Limnodrilus
- Limnodrilus sp.
- Limnodrilus claparedeanus
- Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
- Limnodrilus udekemianus
[ref. ID; 6933]
Test system
Sampling site
Worms were collected from the Huagong Bridge, Longwan Bridge, Wastewater treatment plant and Daochi Village.
The study area is the Huludao City, a heavily polluted region by chlor-alkali and nonferrous metal smelting industry in Liaoning Province, northeast China.
Toxicants
Total and methyl mercury.
Measurements/observations
Body length. Total and methyl mercury contents in soil, earthworms, and earthworm vomitus.
Evaluations
Bioaccumulation factor.
[ref. ID; 7769]
Test system
The influence of tubificid worms on oxygen concentrations in hyporheic sediments
Sampling site
Tubificid worms were obtained from a dead arm of the River Rhone about 20-km upstream of Lyon. These worms were used 15- to 20-mm length and 5-mm diameter, each worm having a 0.8-0.9 mg dry weight.
Test design
Experiments took place in gravel-sand filtration columns (50-cm height, 10-cm diameter). Each column was filled with sand (60-630 um) previously incubated for 4 days with bacteria and cellulose powder as source of particulate organic matter (final concentration: 5 g kg-1 of dry sandy sediment) and with calcinated (550 degrees C) fine gravel (4-5 mm) to a height of 40 cm. Constant masses of gravel (590 g) and incubated sand (210 g) were alternately added to obtain a heterogeneous interface with interstitial pores. A water column (6-10 cm) was left at the surface of the sediment. Room temperature 15+/-0.5 degrees C, light and dark cycle 12:12 hr (sediment of the column was kept in the dark). Dechlorinated drinking water permanently aerated to keep high oxygen concentration was continuously fed into the columns. Before entering the columns, the water was enriched with nitrate (to a NO3- concentration of 20 mg l-1) and dissolved organic carbon (2 mg l-1 of C introduced as sodium acetate). The infiltration rate was 2.0+/-0.1 ml min-1 in the columns.
3 columns x 2 times: 2 replicates of the same tubificid treatment (100 individuals of Limnodrilus per column (80% of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and 20% of Limnodrilus claparedeanus), and 100 individuals of Tubifex per column (100% of Tubifex tubifex tubifex)) + control.
Experimental period 20 days.
Measurements/observations
Dissolved O2 concentration were measured on days 0, 10, 15 and 20 at five depths (5 cm avobe the sediment surface, and 1, 5, 15, and 35 cm below the sediment surface).
Evaluations
Mathematical model.
[ref. ID; 7044]
Test system
Bioassay
Strains
From material commercially available as fish food. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).
Toxicants
Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).
Test design
Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereated tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.
Measurements/observations
Number and weight.
Evaluations
Growth rate.
L. hoffmeisteri is a benthic organism living in aquatic systems rich in organic matter. It is relatively resistant to heavy metals. (ref. ID; 6719)
Freshwater species. (ref. ID; 7006)
[ref. ID; 507]
Test system
Comparison of Alternative Models for Predicting the Uptake of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Toxicants
gamma-Chlordane, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, Mirex, Octachlorostyrene, Pentachlorobenzene, Pentachlorotoluene, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene, 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 2,5,2'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,2',3'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',6'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,2',3',4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2', 4', 5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6,2',3',4'-Heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-Octachlorobiphenyl.
Test design
Oliver (1984, 1987)
Evaluations
Predicting model.
[ref. ID; 1354]
Test system
96-hr acute toxicity
Toxicants
LAS
Test design/concentration
Petri dishes of 12 cm diameter and 2 cm depth, with 50 ml of dechlorinated city tap water. Temperature 10 degrees C. LAS concentration (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 20 mg/l) x 3 replicates.
Evaluations
LC50 by probit analysis, MATC, LOEC, NOEC.
[ref. ID; 2174]
Test system
Acute and sublethal toxicities
Strains
From the margins of a local drainage system.
Toxicants
Phenanthrene, Pyrene.
Temperature
25 degrees C.
Test design/concentration
- 5-day egestion assay: Sediments (from Bayou Manchac, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA) + artifical pond water (APW), darkness, Phenanthrene (6, 9, 20, 47, 71, and 171 ug/g), Pyrene (10, 15, 24, 46, and 91 ug/g).
- 10-day egestion and survivorship assay: sediments (from Bayou Manchac, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA) + artifical pond water (APW), darkness, Phenanthrene (47-612 ug/g), Pyrene (98-841 ug/g).
Measurements/observations
Mortality, egestion, offspring.
Evaluations
LC50 by probit analysis, IC25 (using TOXCALC ver. 5 (Tidepool Software, McKinleyville, CA, USA).
[ref. ID; 3110]
Test system
Strains
The animals has been continuously kept in the laboratory of ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH (Florsheim, Germany) since March 1994. It was originally supplied by FEE Fischfutter Etzbach (Mechernich-Bergheim, Germany). According to the supplier, the animals originated from the River Mass, including its tributaries in Belgium. Adults with fully developed clitellum of uniform size (5+/-2 cm).
Toxicants
Lindane, hexachlorobenzene, Copper sulfate.
Test design
Artificial sediment based on Artificial Soil according to OECD Guideline No.207, 16L:8D photoperiod < /_ 100 lux. Temperature 20+/-2 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Reworking activity, sediment avoidance, autotomy, mortality.
Evaluations
EC50, LC50.
[ref. ID; 3553]
Test system
Acute toxicity
Strains
Collected from Texcoco lake, Mexico.
Toxicants/concentrations
Pb(NO3)2 (Pb: 0.0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100 mg/L).
Test design
Three replicate groups of 15 animals were added to 30-mL polyethylene cups that contained 10 g of Pb spiked sediment from Ignacio Ramirez reservoir (99 degrees 46'25"W.G. and 19 degrees 27'35"N, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 sites) and 40 mL culture water (pH 7.6; alkalinity 48.8 mg HCO3/L; Ca2+ 80 mg/L). Temperature 21 degrees C, without direct sunlight and aeration on the solution. No food was added. Exposure period 96 hr. Pb solutions were added to the sediments in a 4:1 proportion, respectively, and mixed using a household mixer for 2 hr when chemical equilibrium was assumed to be reached.
Measurements/observations
Hemoglobin concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity. Uptake of Pb from sediment to worm.
Evaluations
96 hr-EC50.
[ref. ID; 4453]
Test system
Resistant assay
Strains
Resistant individuals were collected by scooping surface bottom mud from metal-rich sediments in Foundry Cove (near Cold Spring, New York; 87 km upriver from the Battery in Manhattan, New York). Foundry Cove received wastewater rich in cadmium, nickel, and cobalt during 1953-1971.
Toxicants
Cd, Co, Ni.
Test design/concentrations
Plastic tissue culture dish (60x15 mm) [soft reconstituted fresh water (NaHCO3 48 mg/l; CaSO4/2H2O 30 mg/l, MgSO4 30 mg/l, KCl 2 mg/l) + toxicants (Cadmium 9 uM, Nickel 10 uM, Cobalt 0.5 uM)].
Measurements/observations
Survival time.
[ref. ID; 6670]
Test system
Bioaccumulation test (12 day)
Strains
Toxicants
Lipophilic substance (lipophilicity (Kow) [14]C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Kow 5.7 > [14]C-lindane Kow 3.6 > [14]C-3,4-Dichloroanilie (3,4-DCA) Kow 2.7).
Test design
Artificial sediment (earthworm toxicity tests OECD, 1984) and reconstituted water (CaCl 294 mg/L, MgSO4 123.25 mg/L, NaHCO3 64.75 mg/L, KCl 5.75 mg/L, pH 8, total hardness 1.8-2.7 mmol, oxygen content 80-100% saturation), 20+/-2 degrees C, 4 replicates.
Measurements
Liquid Scintillation Counting.
Evaluations
BAF.
[ref. ID; 6719]
Test system
Cd, Fe and Zn uptake (individual and mixtures)
Strains
In Lake Texcoco (Estado de Mexico, Mexico).
Toxicants
Cd LC0: 6.0x10E-6 (95% confidence interval, 2.9x10E-6 to 1.2x10E-5) mg/L, Fe LC0: 3.1x10E-3 (95% confidence interval, 1.52x10E-3 to 3.22x10E-3) mg/L, Zn LC0: 8.0x10E-3 (95% confidence interval, 4.816x10E-3 to 1.15x10E-2) mg/L.
Test design
Cd LC0; Zn LC0; Fe LC0 and Cd LC0, Zn LC0, and Fe LC0 mixture (1:1:1).
A 2,000 ml glass beaker was filled with clean sand sediment 250 g (particle size, 0.4 mm) and the appropriate metal solution 1,000 ml and mixed for 2 hr in a shaker. The metals were evenly distributed between water and sediment, 5 g of worms were added. At room temperature (22+/-2 degrees C) with constant recirculation for 96 hr.
Measurements/observations
Metal concentration of worm, sediment and water. ATP content in worm.
[ref. ID; 6782]
Test system
The bioavailability of Ni
Strains
Worms were collected from Texcoco Lake Mexico and from natural sources.
Toxicants
Trout farm sediment.
Test design
15 worm added to 30 mL polyethylene cups that contained 10g of sediment (three trout farms) and 40 ml of sodium chloride solution (0.9%). The duration of exposure was 72 hr, 21 degrees C without direct sunlight and the solutions were aerated.
Measurements
Mortality, hemoglobin concentration of worm.
Evaluations
72-hr EC50.
[ref. ID; 7006]
Test system
96-hr acute lethal bioassay
Strains
Worms were sieved (0.5 mm mesh) from sediment (Fraser River, B.C.) collected by means of Ponar grabs or dip nets.
Toxicants
3CdSO4/8H2O, HgCl2, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentacholophenate, and black liquor.
Test design
Petri dishes (3.5 cm diameter and 1 cm depth). Loading densities <0.5 g/L. 24-hr solution replacement. 3 replicates. Dark.
Temperature (1, 10, 20 degrees C), pH (6, 7, 8), salinity (0, 5 ppt).
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LC50.
[ref. ID; 7007]
Test system
Species interaction
Strains
Toxicants
Endrin
Test design
Sediments were dosed with a mixture of [14]C and [12]C endrin in an aqueous slurry.
- Experiment 1: L. hoffmeisteri (75 worms/microcosm, equivalent to a density of 50 000 m-2; 3 microcosms/treatment (5.5, 762, 81400 ng/g) and control). 2 replicates.
- Experiment 2: L. hoffmeisteri (75 worms/microcosm, 3 microcosms/treatment (17.6, 1700, 15000 ng/g) and control). 2 replicates.
- Experiment 3: L. hoffmeisteri + Stylodrilus heringianus (1:1) (37 worms/species per microcosm, 3 microcosms/treatment (16.1, 6300, 44200 ng/g) and control). 2 replicates.
- Experiment 4: L. hoffmeisteri + Stylodrilus heringianus (1:1) (37 worms/species per microcosm, 3 microcosms/treatment (9200, 35400 ng/g) and control). 2 replicates.
Measurements/observations
Mortality, weight, reworking rate, and endrin concentration in whole worm tissue.
[ref. ID; 7008]
Test system
Accumulation test
Strains
From Foundry Cove (located in NY on the Hudson River, cadmium-, nickel-, and cobalt polluted sediment) and the control area (South cove; on the Hudson river approximately two kilometers south of Foundry cove).
Toxicants
Cadmium.
Test design
- Accumulation from sediment: Three replicates of 10 worms were exposed to 6 different sediment metal levels (ranging from 15 to 34,000 ug Cd per dry sediment), for 28 days. Sediment with different metal levels was obtained by collecting sediment from the control site, from different locations in cadmium-polluted Foundry Cove, and by combining sediment from the later sites.
- Accumulation from [109]Cd in water: Worms (control area, Foundary cove, and second generation offspring Foundary cove) were exposed in plastic petri dishes to 8.9 uM (= 1 mg/l) Cd (incl. [109]Cd) in reconstituted freshwater (pH 7.8-8.0, hardness 160-180 mg/l CaCO3; ASTM, 1980) for 6 days.
Measurements/observations
Fixed and embedded cross sections of Foundary Cove worms were observed with scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.
- Accumulation from sediment: Cd concentration in worms.
- Accumulation from [109]Cd in water: Cd accumulation and subcellular distribution (Homogenate, Particulate, Crytosol, High-molecular-weight pool, Metallothionein pool, and Low-molecular-weight pool) in worms.
[ref. ID; 7044]
Test system
Bioassay
Strains
Worms were collected from Gorvaln Bay of Lake Malaren, central Sweden. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).
Toxicants
Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).
Test design
Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.
Measurements/observations
Number and weight.
Evaluations
Growth rate.
[ref. ID; 6109]
Test system
Survival and bioaccumulation (8 days), respiration and Cd-binding cytosolic protein distribution
Strains
From large permanent ponds located at the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center in Covington, LA, USA.
Toxicants
Cadmium
Test design
- Survival and bioaccumulation: Sediments (mixture of Vermillion River in Lafayette, LA, USA and fine silica sand, 1:1 wet wt/dry wt) was mixed in approximately a 1:3 ratio (weight/volume) with soft reconstituted fresh water (pH 7.2-7.6, 40-48 mg/l CaCO3) containning 0, 1, 3, 6, 12.5 and 25 mg/l Cd (experiment 1) or 0, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 mg/l Cd (experiment 2). The sediment and Cd-containing water mechanically stirred at low speed for 1 hr. Eight replicates were used for each treatment, with each replicate consisting of a single oligochaete. Exposure chambers were covered with Parafilm and gently aerated just above the water/sediment interface. The exposures lasted 8 days.
- Respiration and Cd-binding cytosolic protein distribution: Worms were exposed for 8 days to control conditions or to sediment Cd concentrations of 12 and 41 ug Cd per gram dry sediment. The test chambers consisted of 250-ml glass beakers containing 170 ml of water/Vermillion River sediment mixture. Procedures based on methodology for the Cd-saturation assay described by Eaton and Toal (1982).
Measurements
- Survival and bioaccumulation: Mortality, Cd concentration of tissues in earthworms.
- Respiration and Cd-binding cytosolic protein distribution: The total oxygen content of the water in BOD bottle using by Winkler titration, HPLC gel-permeation separations of cytosol.
[ref. ID; 7044]
Test system
Bioassay
Strains
From material commercially available as fish food. Small worms (less than one week old and weighing about 0.2 mg).
Toxicants
Sediment (Lake Hjalmaren, Lake Malaren, Lake Rogsjon, Lake Runn).
Test design
Experiments were conducted in darkness at 21+/-1 degrees C in vessels 5.5 cm wide, 7 cm high, with a sediment depth of 1.5 cm and with 50% aereatd tap water and 50% deionized water above the sediment surface. 5 worms. Different food conditions (0, 25, 75 mg/week). Experimental period 500 days.
Measurements/observations
Number and weight.
Evaluations
Growth rate.