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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Limnodrilus

  1. Limnodrilus sp.
  2. Limnodrilus claparedeanus
  3. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
  4. Limnodrilus udekemianus

1. Limnodrilus sp.

[ref. ID; 6933]

Test system

Sampling site

Worms were collected from the Huagong Bridge, Longwan Bridge, Wastewater treatment plant and Daochi Village. The study area is the Huludao City, a heavily polluted region by chlor-alkali and nonferrous metal smelting industry in Liaoning Province, northeast China.

Toxicants

Total and methyl mercury.

Measurements/observations

Body length. Total and methyl mercury contents in soil, earthworms, and earthworm vomitus.

Evaluations

Bioaccumulation factor.

[ref. ID; 7769]

Test system

The influence of tubificid worms on oxygen concentrations in hyporheic sediments

Sampling site

Tubificid worms were obtained from a dead arm of the River Rhone about 20-km upstream of Lyon. These worms were used 15- to 20-mm length and 5-mm diameter, each worm having a 0.8-0.9 mg dry weight.

Test design

Experiments took place in gravel-sand filtration columns (50-cm height, 10-cm diameter). Each column was filled with sand (60-630 um) previously incubated for 4 days with bacteria and cellulose powder as source of particulate organic matter (final concentration: 5 g kg-1 of dry sandy sediment) and with calcinated (550 degrees C) fine gravel (4-5 mm) to a height of 40 cm. Constant masses of gravel (590 g) and incubated sand (210 g) were alternately added to obtain a heterogeneous interface with interstitial pores. A water column (6-10 cm) was left at the surface of the sediment. Room temperature 15+/-0.5 degrees C, light and dark cycle 12:12 hr (sediment of the column was kept in the dark). Dechlorinated drinking water permanently aerated to keep high oxygen concentration was continuously fed into the columns. Before entering the columns, the water was enriched with nitrate (to a NO3- concentration of 20 mg l-1) and dissolved organic carbon (2 mg l-1 of C introduced as sodium acetate). The infiltration rate was 2.0+/-0.1 ml min-1 in the columns. 3 columns x 2 times: 2 replicates of the same tubificid treatment (100 individuals of Limnodrilus per column (80% of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and 20% of Limnodrilus claparedeanus), and 100 individuals of Tubifex per column (100% of Tubifex tubifex tubifex)) + control. Experimental period 20 days.

Measurements/observations

Dissolved O2 concentration were measured on days 0, 10, 15 and 20 at five depths (5 cm avobe the sediment surface, and 1, 5, 15, and 35 cm below the sediment surface).

Evaluations

Mathematical model.

2. Limnodrilus claparedeanus

[ref. ID; 7044]

Test system

Bioassay

Strains

From material commercially available as fish food. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).

Toxicants

Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).

Test design

Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereated tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.

Measurements/observations

Number and weight.

Evaluations

Growth rate.

3. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri

L. hoffmeisteri is a benthic organism living in aquatic systems rich in organic matter. It is relatively resistant to heavy metals. (ref. ID; 6719)
Freshwater species. (ref. ID; 7006)

[ref. ID; 507]

Test system

Comparison of Alternative Models for Predicting the Uptake of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Toxicants

gamma-Chlordane, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, Mirex, Octachlorostyrene, Pentachlorobenzene, Pentachlorotoluene, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 2,5,2'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,2',3'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',6'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,2',3',4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2', 4', 5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6,2',3',4'-Heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-Octachlorobiphenyl.

Test design

Oliver (1984, 1987)

Evaluations

Predicting model.

[ref. ID; 1354]

Test system

96-hr acute toxicity

Toxicants

LAS

Test design/concentration

Petri dishes of 12 cm diameter and 2 cm depth, with 50 ml of dechlorinated city tap water. Temperature 10 degrees C. LAS concentration (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 20 mg/l) x 3 replicates.

Evaluations

LC50 by probit analysis, MATC, LOEC, NOEC.

[ref. ID; 2174]

Test system

Acute and sublethal toxicities

Strains

From the margins of a local drainage system.

Toxicants

Phenanthrene, Pyrene.

Temperature

25 degrees C.

Test design/concentration

Measurements/observations

Mortality, egestion, offspring.

Evaluations

LC50 by probit analysis, IC25 (using TOXCALC ver. 5 (Tidepool Software, McKinleyville, CA, USA).

[ref. ID; 3110]

Test system

Strains

The animals has been continuously kept in the laboratory of ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH (Florsheim, Germany) since March 1994. It was originally supplied by FEE Fischfutter Etzbach (Mechernich-Bergheim, Germany). According to the supplier, the animals originated from the River Mass, including its tributaries in Belgium. Adults with fully developed clitellum of uniform size (5+/-2 cm).

Toxicants

Lindane, hexachlorobenzene, Copper sulfate.

Test design

Artificial sediment based on Artificial Soil according to OECD Guideline No.207, 16L:8D photoperiod < /_ 100 lux. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.

Measurements/observations

Reworking activity, sediment avoidance, autotomy, mortality.

Evaluations

EC50, LC50.

[ref. ID; 3553]

Test system

Acute toxicity

Strains

Collected from Texcoco lake, Mexico.

Toxicants/concentrations

Pb(NO3)2 (Pb: 0.0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100 mg/L).

Test design

Three replicate groups of 15 animals were added to 30-mL polyethylene cups that contained 10 g of Pb spiked sediment from Ignacio Ramirez reservoir (99 degrees 46'25"W.G. and 19 degrees 27'35"N, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 sites) and 40 mL culture water (pH 7.6; alkalinity 48.8 mg HCO3/L; Ca2+ 80 mg/L). Temperature 21 degrees C, without direct sunlight and aeration on the solution. No food was added. Exposure period 96 hr. Pb solutions were added to the sediments in a 4:1 proportion, respectively, and mixed using a household mixer for 2 hr when chemical equilibrium was assumed to be reached.

Measurements/observations

Hemoglobin concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity. Uptake of Pb from sediment to worm.

Evaluations

96 hr-EC50.

[ref. ID; 4453]

Test system

Resistant assay

Strains

Resistant individuals were collected by scooping surface bottom mud from metal-rich sediments in Foundry Cove (near Cold Spring, New York; 87 km upriver from the Battery in Manhattan, New York). Foundry Cove received wastewater rich in cadmium, nickel, and cobalt during 1953-1971.

Toxicants

Cd, Co, Ni.

Test design/concentrations

Plastic tissue culture dish (60x15 mm) [soft reconstituted fresh water (NaHCO3 48 mg/l; CaSO4/2H2O 30 mg/l, MgSO4 30 mg/l, KCl 2 mg/l) + toxicants (Cadmium 9 uM, Nickel 10 uM, Cobalt 0.5 uM)].

Measurements/observations

Survival time.

[ref. ID; 6670]

Test system

Bioaccumulation test (12 day)

Strains

Toxicants

Lipophilic substance (lipophilicity (Kow) [14]C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Kow 5.7 > [14]C-lindane Kow 3.6 > [14]C-3,4-Dichloroanilie (3,4-DCA) Kow 2.7).

Test design

Artificial sediment (earthworm toxicity tests OECD, 1984) and reconstituted water (CaCl 294 mg/L, MgSO4 123.25 mg/L, NaHCO3 64.75 mg/L, KCl 5.75 mg/L, pH 8, total hardness 1.8-2.7 mmol, oxygen content 80-100% saturation), 20+/-2 degrees C, 4 replicates.

Measurements

Liquid Scintillation Counting.

Evaluations

BAF.

[ref. ID; 6719]

Test system

Cd, Fe and Zn uptake (individual and mixtures)

Strains

In Lake Texcoco (Estado de Mexico, Mexico).

Toxicants

Cd LC0: 6.0x10E-6 (95% confidence interval, 2.9x10E-6 to 1.2x10E-5) mg/L, Fe LC0: 3.1x10E-3 (95% confidence interval, 1.52x10E-3 to 3.22x10E-3) mg/L, Zn LC0: 8.0x10E-3 (95% confidence interval, 4.816x10E-3 to 1.15x10E-2) mg/L.

Test design

Cd LC0; Zn LC0; Fe LC0 and Cd LC0, Zn LC0, and Fe LC0 mixture (1:1:1).
A 2,000 ml glass beaker was filled with clean sand sediment 250 g (particle size, 0.4 mm) and the appropriate metal solution 1,000 ml and mixed for 2 hr in a shaker. The metals were evenly distributed between water and sediment, 5 g of worms were added. At room temperature (22+/-2 degrees C) with constant recirculation for 96 hr.

Measurements/observations

Metal concentration of worm, sediment and water. ATP content in worm.

[ref. ID; 6782]

Test system

The bioavailability of Ni

Strains

Worms were collected from Texcoco Lake Mexico and from natural sources.

Toxicants

Trout farm sediment.

Test design

15 worm added to 30 mL polyethylene cups that contained 10g of sediment (three trout farms) and 40 ml of sodium chloride solution (0.9%). The duration of exposure was 72 hr, 21 degrees C without direct sunlight and the solutions were aerated.

Measurements

Mortality, hemoglobin concentration of worm.

Evaluations

72-hr EC50.

[ref. ID; 7006]

Test system

96-hr acute lethal bioassay

Strains

Worms were sieved (0.5 mm mesh) from sediment (Fraser River, B.C.) collected by means of Ponar grabs or dip nets.

Toxicants

3CdSO4/8H2O, HgCl2, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentacholophenate, and black liquor.

Test design

Petri dishes (3.5 cm diameter and 1 cm depth). Loading densities <0.5 g/L. 24-hr solution replacement. 3 replicates. Dark. Temperature (1, 10, 20 degrees C), pH (6, 7, 8), salinity (0, 5 ppt).

Measurements/observations

Mortality.

Evaluations

LC50.

[ref. ID; 7007]

Test system

Species interaction

Strains

Toxicants

Endrin

Test design

Sediments were dosed with a mixture of [14]C and [12]C endrin in an aqueous slurry.

Measurements/observations

Mortality, weight, reworking rate, and endrin concentration in whole worm tissue.

[ref. ID; 7008]

Test system

Accumulation test

Strains

From Foundry Cove (located in NY on the Hudson River, cadmium-, nickel-, and cobalt polluted sediment) and the control area (South cove; on the Hudson river approximately two kilometers south of Foundry cove).

Toxicants

Cadmium.

Test design

Measurements/observations

Fixed and embedded cross sections of Foundary Cove worms were observed with scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.

[ref. ID; 7044]

Test system

Bioassay

Strains

Worms were collected from Gorvaln Bay of Lake Malaren, central Sweden. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).

Toxicants

Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).

Test design

Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.

Measurements/observations

Number and weight.

Evaluations

Growth rate.

4. Limnodrilus udekemianus

[ref. ID; 6109]

Test system

Survival and bioaccumulation (8 days), respiration and Cd-binding cytosolic protein distribution

Strains

From large permanent ponds located at the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center in Covington, LA, USA.

Toxicants

Cadmium

Test design

Measurements

[ref. ID; 7044]

Test system

Bioassay

Strains

From material commercially available as fish food. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).

Toxicants

Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).

Test design

Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.

Measurements/observations

Number and weight.

Evaluations

Growth rate.