoindazole, 5-Nitroindazole, 2-Aminobenzimidazole, 6-Nitrobenzimidazole, 5-Nitrobenzotriazole, 1,2-Diaminobenzene, 1,4-Diaminobenzene, 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene, 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene, 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene, 1,2-Dinitrobenzene, 1,4-Dinitrobenzene, 2-Nitroaniline, 4-Nitroaniline, 1-Amino-4-nitronaphthalene, 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline, 4,5-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline, 4-Nitro-1,2-diaminobenzene, 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene, 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene, 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene.
Test design
Cultures were assayed in plugged 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of test solution (five-step concentration series). Temperature 28 degrees C.
Measurements
Cell number (absorbance 540 nm).
Evaluations
60-hr IGC50.
[ref. ID; 473]
Test system
Strains
Axenically.
Toxicants
Tris-2(methyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide (metapa).
Experimental condition
Temperature 28+/-1 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
[H3]-thymidine (for DNA), [H3]-uridine (for RNA), [H3]-lysine (for proteins).
[ref. ID; 493]
Test system
Factors influencing toxicity (microbial food web bacteria-ciliate protozoa & organic matter)
Strains
Tetrahymena pyriformis (GL) was fed on Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Toxicants
CdSO4.
Temperature
28 degrees C.
Test design
- Cultures on living toxified bacteria (Culture medium: glucose 0.5 g/l, bactotryptone 1 g/l, Winogradsky’s salt solution 50 ml/l, pH 7) + different concentration cadmium.
- Cultures on lyophilised bacteria (Escherichia coli strain ATCC11303) in river water (the River Ourthe at Colonster (unpolluted river) & the River Vesdre at Chenee (strongly polluted river)) + different concentration of cadmium.
Measurements
Cell number, cellular cadmium content of bacteria and of T. pyriformis.
[ref. ID; 497]
Test system
Effect of Calcium and Magnesium ion for acute toxicity (8-hr)
Strains
Strain W was obtained from the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa (Cambridge).
Toxicants
Zinc and Cadmium sulfate.
Test design
Temperature 25 degrees C.
- Toxicity test: The effect on the toxicity of zinc and cadmium of various concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and of these two ions together. Heavy metal ions 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, and 96 ppm. Calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate solutions 0, 5, 50, and 500 ppm (Ca2+) or (Mg2+) or (Ca2+) + (Mg2+) in equal weights.
- Uptake experiments: The effect of calcium and magnesium on the uptake of [65]Zn from sublethal concentrations.
Measurements/observations
- Toxicity test: Cell numbers.
- Uptake experiments: Autogamma scintillation spectrometer.
Evaluations
Toxicity test: LC50
[ref. ID; 615]
Test system
Acute toxicity
Strains
Strain HSM (This strain has been in culture for 30 yr without known genetic change. Generation time: 3 hr at 23-25 degrees C); 3-day-old cultures (maximum stationary growth phase).
Toxicants/concentrations
Mercuric chloride (0, 1.13, 2.25, 4.50, 9.00, 13.50 mg/l), Zinc sulfate (0, 0.83, 1.67, 3.33, 6.67, 10.00 mg/l), Lead nitrate (0, 21, 42, 84, 168, 250 mg/l), Cobalt sulfate (0, 0.84, 1.67, 3.33, 6.67, 10.00 mg/l), Cadmium sulfate (0, 0.83, 1.67, 3.33, 6.67, 10.00 mg/l).
Test design
Temperature 23-25 degrees C. Falcon plastic Petri dish (Mineral oil was poured into the Petri dish to cover the drops and thus prevent evaporation. The cells were an aerobic condition during this procedure because the plastic is permeable to oxygen and other gases). Three series: Distilled water, soft water (20 mg/l calcium carbonate), hard water (400 mg/l calcium carbonate).
Measurements
Cell number (0, 0.5, 1, 2 hr, 1, 2, 3, 4 days).
Evaluations
LT50 (the time at which 50 per cent of the test organisms are dead), 96-hr tolerance limit median.
[ref. ID; 631]
Test system
Acute toxicity (2 days), 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Toxicants
The saturated monoalcohols (1-Butanol, (+/-)-2-Butanol, Cyclohexanol, 1-Decanol, (+/-)-4-Decanol, 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol, 1-Dodecanol, Ethanol, 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-Heptanol, 1-Hexanol, Methanol, 2-Methyl-1-butanol, 3-Methyl-1-butanol, 3-Methyl-2-butanol, 4-Methyl-1-pentanol, 2-Methyl-1-propanol, 2-Methyl-2-propanol, 1-Nonanol, 2-Nonanol, 1-Octanol, 2-Octanol, 3-Octanol, 1-Pentanol, 2-Pentanol, 3-Pentanol, neo-Pentanol, (tert)-Pentanol, 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, 2-Propyl-1-pentanol, 1-Tridecanol, 1-Undecanol.
Test design
Duplicates. Each replicate was a six-ten step concentration series.
Measurements
Population density at 540 nm. Log Kow.
Evaluations
IGC50 using Probit Analysis of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1989). Quantitative structure-activity relatioships (QSAR)-Toxicity relationships.
[ref. ID; 979]
Test system
Rapid assessment of toxicants in water
Strains
Strain W (obtained from Dr. C. Loedolff, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg), axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
HgCl2 (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/l), CdCl2 (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/l), ZnSO4/7H2O (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/l), CuSO4 (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/l), PbCl2 (0, 0.001, 0.01, 1.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/l), Phenol (0, 85, 90, 200, and 500 mg/l), Ammonium-N [(NH4)2SO4] (0, 270, 275, 300, and 500 mg/l), Parathion (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/l), Pentachlorophenol (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.5 mg/l), Cyanide (0, 0.013, 0.014, 0.025, 0.05 mg/l).
Test design
4.75 ml cell suspensions (medium; 10.0 g/l proteose peptone No.3, 0.5 g/l dehydrated yeast extract, 2.5 g/l dextrose, 0.5 g/l sodium chloride, deionized water: pH 6.9) + 0.25 ml toxicant solution, dark. Temperature 27 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Oxygen uptake rate.
[ref. ID; 980]
Test system
Genotoxicity
Strains
Tetrahymena pyriformis strains S1 and BJ4 (amicronucleate strain), axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS)/0, 0.014, 0.14, 1.40, and 11.31 ppm, Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na)/0.9 ppb, and 0.15 ppm, Dichromate(K2Cr4O7 misspelling? K2Cr2O7)/0, 0.05, 5, and 16.7 ppm.
Test design
250 ml flasks in a medium consisting of 2% (w/v) polypeptone and 0.1% (w/v) glucose plus 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract. Temperature 25-28 degrees C.
- DNA content in micro- and macronuclei: Cells were obtained by gentle centrifugation (700 g) and the pellet was washed three times in isotonic Osterhout solution. The cells were recentrifuged and suspended, and the chemicals were added. Culture medium was centrifuged off after 5 h and cells were fixed in Carnoy's solution for 0.5 hr. Slides were Feulgen stained.
- Macronuclear DNA extrusion bodies (MaEB): The chemicals were removed after 4 hr. The cell recultured for 4 hr, then fixed with Carnoy's solution, stained with Feulgen, and counterstained with Fast Green.
Measurements/observations
DNA content in micro- and macronuclei using by spectrophotometry. Formation rate(%) of MaEB for strain BJ4.
[ref. ID; 981]
Test system
Effect on the locomotor rate
Strains
Strain HSM, axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
- CdCl2 (10ppm Cd2+): Cd 50 x CaCl2 (8.89x10E-5 M CdCl2 plus 2.68x10E-3 M CaCl2), Cd 25 x CaCl2 (8.89x10E-5 M CdCl2 plus 1.24x10E-3 M CaCl2), Cd 10 x CaCl2 (8.89x10E-5 M CdCl2 plus 5.37x10E-4 M CaCl2), Cd 1 x CaCl2 (8.89x10E-5 M CdCl2 plus 5.37x10E-5 M CaCl2).
- Cisplatin: Cisplatin (2x10E-3 M), Cisplatin x NaCl (2x10E-3 M plus 2x10E-2 M NaCl, 3x10E-2 M NaCl, 4x10E-2 M NaCl, 5x10E-2 M NaCl).
Test design
Chalkey's solution. Room temperature (21 degrees C).
Measurements/observations
Individual celluar locomotor rates by using stroboscopic photography.
[ref. ID; 990]
Test system
Acute toxicity (48-hr)
Strains
Axenic culture. Static conditions.
Toxicants
The aliphatic alcohols and ketons (Acetone, 1-Butanol, 2-Butanone, 1-Decanol, 2-Decanone, 1-Dodecanol, Ethanol, 1-Heptanol, 4-Heptanone, 1-Hexanol, Methanol, 1-Nonanol, 5-Nonanone, 1-Octanol, 2-Octanone, 1-Pentanol, 3-Pentanone, 2-Propanol, 1-Tridecanol, 1-Undecanol.
Test design
Duplicates. Each replicate was a five-step graded concentration series.
Measurements
Population density at 540 nm.
Evaluations
IGC50 using Probit Analysis of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 1985). Quantitative structure-activity relatioships (QSAR)-Toxicity relationships.
[ref. ID; 1319]
Test system
Growth inhibition
Strains
A2 (Obtained from Prof. Dr. Cleffmann, University of Giessen, D-6300, Giessen), axenically.
Toxicants
Cu2+ (CuSO4/5H2O), Cd2+ (CdCl2/2.5H2O), Mg2+ (MgCl2), Methylparathion, Lindane, 3,4-Dichloroaniline, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Atrazine, Pentachlorophenol.
Test design/concentrations
Medium (proteose peptone 750.0 mg/l, yeast extract 375.0 mg/l, liver extract 375.0 mg/l, glucose 375.0 mg/l, NaH2PO4/2H2O 750.0 mg/l, Na2HPO4/2H2O 850.5 mg/l, Fe and micronutrients (Fe(III)-citrate/H2O 12.5 mg/l, H3BO3 114.40 ug/l, MnSO4/H2O 72.40 ug/l, ZnSO4/7H2O 88.00 ug/l, CuSO4/5H2O 32.00 ug/l, Na2MoO4/2H2O 0.96 ug/l, and Co(NO3)2/6H2O 1.60 ug/l), pH 7.1-7.2, shaking. Temperature 24+/-1 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell density.
Evaluations
NOEC, EC50.
[ref. ID; 1875]
Test system
Effects of hydrophobicity on population growth
Strains
Strain GL. Naive (not previously exposed) cells and preexposed cells.
Toxicants/concentrations
Acetone (84, 117, and 182 mM), 2-decanone (0.03, 0.10, and 0.15 mM).
Test design
All experiments were performed in duplicate in 250-mL foam-stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks. Temperature 27+/-1 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number using Coulter counter Model Zm.
Evaluations
IGC, generation time, and lag time.
- The generation time were performed using the method described in Standard Methods (1976). The ln of cell density at a given sample adjusted for the initial cell density acts as the dependent variable, and time acts as the independent variable.
- The length of the lag time was estimated by subtracting the value of the y-intercept of the growth model from the value of the control y-intercept and then dividing the slope.
[ref. ID; 1897]
Test system
Model-Based QSAR for ionizable compounds
Toxicants
119 Phenols.
4-Acetoamidophenol, 2-Acetylphenol, 3-Acetylphenol, 4-Acetylphenol, 2-Allylphenol, 4-Benzyloxyyphenol, 4-Bromo-6-chloro-2-methylphenol, 4-Bromo-2,6-dichlorophenol, 4-Bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol, 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol, 2-Bromophenol, 4-Bromophenol, 4-Butoxyphenol, 2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-Di-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-Butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol, 2-tert-Butylphenol, 3-tert-Butylphenol, 4-sec-Butylphenol, 4-tert-Butylphenol, 3-Chloro-4-fluorophenol, 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 4-Chloro-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol, 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, 2-Chlorophenol, 3-Chlorophenol, 4-Chlorophenol, 2-Cyanophenol, 3-Cyanophenol, 4-Cyanophenol, 4-Cyclopentylphenol, 2,4-Dibromophenol, 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol, 2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol, 2,3-Dichlorophenol, 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,5-Dichlorophenol, 3,4-Dichlorophenol, 3,5-Dichlorophenol, 2,6-Difluorophenol, 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol, 2,3-Dimethylphenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, 2,5-Dimethylphenol, 3,4-Dimethylphenol, 3,5-Dimethylphenol, 2,6-Dinitro-4-methylphenol, 4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol, 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 2,5-Dinitrophenol, 2,6-Dinitrophenol, 2,6-Diphenylphenol, 4-Ethoxyphenol, Ethyl-3-hydroxybenzoate, Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-Ethylphenol, 3-Ethylphenol, 4-Ethylphenol, 2-Fluorophenol, 3-Fluorophenol, 4-Fluorophenol, 4-Heptyloxyphenol, 4-Hexyloxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyazobenzene, 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-Hydroxybenzaldoxime, 2-Hydroxybenzamide, 4-Hydroxybenzamide, 4-Hydroxybenzophenone, 2-Hydroxybenzylalcohol, 3-Hydroxybenzylalcohol, 4-Hydroxybenzylcyanide, 4-Hydroxyphenethylalcohol, 4-Hydroxyphenylmethane, 4-Hydroxypropiophenone, 3-Iodophenol, 4-Iodophenol, 2-Isopropylphenol, 3-Isopropylphenol, 4-Isopropylphenol, 3-Methoxyphenol, 4-Methoxyphenol, Methyl-3-hydroxybenzoate, Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-Methylphenol, 3-Methylphenol, 4-Methylphenol, 2-Nitrophenol, 3-Nitrophenol, 4-Nitrophenol, 4-Nitrosophenol, 4-tert-Octylphenol, Pentabromophenol, Pentachlorophenol, Pentafluorophenol, 4-Phenoxyphenol, 4-tert-Pentylphenol, Phenol, 2-phenylphenol, 3-phenylphenol, 4-phenylphenol, 4-Propylphenol, 3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo-2-methylphenol, 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluorophenol, 2,4,6-Tribromophenol, 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, alpha-3-Trifluoro-p-cresol, 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol, 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol, 3,4,5-Trimethylphenol, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol.
Data sets
Schultz and Riggin 1985, Schultz et al. 1986, 1990, 1992, Cajina-Quezada and Schultz 1990, Jaworska and Schultz 1993, Bryant and Schultz 1994.
- Population growth inhibition (logT where T=1/IGC50 and IGC50 is the concentration in nmol/L reducing the growth to 50% of the control after 96 hr exposure).
- 1-Octanol/Water partition coefficients P are either experimental values found in LOGKOW databank (Sangster Research Laboratories, Montreal, Canada) or the estimates made by the CLOGP program (version 3.53, Pomona Medicinal Chemistry Project, Claremont, CA).
Evaluations
The values of the adjustable parameters in the toxicity-acidity-hydrophobicity profiles were optimized by non-linear regression analysis using the software Tablecurve3D (version 1.0, Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA, 1993).
[ref. ID; 1984]
Test system
40-hr assay
Toxicants
1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone.
Test design
Following the protocol described by Schultz (1996).
Measurements/observations
Population density measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm.
Evaluations
IGC50, by Probit Analysis of Statistical Analysis System.
[ref. ID; 2681]
Test system
96-hr and 7 days population growth test
Strains
Strain W, axenically.
Toxicants
Aroclor 1248, Aroclor 1260.
Test design/concentrations
Medium (2% (w/v) proteose peptone, 0.1% (w/v) dehydrated yeast extract, 0.5% (w/v) glucose). Temperature 26 degrees C.
- Short-term test (96-hr): Aroclor 1248 concentration (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/l) x 6 replicates, Aroclor 1260 concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/l) x 6 replicates.
- Long-term test (7-days): Aroclor 1260 concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/l) x 3 replicates.
Measurements/observations
Growth rate, population density (absorbance at 540 nm).
[ref. ID; 2682]
Test system
96-hr and 7 days population growth test
Strains
Strain W, axenic.
Toxicants
Mirex (dodecachlorooctohydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene), Aroclor 1254.
Test design/concentrations
Glass tube 18x150 mm (medium: (2% (w/v) proteose peptone, 0.1% (w/v) dehydrated yeast extract, 0.5% (w/v) glucose). Temperature 26 degrees C.
- Mirex concentration (0, 0.009, 0.09, and 0.9 ug/l) x 5 replicates.
- Aroclor 1254 concentration (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 ug/l) x 6 replicates.
Measurements/observations
Growth rate, population density (absorbance at 540 nm).
[ref. ID; 3327]
Test system
2-days population growth impairment
Strains
Toxicants
100 organic chemicals.
Acenaphthene, Acetaldoxime, 2-Acetyl-1-Methylpyrrole, 3'-Aminoacetophenone, 2-Aminobenzamide, 2-Amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine, 1-(2-Aminioethyl)piperazine, 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine, 1-Amino-2-propanol, 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine, Anthraquinone,
2,3-Benzofuran, Benzoic acid sodium salt, 1-Benzoylacetone, 3-Benzyloxyaniline, 1-Benzylpyridinium-3-sulfonate, 1-Bromoheptane, 1-Bromohexane, 1-Bromooctane, 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde, 3-Bromothiophene, 2-Butanone oxime, Butyl sulfide,
Carbon tetrachloride, Chloroacetonitrile, 2-Chloroethanol, 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline, 2-Chloro-6-methylbenzonitrile
1-Chloro-2-propanol, 3-Chloro-1-propanol, 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde, 3-Cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxpyridine, Cyclohexanone,
Cyclohexanone oxime, gamma-Decanolactone, 1,2-Diaminopropane, 1,3-Diaminopropane, 2,4-Diaminotoulene, 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 2,3-Dibromopropanol, Dibutyl isophthalate, Dibutyl succinate, Di-n-butyl terephthalate, 2,2-Dichloroacetamide, 2',4'-Dichloroacetophenone, 2,4-Dichlorobenzamide, 1,3-Dichloro-4,6-dinitrobenzene, 1,4-Dicyanobutane, 1,6-Dicyanohexane, Diethanolamine, n,n-Diethylacetamide, Diethyl benzylphosphonate, Diethyl chloromalonate, n,n-Diethylethanolamine, 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, Dimethyl aminoterephthalate, 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone, 3,3-Dimethylglutaric acid, 4,6-Dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, Dimethyl nitroterephthalate, 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol, (+,-)-1,2-Dimethylpropylamine, Diphenyl phthalate,
2-Ethylpyridine,
Flavone,
1,5-Hexadien-3-ol, Trans-3-hexen-1-ol,
Lauryl acrylate,
Malononitrile, Methyl-4-chlorobenzoate, Methyl-4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate, 2,2'-Methylenebis(4-Chlorophenol),
2,2'-Methylenebis(3,4,6-Trichlorophenol), 5-Methyl-2-hexanone, 2-Methylimidazole, 3-Methylindole, 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol, 1-Methylpiperazine,
4-Nitrophenyl phenyl ether,
2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline, Phenyl-4-aminosalicylate, Propionic acid sodium salt, n-Propylsulfide,
3-(3-Pyridyl)-1-propanol,
Toluene, 2,4,5-Tribromoimidazole, 2',3',4'-Trichloroacetophenone, 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene,
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, Triethanolamine, 2,4,6-Triiodophenol, 2,4,5-Trimethyloxazole, Trimethylphosphate,
Triphenyl phosphate, Triphenylphosphine oxide,
n-Vinylcarbazole,
Xanthone, 4-Xylene.
Test design
The protocol described by Schultz, 1997. Each definitive test replicate consisted of six to eight different concentrations with duplicate flasks of each concentration.
Measurements/observations
Population density was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm.
Evaluation
IGC50 using the probit analysis routine in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software.
[ref. ID; 3351]
Test system
Strains
Strain GL.
Toxicants
Epinigericin, Nigericin.
[ref. ID; 3554]
Test system
Acute toxicity
Strains
Strain GL.
Toxicants
Hg (as HgCl2), Cd (as CdCl2), Cu (as CuSO4), Zn (as ZnSO4), Cr (as CrO3 and K2Cr2O7), Mn (as MnSO4/H2O), Fe (as FeCl3/6H2O and FeSO4/7H2O), Pb (as Pb(NO3)2), Co (as CoSO4/7H2O), Ni (as NiSO4/6H2O), As (as Na2HAsO4/7H2O), carbaryl, malathion, parathion ethyl, parathion methyl, lindane, deltamethrin, chlorpropham (CIPC), atrazine, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), thiram (TMTD), ziram, zineb, denitro-o-cresol (DNOC), pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenolate (Na-PCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), phenol, acetone, and dimethyl sufoxide (DMSO).
Test design
- FDA method: A T. pyriformis culture in an exponential growh phase was centrifugated for 10 min at 800 rpm. The pellet was suspended in VOlvic mineral water to obtain a cell concentration of 1000 cell/ml. One milliliter of this dilution was incubated with contaminants for 1 hr (at 28 degrees C, in darkenss). No modification of the fluorescein dye was noted for pH values ranging from 5.5 to 9.0. Each toxicity test comprised a control and six different toxicant of concentrations. Replicates were six to eight.
- Flask technique: Test cultures were prepared by inoculating T. pyriformis from stock cultures into 100 ml of PPYS (proteose-peptone yeast salts) medium in 500-ml Fernbach flasks. Fifteen hours later, the chemical substances were added (five different concentrations and a control). The flasks were incubated at 28 degrees C in darkness. One-milliliter aliquots were withdrawn from cultures immediately after tretment with the test substances (t0) and then every hour for 9 hr (three generation times).
Measurements/observations
- FDA method: After incubation, 1 ml of a FDA was added [final concentration of DMSO, 0.12% (v/v)]. After 30 min, the flourescein was measured by a spectrofluorimetric reader (Kontron SEM, Kontron, Milan, Italy) with a 485-nm excitation filter and a 510-nm emission filter.
- Flask technique: Cell density using by Coulter Counter.
Evaluations
1-hr IC50, 9-hr IC50.
[ref. ID; 3842]
Test system
Cytotoxicity
Strains
Axenic stationary-growth-phase T. pyriformis (obtained from Dr. J. Kennedy, Dept. of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville).
Toxicants
Shale oil retort water (provided by the Laramie Energy Research Center, Laramie, Wyoming, consisted of centrifuged water of combustion from the Laramie 150-ton simulated in situ oil shale retort process).
Test design
- 1. Behavior: The appearance and motility of cells exposed to 0.5-5% (v/v) retort water at 30, 60, 150, and 300 min.
- 2. O2 consumption: The procedure of Schultz et al. (1977, 1978) with final toxicant concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5%. Samples were monitored at 15-min intervals for 300 min. Temperature 28 degrees C.
- 3. Population growth: Test cultures were grown in optically matched 2.5x15 cm glass culture tubes, each containing 20 ml of medium; each was inoculated with 0.2 ml of log-phase culture and maintained in a 28 degrees C water bath. Toxicants concentrations 0.1. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%.
Measurements/observations
Cytology using by TEM.
- 1. Behavior: Phase microscopy.
- 2. O2 consumption: Respirometer.
- 3. Population growth: Cell densities using Bausch & Lomb 340 spectrophotometer at 540 nm.
[ref. ID; 3976]
Test system
Inhibition of heme biosynthesis
Strains
GL, axenically.
Toxicants
SnCl4, CoCl2.
Test design/concentrations
Temperature 28.5 degrees C. 2.8 liter Fernbach flask containing 1 liter of medium (2% proteose peptone medium, 1% yeast extract, and 6 ug/ml iron Sequestrene 330 [Na ferric diethylenetriaminepentaacetate], with shaking (65 cycles/min). Final concentration of metal 250 uM.
Measurements/observations
Cell density, protoporphylin IX.
[ref. ID; 4019]
Test system
Cytotoxicity
Strains
GL-C, syngen 1, axenically.
Toxicant
Phenol.
Test design/concentrations
Semi-defined proteose peptone medium. Temperature 28 degrees C.
- Effect of respiration rate: Phenol concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg/l) x exposure time x more 3 replicates.
- Effect of population growth rate: Phenol concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/l) x 3 replicates.
Measurements/observations
Respiratory rate, growth rate, fine structural changes.
[ref. ID; 4026]
Test system
24-hr exposure test
Strains
GL, axenically.
Toxicants
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Test design/concentrations
Medium (2% (w/v) proteose peptone medium + 0.1% (w/v) liver extract and salts) + DMSO 7.5% (v/v). Temperature 28 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number, food vacuole forming capacity, fine structural changes.
[ref. ID; 4084]
Test system
24-hr growth inhibition, DNA synthesis radio activity test
Strains
NT-1
Toxicants
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), penfluridol, pimozide.
Test conditions
Medium (Wagner's solution). Temperature 26 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number, [methyl-3H]thymidine labeling of DNA.
Evaluations
IG50.
[ref. ID; 4499]
Test system
40-hr population growth kinetic assays
Strains
Toxicants
11 cyanoacetates: Allyl ester, n-amyl ester, n-butyl ester, Cyclohexyl ester, n-decyl ester, Ethyl ester, 2-ethylhexyl ester, Ethylphenyl ester, Isopropyl ester, 2-methyl cyanoacetate, Methyl ester, n-octyl ester.
Test design
The protocol by Schultz (1997), this static 40-hr assay.
Measurements/observations
Population density (spectrophotometrically at 540 nm).
Evaluations
IGC50 using probit analysis of Statiscal Analysis System (SAS) software.
[ref. ID; 4568]
Test system
24 hr acute toxicity
Strains
From Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, CEH Windermere, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK (CCAP) CCAP 1630/1W.
Toxicants
Sheep dip formulations 1) OP, Ectomort (Young's Animal Health, UK) containing 8% propetamphos as the active ingredient, 2) SP, Bayticol (Bayer, Germany) containing 6% flumethrin as the active ingredient.
Test design/concentration
96-well microtiter plates, concentrations ranging from 0.00001% to 1% (dip formulation:total volume), 20 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Viability by phase contrast inverted microscopy.
Evaluations
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
[ref. ID; 4709]
Test system
Population growth and growth recover
Strains
Singen I obtained from Dr. J.G. Jones, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull (U.K.), axenically.
Toxicants
Fenthion, Parathion, methyl-parathion.
Test design/concentrations
- Population growth (6 days): Conical flask containing 50 ml sterile medium, concentration 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 ppm (control: without insecticide and acetone and containing 0.5% acetone), 5 to 6 replicates.
- Population growth recover: Ciliates exposed insecticide for 3 days, subsequently, animals were centrifuged, washed repeatedly with Chalkley's medium and transferred to 50 ml of insecticide free Chalkley's medium supplemented with 0.1% yeast extract. Concentration (Parathion and Fenthion 1.0 and 5.0 ppm, methyl-parathion 5.0 and 10.0 ppm).
Measurements/observations
Counting cells by haemocytometer, surface area, cell volume.
Evaluations
F-test (Analysis of variance), LSD (Least significant difference).
[ref. ID; 4762]
Test system
Population dynamic in exponential cultures or synchoronous cultures
Strains
GL (l'Institut Biologique de la Foundation Carlsberg de Copenhague), axenic culture.
Toxicants/concentrations
Epimeric polyether carboxylic antibiotics (epinigericin, nigericin). 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35 mg/l.
Temperature
28 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number (Coulter Counter: microorifice 200 um).
Evaluations
CI50.
[ref. ID; 4809]
Test system
Strains
Micronucleus-free strain GL, axenically.
Toxicants
Thiram.
Test design/concentrations
Cell concentrations (0.5-0.6x10E4, 2-2.5x10E4, 4-4.5x10E4 cells/ml) + thiram 0.4 mg/l. Temperature 28 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell density (Coulter Counter).
Evaluations
Generation time.
[ref. ID; 4855]
Test system
Strains
Micronucleus-free strain GL, axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
Epimeric polyether carboxylic antibiotics (epinigericin, epigrisorixin, grisorixin, nigericin). 10 mg/l.
Measurements/observations
Cell number (Coulter Counter), morphology (silver proteinate impregnation), DNA and RNA synthesis (radioactive tracer).
Evaluations
Generation time.
[ref. ID; 4939]
Test system
Strains
GL-C, axenically.
Toxicants
LaCl3.
Test design/concentrations
Temperature 28 degrees C. 0.5-2% proteose peptone medium (pH 7.2), concentrations (0.5-2.0 mM La3+, control) x 5 replicates.
Measurements/observations
Cell density (Coulter Counter), endocytic capacity, cell shape.
Evaluations
Proliferation, motility.
[ref. ID; 6004]
Test system
Sublethal toxicity and detoxication
Strains
Strain W was obtained from the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa (Cambridge).
Toxicants
Zinc sulfate (Zn2+: 6 and 60 ppm), Cadmium sulfate (Cd2+: 0.2 and 2 ppm), and Zn2+ (6 ppm) + Cd2+ (2 ppm).
Test design
Growth medium (proteose peptone 1%, yeast extract 0.25%) 190 ml + toxicants solution 10 ml + inoculation 1 ml (7.5x10E5 organisms) in flask, 25 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell density, ultrastructural abnormalities, electron probe X-ray microanalysis.
Evaluations
Specific growth rates.
[ref. ID; 6085]
Test system
Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity (24-hr LC50 and LC100)
Strains
GL-C, syngen 1, axenically.
Toxicants
Acridine (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 20, 30, 40 mg litre-1).
Test design
Temperature 28 degrees C.
- No. 1. Acute toxicity (procedure of Schultz et al. (1978) with recommended four-salt 'soft" and 'hard' water systems (USEPA, 1978)).
- No. 2. Respiration (procedure of Schultz et al. (1978) using by a Gilson model GR-20 medical respirometer and a Yellow Springs Model 53 biological oxygen monitor).
Measurements/observations
Cell size and number (Coulter COunter), oxygen consumption, protein (a Bio-Rad protein assay kit) and glycogen (anthrone method) contents, and ultrastructure (SEM and TEM).
[ref. ID; 6093]
Test system
The effect of cadmium on cell growth and accumulation
Strains
GL, phenoset A of T. pyriformis from the Carlsberg Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, axenic culture.
Toxicants
River (Ourthe, Vesdre, and Meuse near Liege, Belgium) Water + Cadmium sulphate (50~200 ug Cd/l).
Measurements
Cell number, cadmium content of cells.
Evaluations
The linear relationship between growth reduction versus Cd concentration in the culture.
[ref. ID; 6097]
Test system
The effects on the population growth (1-5 days)
Strains
Syngen-I obtained from Dr J.G. Jones, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hull, UK, axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
Dieldrin, Dimethoate, Permethrin (1, 10, 50, and 100 ug/ml).
Test design
15 ml test tube (5 ml medium (1% proteose peptone, 0.5% NaCl and 0.3% yeast extract)), 27+/-1 degrees C, dark.
Measurements
Cell number, significant change in morphology, shape and size.
[ref. ID; 6098]
Test system
The effects on nucleic acids, viz. DNA, RNA and protein and carbohydrate contents
Strains
The test organism was collected from a nearby freshwater pond and cultured in hay infusion supplemented with meat extract. Stationary phase cultures used.
Toxicant/concentrations
Lindane (20, 40, 60 and 80 ug/ml).
Test design
23+/-2 degrees C, triplicate.
Measurements
Cell number, total nucleic acid (RNA and DNA), protein content (the method of Lowry et al., 1951), and carbohydrate content (the method of Herbert et al., 1971).
[ref. ID; 6709]
Test system
Model for predicting the toxicity (Shuffing-ANFIS (adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system)-ANN (artificial neural networks) model)
Toxicants
Diverse data set consisted of 268 substituted benzene compounds such as phenols, monosubstituted nitrobenzenes, multiply substituted nitrobenzens and benzonitriles was taken from (Cronin & Schultz 2001). The toxicity expresssed as 50% grown inhibition concentration (pIGC50).
3-Acetoamidophenol,
2-Allylphenol,
2-Aminobenzonitrile,
3-Aminobenzonitrile,
4-Aminobenzonitrile,
2-Aminophenol,
3-Aminophenol,
4-Aminophenol,
2,4-Diaminophenol,
2-Amino-4-tert-butyphenol,
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzonitrile,
2-Amino-4-chlorophenol,
2-Amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol,
4-Amino-2-cresol,
3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid,
5-Amino-2-methoxyphenol,
6-Amino-2,4-dimethylphenol,
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol,
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol,
Benzonitrile,
4-Biphenylcarbonitrile,
4-Bromobenzonitrile,
3,4,5,6-Tetrabromo-2-cresol,
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,
2-Bromonitrobenzene,
3-Bromonitrobenzene,
4-Bromonitrobenzene,
2,5-Dibromonitrobenzene,
2-Bromophenol,
3-Bromophenol,
4-Bromophenol,
2,4-Dibromophenol,
2,4,6-Tribromophenol,
Pentabromophenol,
4-Bromo-2,6-dichlorophenol,
2-Bromo-4-methylphenol,
4-Bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol,
4-Bromo-3,5-dimethylphenol,
4-Bromo-6-chloro-2-methylphenol,
6-Bromo-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,6-Bromo-4-nitrophenol,
3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde,
5-Bromovanillin,
4-Butoxynitrobenzene,
4-Butoxyphenol,
2-sec-Butylphenol,
2-tert-Butylphenol,
3-tert-Butylphenol,
4-tert-Butylphenol,
2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol,
6-tert-Butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol,
3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol,
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,
2-Chlorobenzonitrile,
3-Chlorobenzonitrile,
4-Chlorobenzonitrile,
4-Chloro-3-ethylphenol,
3-Chloro-4-fluorophenol,
2,6-Dichloro-4-fluorophenol,
4-Chloro-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol,
3-Chloro-5-methoxyphenol,
4-Chloro-3-methoxyphenol,
2-Chloro-5-methylphenol,
4-Chloro-2-methylphenol,
2-Chloro-4,5-dimethylphenol,
4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol,
2-Chloronitrobenzene,
3-Chloronitrobenzene,
4-Chloronitrobenzene,
6-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,3-Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,4-Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,5-Dichloronitrobenzene,
3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene,
3,5-Dichloronitrobenzene,
4,6-Dichloro-1,2-dinitrobenzene,
2,3,4-Trichloronitrobenzene,
2,4,5-Trichloronitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trichloronitrobenzene,
2,3,4,5-Tetrachloronitrobenzene,
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene,
2,4,5-Trichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-dinitrobenzene,
4-Chloro-6-nitro-mcresol,
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol,
4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol,
2,4-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol,
2,4-Chloro-6-nitrophenol,
2-Chloromethyl-4-nitrophenol,
4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene,
2-Chlorophenol,
3-Chlorophenol,
4-Chlorophenol,
2,3-Dichlorophenol,
2,4-Dichlorophenol,
2,5-Dichlorophenol,
2,6-Dichlorophenol,
3,4-Dichlorophenol,
3,5-Dichlorophenol,
2,3,5-Trichlorophenol,
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol,
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol,
2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol,
Pentachlorophenol,
4-Cresol,
2-Cyanophenol,
3-Cyanophenol,
4-Cyanophenol,
4-Cyanoacetophenone,
3-Cyanobenzaldehyde,
4-Cyanobenzaldehyde,
2-Cyanopyridine,
3-Cyanopyridine,
4-Cyanopyridine,
4-Cyanobenzamide,
1,2-Dicyanobenzene,
3-Cyano-4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxypyridine,
1-Cyanonaphthalene,
2-Ethoxyphenol,
4-Ethoxyphenol,
3-Ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol,
3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
2-Ethylphenol,
3-Ethylphenol,
4-Ethylphenol,
Ethyl-4-cyanobenzoate,
Ethyl-3-hydroxybenzoate,
Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate,
Ethyl-4-nitrobenzoate,
4-Ethylnitrobenzene,
2-Fluorophenol,
3-Fluorophenol,
4-Fluorophenol,
2,4-Difluorophenol,
2,6-Difluorophenol,
2,3,5,6-Tetrafluorophenol,
Pentafluorophenol,
5-Fluoro-2-nitrophenol,
4-Fluorobenzonitrile,
4-Fluoronitrobenzene,
alpha alpha alpha-Trifluoro-4-cresol,
4-Hydroxyacetanilide,
2-Hydroxyacetophenone,
3-Hydroxyacetophenone,
4-Hydroxyacetophenone,
3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
4-Hydroxybenzamide,
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid,
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid,
2-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol,
3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol,
4-Hydroxypropiophenone,
4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol,
2-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylacetophenone,
5-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde,
3-Iodophenol,
4-Iodophenol,
6-Iodo-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol,
2-Isopropylphenol,
3-Isopropylphenol,
4-Isopropylphenol,
Isovanillin,
3-Methoxybenzonitrile,
4-Methoxybenzonitrile,
2-Methoxyphenol,
3-Methoxyphenol,
4-Methoxyphenol,
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol,
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol,
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
3-Methoxysalicylaldehyde,
4-Methylcyanophenol,
2-Methylphenol,
3-Methylphenol,
2,3-Dimethylphenol,
2,4-Dimethylphenol,
2,5-Dimethylphenol,
3,4-Dimethylphenol,
3,5-Dimethylphenol,
2,3,5-Trimethylphenol,
2,3,6-Trimethylphenol,
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol,
3,4,5-Trimethylphenol,
3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol,
4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol,
4-Methyl-3-nitrophenol,
Methyl-4-cyanobenzoate,
Methyl-3-hydroxybenzoate,
Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate,
3-Methyl-4-bromonitrobenzene,
3-Methyl-2-chloronitrobenzene,
Methyl-4-nitrobenzoate,
5-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene,
6-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene,
2,3-Dimethylnitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trimethylnitrobenzene,
3-Nitro-acetophenone,
2-Nitroaniline,
3-Nitroaniline,
2-Nitroanisole,
4-Nitroanisole,
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Nitrobenzaldoxime,
2-Nitrobenzamide,
3-Nitrobenzamide,
4-Nitrobenzamide,
Nitrobenzene,
1,2-Dinitrobenzene,
1,3-Dinitrobenzene,
1,4-Dinitrobenzene,
2-Nitrobenzoic acid,
3-Nitrobenzoic acid,
4-Nitrobenzoic acid,
2-Nitrobenzonitrile,
3-Nitrobenzonitrile,
4-Nitrobenzonitrile,
2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
3,4-Dinitrobenzyl alcohol,
3,5-Dinitrobenzyl alcohol,
4-Nitrobenzyl chloride,
2-Nitrobiphenyl,
3-Nitrobiphenyl,
4-Nitrodiphenylamine,
2-Nitrophenol,
3-Nitrophenol,
4-Nitrophenol,
2,3-Dinitrophenol,
2,4-Dinitrophenol,
2,5-Dinitrophenol,
2,6-Dinitrophenol,
3,4-Dinitrophenol,
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol,
4-Nitrophenetole,
4-Nitrophenylacetonitrile,
4-Nitrosophenol,
2-Nitrotoluene,
3-Nitrotoluene,
4-Nitrotoluene,
2,6-Dinitro-4-cresol,
4,6-Dinitro-2-cresol,
1,2-Dinitro-4,5-dichlorobenzene,
Phenol,
4-Cyclopentylphenol,
4-Heptyloxyphenol,
4-Hexyloxyphenol,
4-Nonylphenol,
4-tert-Octylphenol,
4-tert-Pentylphenol,
4-Propylphenol,
Salicylic acid,
Salicylaldehyde,
Salicylaldoxime,
Salicylamide,
Salicylhydrazide,
Salicylhydroxamic acid,
Syringaldehyde,
2-Tolunitrile,
3-Tolunitrile,
4-Tolunitrile.
[ref. ID; 6765]
Test system
Strains
Toxicants
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
[ref. ID; 6839]
Test system
Bioavailability and Biodegradation
Strains
Strain GL.
Toxicants
1-Octanol (11.0, 16.0, 20.0 mg/l), solvent (DMSO).
Test design
All experiments were performed in foam-stoppered 3-L Erlenmeyer flasks containing a total volume of 700 ml. Temperature 27+/-1 degrees C.
- Population growth impairment experiments: Log growth T. pyriformis (1.0x10E4 cell/ml) were inoculated at T(0). Sampling time 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 hours.
- Biodegradation samples: 0, 4, and 8 days.
- Bioavailability: Using the solid-phase microextraction technique.
Measurements/observations
Cell number using the Coulter Counter.
[ref. ID; 6981]
Toxicity data (2-day population growh inhibition) from literature.
[ref. ID; 7004]
Test system
Population growth kinetics
Strains
Strain GL.
Toxicants/concentrations
Nonpolar narcotics (butylbenzene: 0.034, 0.039, 0.042, 0.045 mM, 2-decanone: 0.01, 0.03, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 mM, anisole: 0.46, 0.92, 1.39, 2.31, 2.77 mM, 1-pentanol: 3.40, 5.67, 7.94, 11.34, 14.18 mM, acetone: 84.37, 100.72, 117.08, 149.79, 181.65 mM, and ethanol: 108.53, 217.06, 254.99, 318.74, 424.99 mM).
Test design
All experiments were performed in 250-ml foam-stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks. Temperature 27+/-1 degrees C.
Log growth T. pyriformis (1.2x10E3 cells/ml) were inoculated at T(0). Duplicate. Exposure period 8 hr.
Measurements/observations
Cell number.
Evaluations
Linear model by Statistical Analysis Software, SAS, generation time, and lag phase.
[ref. ID; 7043]
Test system
Accumulation and metabolism
Strains
Toxicants
1 ppm p,p'-DDT and its metabolites (p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT and DDMU).
Test design
- Accumulation test: 2 ml of 2 hr old culture were added to 98 ml sterilized proteose peptone medium in 250 ml conical flasks. These flasks were periodically shaken. 3 replications. Exposure time 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192, and 240 hr.
- Elimination test: Ciliates were treated with 1 ppm p,p'-DDT/metabolite under standard experimental conditions for 4 days and then transferred to a toxicant free medium. Sampling time 0, 3, 12, and 24 hr.
Measurements/observations
p,p'-DDT/metabolites concentration in Tetrahymena.
[ref. ID; 7337]
Test system
Capillary tube chemoresponse assay
Strains
A strain from Ward's Biology identified as "Tetrahymena pyriformis".
Chemorepellents
External GTP (Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate), the oxidant NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium), the secretagogue Alcian Blue, the dye Cibacron Blue, the secretagogue AED (Aminoethyldextran), the oxidant Cytochrome C.
Test design
Samples were concentrated by spinning in a desk top centrifuge at 750 g for 1-2 min and washed by resuspending the cells in a buffer and repelleting the cells. 0.175 ml of washed cells (about 20,000-25,000 cells/ml) were added to a capillary tube and placed on a horizontal surface under a dissecting microscope to equilibrate. The capillary tubes used for the chemorepellent assays were 10.16 cm long with 1.65 mm outer diameter and 1.1 mm inner diameter. A 10 ul volume of either a test solution or a control solution was added to each end. The number of cells at each end of the capillary tube (within 1.0 cm of the end) were then counted, typically after 5 min. Temperature 25 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Cell number.
Evaluations
EC50.
[ref. ID; 7348]
Test system
The pH-dependent effects of 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Strains
Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, axenically.
Toxicants
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP).
Test design
- Growth test: Exposure time 6 hr.
Initial medium pH 6.9 in 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.1 mM DNP.
Initial medium pH 6.55 in 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.15 mM DNP.
Initial medium pH 6.85 in 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM, and 0.15 mM DNP.
- Endocytosis (Capacity of cells to form food vacuoles) test: Endocytic activity was determined by a 10-min exposure to carmine particles suspended in a medium identical to that of the cells. Sampling time was made after 1, 3, 5 or 6, and 24 hr.
Experimental design
DNP was added in three different concentrations to 50-ml (final volume) cell cultures originating from two pooled 100-ml cultures inocuated identically the previously day, another 50-ml culture served as control. To each culture an equal volume of distilled water/DNP was added to make final volumes of 50 ml. Addition of DNP did not change the pH of the medium. pH was adjusted with NaOH of HCl. The pH of all Tetrahymena cultures rose to 7.0 during 6-hr period. After 24 hr, pH was 7.4. The cultures were not agitated as DNP-treated cells were sensitive to shaking. Temperature 28 degrees C.
Measurement/observations
pH, DNP concetration. Cell densities using an electronic particle counter.
[ref. ID; 7465]
Test system
Cytotoxic effect
Strains
Amicronucleate Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, axenically.
Toxicants
Sodium orthovanadate
Test design
Proliferating culture (25-40,000 cells/ml). Temperature 28 degrees C.
- The effect on cell doubling: Concentrations (control, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mM). 6-12 experiments per concentration. Exposure time 6 hr.
- Endocytosis: Concentrations (control, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mM). 6-12 experiments per concentration. Exposure time 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr.
- Cell motility: Concentrations (control, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM). 3 experiments per concentration. Exposure time 1, 3 and 5 hr.
- Induction of aberrantly-shaped cells: 5 hr in 2 mM and 3 hr in 5 mM. 1, 3, 5, and 24 hr in 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM.
- Fine structure of cells: 4, 26 hr in 0.5-5.0 mM.
Measurements/observations
- Cell density using by Coulter Multisizer II.
- Endocytic capacity (the number of labelled food vacuoles, %) was measured by a 10-min exposure of 2-ml culture to 2-ml carmine particles (0.4 mg/ml) suspended in the same medium as the cells.
- Cell motility was recorded during a 1-sec exposure at low microscopic power. After photographic enlargement, cell traces were measured using a semiautomatic Image Analysis system.
- Volumes of cell and macronucleus were measured on video prints of optical sections througth fixed cells using a light microscope.
- Surface structures using by nigrosin.
[ref. ID; 7711]
Test system
The morphologenetic dynamics of the various monster forms
Strains
Amicronucleate strain ST (originating from Suyama's collection).
Toxicants
CdCl2 10 ug/ml.
Test desgin
A low density population: 2,000 cells/ml. A high density population: about 10E5 cells/ml
Measurements/observations
Cells concentration using a Coulter counter. Morphology and morphogenesis
[ref. ID; 7723]
Test system
The effects of low dose rate U.V. irradiation
Strains
Strain WH6 syngen I, axenically.
Toxicants
U.V. irradiation, 1,000 and 3,600 ergs/mm2.
Test design
Temperature 25+/-0.1 degrees. U.V. irradiation period: 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr.
Evaluatiaons
DNA, RNA and protein synthesis cytophotometric study.
[ref. ID; 7761]
Test system
The effect on stomatogenesis
Strains
Heat shock synchronized axenic cultures of T. pyriformis GL.
Toxicants
Thiram (TMTD) concentrations: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 ug/l.
Test design
The addition of thiram were after the end of the 6th shock (T0), T10, T30, T50, T60, T90 (10, 30, 50, 60, 90 min after T0).
Measurements/observations
Generation time and stomatogenesis.
[ref. ID; 7771]
Test system
QSARs (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) models for the toxicity
Strains
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Toxicants
Aromatic aldehydes (77 compounds):
4-Acetamidobenzaldehyde,
2-Anisaldehyde,
3-Anisaldehyde,
4-Anisaldehyde, Benzaldehyde,
4-Biphenylcarboxaldehyde,
2-Bromobenzaldehyde,
3-Bromobenzaldehyde,
4-Bromobenzaldehyde, 3-Bromo-4-hydroxycarboxaldehyde,
5-Bromosalicylaldehyde,
5-Bromovanillin,
4-Butoxybenzaldehyde,
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde,
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde,
2-Chloro-6-fluorobenzaldehyde,
6-Chloro-2-fluoro-3-methylbenzaldehyde, 3-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde,
2-Chloro-4-hydroxycarboxaldehyde, 2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde,
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde,
5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde,
3-Cyanobenzaldehyde, 4-Cyanobenzaldehyde,
3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxycarboxaldehyde,
3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde,
2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde, 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde,
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde,
2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde,
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde,
4,6-Dimethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxycarboxaldehyde, 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde,
4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde,
3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxycarboxaldehyde, Ethylbenzaldehyde,
2-Fluorenecarboxaldehyde,
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde,
3-Fluorobenzaldehyde,
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2-Hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde,
4-Hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde,
3-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde, 5-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde,
2-Hydroxy-3-nitrocarboxaldehyde,
4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde,
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-Methoxysalicylaldehyde,
2-Methyl-1-naphthaldehyde,
4-Methyl-1-naphthaldehyde,
1-Naphthaldehyde,
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
Pentafluorobenzaldehyde,
Phenanthrene-9-carboxaldehyde,
4-(Pentyloxy)benzaldehyde, 4-Phenoxybenzaldehyde,
Phenyl-1,3-dialdehyde,
Terephthaldicarboxaldehyde,
2-Tolualdehyde,
3-Tolualdehyde,
p-Tolualdehyde, 2,3,5-Trichlorobenzaldehyde,
2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde,
2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde,
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde.
Data set
Taken from T.I. Netzeva & T.W. Schultz (2005)
[ref. ID; 7772]
Test system
HiT QSAR (Hierarchical Technology for Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) models for the prediction of toxicity
Strains
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Toxicants
Nitroaromatic compounds (206 compounds):
2-Amino-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol,
2-Amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol,
4-Amino-3,5-dinitrobenzamide,
2-Amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene,
3-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene,
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol,
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol,
ANTA (3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine),
2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline,
6-Bromo-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
4-Bromo-2-fluoro-6-nitroanisole,
4-Bromo-2-fluoro-6-nitrophenol,
2-Bromo-2'-hydroxy-5'-nitroacetanilide,
2-Bromonitrobenzene,
3-Bromonitrobenzene,
4-Bromonitrobenzene,
4-Butoxynitrobenzene,
4-(tert)Butyl-2,6-dinitrophenol,
4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline,
6-Chloro-2,4-dinitroaniline,
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene,
4-Chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile,
5-Chloro-2,4-dinitrotoluene,
3-Chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene,
2-Chloromethyl-4-nitrophenol,
2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline,
2-Chloro-6-nitroaniline,
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde,
2-Chloro-6-nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Chloro-6-nitrobenzaldehyde,
5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzamide,
2-Chloronitrobenzene,
3-Chloronitrobenzene,
4-Chloronitrobenzene,
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzonitrile,
4-Chloro-6-nitromcresol,
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol,
4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol,
4-Chloro-3-nitrophenol,
2,4-Chloro-6-nitrophenol,
2-Chloro-6-nitrotoluene,
4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene,
CL-14,
CL-20,
Diaminoazofurazan,
2,4-Dibromo-6-nitroaniline,
2,5-Dibromonitrobenzene,
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol,
2,4-Dichloro-6-nitroaniline,
4,5-Dichloro-2-nitroaniline,
1,3-Dichloro-4,6-dinitrobenzene,
4,6-Dichloro-1,2-dinitrobenzene,
2,3-Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,4-Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,5-Dichloronitrobenzene,
3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene,
3,5-Dichloronitrobenzene,
2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol,
4,5-Difluoro-2-dinitrobenzene,
1,5-Difluoro-2,4-nitroaniline,
2,5-Difluoronitrobenzene,
2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol,
1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene,
1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene,
2,3-Dimethylnitrobenzene,
Dimethylnitroterephthalate,
2,4-Dinitroaniline,
2,6-Dinitroaniline,
3,5-Dinitroaniline,
1,2-Dinitrobenzene,
1,3-Dinitrobenzene,
1,4-Dinitrobenzene,
3,4-Dinitrobenzyl alcohol,
3,5-Dinitrobenzyl alcohol,
3,5-Dinitrobenzonitrile,
2,6-Dinitro-4-cresol,
3,5-Dinitro-p-cresol,
4,6-Dinitro-2-cresol,
1,2-Dinitro-4,5-dichlorobenzene,
2,4-Dinitro-5-fluoroaniline,
2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene,
Dinitroglycouril,
2,4-Dinitroimidazole,
2,3-Dinitrophenol,
2,4-Dinitrophenol,
2,5-Dinitrophenol,
2,6-Dinitrophenol,
3,4-Dinitrophenol,
1,3-Dinitrosobenzene,
1,4-Dinitrosobenzene,
1,3-Dinitro-5-nitroso-1,3,5-triazine,
1,3-Dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine,
2,3-Dinitrotoluene,
2,5-Dinitrotoluene,
EGDN,
4-Ethoxy-2-nitroaniline,
4-Ethylnitrobenzene,
Ethyl-4-nitrobenzoate,
1-Fluoro-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzene,
4-Fluoronitrobenzene,
1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene,
1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene,
3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenol,
5-Fluoro-2-nitrophenol,
FOX-7,
HBT,
HMX,
1-Hydroxylamino-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine,
1-Hydroxylamino-3,5-dinitroso-1,3,5-triazine,
2-Hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene,
4-Hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene,
1-Hydroxylamino-3-nitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine,
3-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde,
5-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde,
6-Iodo-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
K-55,
3-Methyl-4-bromonitrobenzene,
Methyl-4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate,
5-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene,
6-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
3-Methyl-2,4-dinitrophenol,
3-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol,
2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline,
4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline,
Methyl-4-nitrobenzoate,
2-Methyl-3-nitrophenol,
2-Methyl-5-nitrophenol,
3-Methyl-2-nitrophenol,
3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol,
4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol,
4-Methyl-3-nitrophenol,
5-Methyl-2-nitrophenol,
3-Nitroacetophenone,
2-Nitroaniline,
3-Nitroaniline,
2-Nitroanisole,
3-Nitroanisole,
4-Nitroanisole,
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde,
2-Nitrobenzamide,
3-Nitrobenzamide,
4-Nitrobenzamide,
Nitrobenzene,
2-Nitrobenzoic acid,
3-Nitrobenzoic acid,
4-Nitrobenzoic acid,
2-Nitrobenzonitrile,
3-Nitrobenzonitrile,
4-Nitrobenzonitrile,
2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol,
4-Nitrobenzyl chloride,
2-Nitrobiphenyl,
3-Nitrobiphenyl,
4-Nitro-catechol,
4-Nitrodiphenylamine,
Nitroglycerin,
3-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
2-Nitroimino-5-nitro-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine,
4-Nitrophenetole,
2-Nitrophenol,
3-Nitrophenol,
4-Nitrophenol,
4-Nitrophenylacetonitrile,
4-Nitrophenyl-phenyl-ether,
2-Nitroresorcinol,
Nitrosobenzene,
2-Nitrotoluene,
3-Nitrotoluene,
4-Nitrotoluene,
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-ol,
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one,
1-Octanol,
Pentachloronitrobenzene,
Pentafluoronitrobenzene,
Pentryl,
RDX,
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-dinitrobenzene,
2,3,4,5-Tetrachloronitrobenzene,
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene,
2,3,4,6-Tetrafluoronitrobenzene,
1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4-nitrobenzene,
Tetryl,
2,4,5-Trichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene,
2,3,4-Trichloronitrobenzene,
2,4,5-Trichloronitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trichloronitrobenzene,
1,2,3-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene,
1,2,4-Trichloro-3-nitrobenzene,
1,2,4-Trichloro-6-nitrobenzene,
1,2,3-Trifluoro-4-nitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trimethylnitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trinitroanisole,
1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene,
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol,
1,3,5-Trinitrosobenzene,
1,3,5-Trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine,
2,3,4-Trinitrotoluene,
2,3,6-Trinitrotoluene,
2,4,5-Trinitrotoluene,
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene.
Data sets
IGC50 taken from following paper (M.T.D. Cronin, B.W. Gregory, and T.W. Schultz, 1998; J.C. Dearden, M.T.D. Cronin, T.W. Schultz, and D.T. Lin, 1995; H. Zhu, A. Tropsha, D. Fourches, A. Varnek, E. Papa, P. Gramatica, T. Oberg, P. Dao, A. Cherkasov, and I.V. Tekto, 2008; M.T.D. Cronin, S.E. Bryant, J.C. Dearden, and T. Schultz, 1995; M.T.D. Cronin and T.W. Schultz, 1996)
[ref. ID; 7773]
Test system
TETRATOX assay
Strains
T. pyriformis strain GL-C
Toxicants
85 organic compounds.
Test design
The Protocol of Schultz (1997).
Evaluations
Repeatability analysis.
[ref. ID; 4500]
Test system
48-hr acute toxicity
Strains
CU427 (wild type), axenic culture.
Toxicants
Pestanal (acidic glyphosate = N-(phophonomthyl)glucine), Roundup (25% glyphosate isopropylamine salt).
Test design/concentrations
24-well microtiter plates (Proteose peptone media (SSP): 11 mM glucose, 5 U/mL penicillin, 5 ug/mL streptomycin, 0.5 ug/mL Fungizone), concentration test range for Roundup (11 mM ~ 5 uM glyphosate), for Pestanal (60 mM ~ 30 uM glyphosate). Temperature 23 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LOAEC (The lowest adverse effect concentration), NOAEC (The no observed adverse effect concentration).
[ref. ID; 4570]
Test system
A model microbial predator-prey system suitable for studies
Strains
Predatory (Tetrahymena thermophila), Prey (Pseudomonas putida G7).
Toxicants
Lead.
[ref. ID; 5999]
Test system
Effect of pH (6-8) and time (24-96 hr) on the acute toxicity
Strains
Axenically.
Toxicants/concentrations
Copper sulfate (0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 ppm).
Test design
Petri dishes containing 30 ml volumes of reconstituted water (hardness 211 ppm CaCO3; alkalinity 200 ppm) using 2.0x10E5 cells per ml, triplicate each concentrations. Temperature 27 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Lethality.
Evaluations
LC50 by using Toxstat 3.4.
[ref. ID; 6010]
Test system
Chemosensory assay (90 min), fluorescence activity and growth assay (48 hr)
Strains
Tetrahymena thermophila B III, supplied by Dr. Tiedke, Munster, was grown axenically without shaking at 28 degrees C in defined medium.
Toxicants
Aniline, 2,4-Dinitroaniline, 4-Nitroaniline, 3-Hydroxyaniline, 4-Hydroxyaniline.
Test design
- Chemosensory assay: The apparatus designed by Leick (1983). It comprises two compartments: an outer chamber, containing the cell suspension, and the inner tube filled with buffer and various concentrations of the chemical to be tested. The two compartments are joined by 16 capillaries (0.5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in length). Within these capillaries a stable gradient from the inner to the outer compartment is upheld during the test period.
- Fluorescence activity: Fluorescence (rhodamin 6G (R6G)) was measured with a Perkin Elmer 650-40 fluorescene spectrophotometer at 23 degrees C.
- Growth assay: The assay performed in 200 ml Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 20 ml defined medium and various concentrations of the chemicals to be tested.
Measurements
Cell number by Coulter Counter, fluorescence intensity.
Evaluations
Threshold values and NOEC.
[ref. ID; 6002]
Test system
The effect on a microbial food chain
Strains
- Prey: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang (type UTEX 89), originally obtained from the University of Texas Collection.
- Predator: Tetrahymena vorax was isolated from a local pond and established in monoxenic and axenic culture.
Toxicants/concentrations
CdCl2 (0~40 ug/l).
Test design
The two-stage, nitrogen-limited chemostat apparatus, 20+/-0.5 degrees C.
Measurements
Cell density, dry weight.
Evaluations
Specific growth rate.