Oligochaeta community
[ref. ID; 1917]
Test system
Effect of Oligochaeta (Limnodrilus sp. and Tubifex tubifex) bioturbation
Toxicants
2,2',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl.
Test design
Four types sediments differing in porosity, density, organic carbon, and clay content: continuous flow system for 100 days: [C14]-labeled TCB (water concentration 158+/-12 ng/L).
[ref. ID; 3302]
Test system
Strains
Eisenia andrei, Lumbricus rubellus were obtained from a commercial grower.
Sediment samples
Field sampling was undertaken in the Westwouderpolder & Ellandspolder, small isolated polder about 20 km North of Amsterdam (Peat sediments).
Toxicants
PAHs (Naphthalene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene).
Test design
- Field observation:
- Semi-field experiments: Temperature 10 degrees C.
- Laboratory experiments: OECD artificial soil + Organic matter, temperature 20 degrees C.
Measurements/observations
Burrowing rate.
[ref. ID; 6070]
Test system
Short- and long-time after-effects of the Chernobyl atomic power station accident, 1986-1988
Sampling site
The 3 km (Izumrudnoe & Kopachi), 30 km protection area and 70 km south of the station (Lutezh & Demidov) from the Chernobyl atomic power station.
Sampling method
Tullgren funnels (225 cm2 surface area).
Measurements
Number of cocoon and mature earthworms.
[ref. ID; 6071]
Test system
The ecological effects of organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on the population abundance and biomass of earthworms in a semi-arid tropical Savanna.
Toxicants/concentrations
Endosulfan, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl: normal dose (recommended for use by farmers) and high dose (3 times of normal dose).
Study field
The investigation was made in a 50x50 m area of the undisturbed grassland of the savanna inside the campus of Kakatiya University, Warangal in Telangana, the semi-arid region of Andhra Pradesh (India). The surface soil of the Savanna was light brown and of fine sandy loam type. 1 plot (5x5 m).
Sampling method
The earthworms were sampled (0, 40, 60, 80 days) by handsorting from an area of 25x15x10 cm.
Measurements
These were sorted into various age-groups and different species were identified. They were counted and weight (fresh wt).
Evaluations
Student's t-test.
[ref. ID; 6074]
Test system
Correlation between data from Artificial Soil Test (OECD, 1984) & Field Test
Toxicants
Azinphos-methyl, Benomyl, Captafol, Captan, Cyfluthrin, Endosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenamiphos, Imidacloprid, Mercaptodimethur, oxydemeton-methyl, Propoxur.
Field site (Sampling site)
Pastures near Leverkusen (Germany). The pastures have been covered by grass for more than 10 yr, and have a high abundance (up to 800 individuals m-2) and high diversity (up to 8 species) of earthworms. Plots of 10x10 m were treated in duplicate with the highest registered rate of each pesticide and with 4 times this rate.
Evaluations
LC50 and EEC (estimated environmental concentration).
[ref. ID; 6128]
Test system
Risk assessment
Sediment samples
Dredged sediment-derived soils (dredged sediment disposal) and polluted floodplain soils (overbank sedimentation). All sampling plots were located along the Scheldt and Leie river and the Canal Ghent-Bruges.
Toxicants
Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn).
Measurements/observations
All earthworms biomass (g/m2 fresh weight) and abundance (N/m2).
[ref. ID; 6132]
Test system
Sediment and tubificid worms
Sediment and tubificid worms were collected in the bed of a stormwater infiltration basin.
Toxicants
Urban pollution.
Test design
Sediment columns were prepared by transferring the homogenised sediment (<0.5 mm) into 12 Plexiglas columns (20-cm long and 10-cm internal diameter) to a depth of ~~10cm. The upper part of the columns was filled with artificial water (96 mg/l of NaHCO3, 60 mg/l of CaSO4/2H2O, 60 mg/l of MgSO4/7H2O, and 4 mg/l of KCl) to simulate a water-sediment interface. The columns were placed in a dark room at 15 degrees C. For each set of 6 columns, two treatments were perforated with three replicates per treatment: (1) without invertebrates (control) and (2) with 115 Tubifex tubifex.
[ref. ID; 6704]
Test system
Toxicants
Stormwater sediments (Heavy metal: Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, PAHs: Acenaphthene, Anthracene, Benzo[a]anthracene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene, 2-Methylfluoranthene, 2-Methylnaphthalene).
Test design
- Run 1: Without invertebrate.
- Run 2: With invertebrate (160 tubificid worms per experimental unit). Tubificids were collected from a selected station on the Rhone River where tubificid worms were about 60% Tubifex sp. and 40% Limnodrilus sp.
Experimental design
18 columns (height=45 cm, inside diameter=10 cm) were filled with a mixture of gravel and sand in order to constitute a deep layer of heterogeneous sediment (28 cm depth) with a 2 cm sediment layer in surface. Three different types of sediment deposit were added at the surface: (1) a stormwater deposit (collected on a stormwater infiltration basin located on the campus of the University Claude Bernard (Lyon, France), (2) a particulate organic matter-rich deposit (collected on braided channels of the Rhone River at about 80 km east of Lyon), (3) a particulate organic matter-low deposit (collected on braided channels of the Rhone River at about 80 km east of Lyon). 15+/-0.5 degrees C. 12 hr light, 12 hr dark cycle in the overlying water. Experimental period 22 days.
[ref. ID; 6742]
Test system
Literature search
Floodplains site
27 sampling site for the rivers Rhine, Meuse-Rhine and Scheldt.
[ref. ID; 6805]
Test system
Uptake of zinc
Mud and worms
Mud and worms were collected with a ponar grab sampler from a station (41 degrees 38'N, 82 degrees 57'W, 9 m deep) in the southeastern portion of the western basin of Lake Erie.
Test design
Microcosm: Microcosms were constructed from 5.7 cm internal diameter cleaer acrylic tubes. Microcosms were 22 cm tall and had a 25.5 cm2 surface area. A rubber stopper was placed in the bottom of each microcosm to hold the mud in place. Total 50 microcosms prepared.
- 4 microcosms: Immediately sieve though a 250 um screen and the sieve residure checked for living macrofauna.
- 23 microcosms: 48 worms (approximately 2 cm length and lacking capilliform chaetae) added.
- 23 microcosms: Control.
All 46 microcosms were placed into the aquarium. Aquarium water was maintained at 20 degrees C (+/-1 degrees C); pH averaged 6.8 (+/-0.5) and dissolved oxygen averaged 10.0 mg l-1 (+/-1.0 mg l-1). Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was periodically added to the water in an effort to maintain the zinc concentration near 5.0 mg l-1. Experimental period 139 days.
Measurements
Pore water and exchangeable particulate zinc were monitored in the worm and control microcosms.
[ref. ID; 6833]
Test system
Review
Toxicants
Benomyl, Carbendazim, Carbofuran, and Carbaryl.
[ref. ID; 6848]
Test system
Samplig sites
Forest soils near the village of Gusum, SE Sweden. Brass mill has been operating since 1661. Major elements emitted from the mill are zinc and copper (ca. 98% of emitted metals) and to a less degree lead and cadmium.
Measurements/observations
Earthworm density and biomass. Metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) concentration in earthworm tissues.
[ref. ID; 6852]
Test system
Heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) concentrations in earthworm
Study sites
Floodplain grassland. The Rijswaard and Deel3 are the Afferdensche Deestsche Waarden (ADW) located along the river Waal.
Test design
The earthworms were collected by handsorting and taken back to the laboratory for identification and metal analysis.
[ref. ID; 6869]
Test system
Field test
Toxicants
Benomyl, parathion-methyl.
Test design
The standard field experiments were conducted on pastures near Leverkusen (Germany) using methods described by a test guideline (BBA, 1994).
Two plots of 10x10 m were used for each treatment. Plastic barriers of approx. 10 cm height, buried at the borders of two treated plots approx. 5 cm deep, were selected to exclude possible surface and some sub-surface migration of earthworms from untreated plots into plots where abundance of earthworms had been reduced by the test compound.
Measurements/observations
Earthworm numbers.
[ref. ID; 6874]
Test system
Colonization
Test design
A special deposit was constructed of approximately 75 m x 13 m x 1.50 m (length x width x depth) surrounded by dikes of the natural loamy soil. The deposit was filled, by pumping, with sediment from inland waters at Schagen (Province, North Holland), selected because of high PAH and low heavy metals and organochlorines loads.
Measurements/observations
Earthworms were sampled by diggig out 25 cm x 25 cm x 20 cm of soil and hand sorting at the spot.
[ref. ID; 6893]
Test system
Sampling site
Sixty soil sites were sampled in six different areas in southern France with various concentrations of soil Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The following species have been found in the studied soils: endogeic (Allolobophora rosea, A. chlorotica, Octolasion cyaneum, Nicodrilus caliginosus), epianecic (Lumbricus terrestris) and euanecic (Nicodrilus meridionalis, N. nocturnus, N. giardi, N. longus ripicola, Scherotheca monspessulensis, S. gigans dinoscolex, S. dugesi sanaryensis, S. gigans rhodana, S. gigans gigans) species.
Measurements/observations
Hevay metal concentrations in worms and soil. Three chemical extraction techniques (total extraction with a mixture of HNO3 and HCl, "assimilable" or "bioavailable" extraction with acetic acid, and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid-DTPA).
Evaluations
Principal component analysis.
[ref. ID; 6961]
Test system
Biouptake
Strains
From Toronto Harbour (Lake Ontario). Mainly Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri.
Toxicants
1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, Pentachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene, 2,3,6-trichlorotoluene, 2,4,5-trichlorotoluene, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4-dichlorobenzotrifluoride, Hexachlorobutadiene, 2,3,4-trichloranisole, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene, Octachlorostyrene,
alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma-chlordan, 2,5,2'-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4'-trichlorobiphenyl,
2,3,2',3'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,4,2',3',4'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5',3',4'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2',4',6'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6,2',3',4'-heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-octachlorobiphenyl, Mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane.
Test design
- Laboratory test: Sediment (4.6% organic carbon) was collected from the central basin of Lake Ontario. A sediment slurry (~~20% solids) was prepared to which the chemicals in acetone were added slowly dropwise over a period of several days with constant stirring. Three kilograms of the sediment was placed in each of four (30 cm x 60 cm x 3 cm deep) aquaria (sediment depth 5-6 cm). The tap water from Lake Ontario was circulated through coils submersed in 8 or 20 degrees C thermostats prior to entering the aquaria. Approximately 13 g wet weight of worms (~~7000 worms/m2) added. Exposure period 4, 11, 39, and 79 days. At 79 days, remaining worms were placed clean Lake Superior sediments. Depuration period 5, 12, 21, 36, and 84 days.
- Field test: Field samples of worms and sediments were collected with a box corer (0.25 m2) from Lake Ontario near the Niagara River.
Measurements/observations
37 chemicals concentration in worm, sediment, and sediment pore water.
Evaluations
Bioconcentration factor.
[ref. ID; 6969]
Test system
Strains
Oligochaete worms (~50 g wet wt) were recovered from Hamilton Harbour (the western end of the lake) by sieving bottom sediments with a plankton net (500 um).
Toxicants
Sediment from Lake Ontario were collected from the western, central, and eastern basins using a box corer.
Test design
Approximately 10 g of worms was added to each aquarium 30 cm x 60 cm x 30 cm deep, which contained 4-5 cm of sediment and carbon-filtered Lake Ontario water. The systems were kept aerobic by bubbling air and at room temperature (~20 degrees C). Of four aquariums, three contained Lake Ontario sediments and a fourth contained relatively clean Lake Superior sediments as a control. Worms were recovered from the aquarium after 33, 52, and 110 days by sieving a portion of the sediment using a 425-um (No. 40) mesh stainless steel sieve.
Measurements/observations
Most worms were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri or Tubifex tubifex.
Chlorinated contaminant (1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, Pentachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene, Octachlorostyrene, 2,5,2'-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,2',3'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2'5'-pentachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-octachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,6-trichlorotoluene, 2,4,5-trichlorotoluene, Pentachlorotoluene, Mirex, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane) concentrations in worms.
[ref. ID; 7061]
Test system
Sampling site
Sediment of the reservoir of the River Danube at Altenworth/Lower Austria. Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Limnodrilus udekemianus are the most abundant species. They live in the upper 8 cm of sediment, with most (75%) in the uppermost 2 cm.
Toxicants
As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn.
Measurements/observations
Metal concentrations in worm.
Evaluations
Two different mathematical approaches.
- 1. Several available data from the simultaneously taken reference core were binary correlated with the oligochaete-data, including all fractions of sequential leaching.
- 2. Factor analysis of any trace element concentrations of the worms together with either common sediment or pore water data has been made.
[ref. ID; 7161]
Test system
Risk assessment in floodplain soils
Sampling site
Two field sites were selected in the National Park "De Brabantsche Biesbosch" in the Netherlands: Lage Hof (approximately 40 m wide and 100 m long) and Petrus Plaat Oost (approximately 15 m wide and 125 m long). Earthworms were sampled to a depth of 25 cm.
Toxicants
Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn.
Measurements/observations
Total earthworm density and biomass. Species identification and each species biomass (Lumbricus rubellus juv. and adult, Eiseniella tetraedra, Dendrobaena rubida, Aporrectodea caliginosa). Metal concentrations in earthworms.