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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

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G.F. Gause, O.K. Nastukova, and W.W. Alpatov; The influence of biologically conditioned media on the growth of a mixed population of Paramecium caudatum and P. aurelia. J.Animal Ecology III:222-230, 1934

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Returning to the problem of the relative adaptation of two species at different stages of population growth we can conclude that P. caudatum under the conditions of our experiments has an advantage over P. aurelia in the coefficients of geometric increase, whilst P. aurelia surpasses P. caudatum in its resistance to waste products. (This finds its expression in the values of the coefficients of the struggle for existence and in the presence of two cycles in the dying out of the population.) Therefore, if the decisive factor of competition is a rapid utilization of the food resorces, P. caudatum has an advantage over P. aurelia; but if the resistance to waste products is the essential point, then P. aurelia will take the place of P. caudatum.