Difflugia acuminata Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1316, 1923, 1986, 2024, 2027, 2067, 2109, 2125, 2147, 2150, 2239, 2330, 2356, 2456, 2564, 3173, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 2683, 3496, 3501, 3595, 3693) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2770)
Syn; Difflugia acaulis Perty, 1849 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia acuminata var. acaulis Perty, 1852 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia mitriformis var. acuminata Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; Shell surface rarely smooth, frequently carrying an incrustation of sand grains. End of fundus acute or with a knoblike process. Widely distributed, usually associated with the preceding species. Habitat ooze of sands and marshy ground. (ref. ID; 1923)
Shell outline; rough, elongate pyriform with a distinct aboral horn. Shell composition; small to large pieces of angular quartz, rarely incorporates diatoms. Shell organic cement; small network. Shell aperture; circular, surrounded by regular arrangement of small particles. (ref. ID; 2024)
The shell is brown, cylindrical with a pointed or acuminate aboral region. The surface is rough and covered with quartz particles and occasionally with fragments of diatoms. The aperture is circular and often covered with a thin layer of organic cement which gives it a smooth outline. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; Cash (1909) suggested that there was such a gradation of shape and size between specimens that they could not be considered as varieties. Nevertheless, he did list two varieties D. a. var. inflata and D. a. var. curvata. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length from 100-300 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length(L) 224-382; breadth(B) 76-123; diameter of aperture(Da) 40-48 um; B/L 0.36 +/- 0.03; Da/L 0.15 +/- 0.03. (ref. ID; 2024)
This cosmopolitan species is very variable in size. Length 180-455 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Total length of the test 190; maximum width 65; diameter of the pseudostome 40 um. (ref. ID; 2683)
Length of shell 232; breadth of shell 72; diameter of aperture 36 um (n = 1). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia avellana Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 2067, 2333, 3693)
Description; The shell is brown, elongated oval in shape tapering towards the aperture, and laterally compressed. The aboral region curves in a graceful arc. It is composed of sand grains. The aperture is oval or circular, and is surrounded by a regular array of small particles which sometimes vary in size. The size of the particles used to construct an individual shell is variable, but the general outline can easily be distinguished. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 130-162; breadth of shell 105-130; depth of shell 86-95; diameter of aperture 36-43 um (n = 7). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia bacillariarum Perty, 1849 (ref. ID; 890, 1316, 2067, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 2683, 3595)
Syn; Difflugia Solowetzkii G. S. West, 1903 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia acuminata var. elegans G. S. West, 1901 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia elegans Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; The shell is transparent, colourless or light yellow-brown, ovoid or pyriform usually with a distinct aboral protuberance or horn. The aboral horn is usually pointed, of varying length, and positioned centrally, but it may be deflected to the side when the tapering is uneven. Diatom frustules united by organic cement appear to make up the bulk of the shell, and the compact nature of the shell material only leaves small areas in which either organic cement or small siliceous plates can be seen. It is thought, however, that the basic shell is made or small shell plates and that the diatoms act as reinforcement. The organic cement is seen either as area of a patterned structure of small rings, or as strands between particles. The shape of the aperture is dependent on the arrangement and size of the diatoms which surround it. Small diatoms are usually used and the shape is circular, but it may vary to the extent of being triangular. Chardez (1978) observed that the aboral horn was either present or absent in specimens of D. australis (Playfair, 1918), a species that was initially described as a variety of D. bacillariarum. Although D. australis is alleged to differ from D. bacillariarum in size, the range of measurements given by Playfair (1918) for Australian species of both species are similar. Furthermore, Playfair noted that one specimen of D. bacillariarum australis was formed entirely to nebeloid plates, which supports the observation made above regarding the inner shell and diatom reinforcements. (ref. ID; 890)
The shell is colourless, ovoid and circular in transverse section. It is composed of thin siliceous plates overlaid by diatom frustules. The aperture is circular, but the shape is often masked by diatom shells. There has been considerable confusion between this species and Difflugia elegans. The main differences are that D. elegans is composed mainly of sand-grains overlaid with diatom shells, and has a distinct constriction just posterior to the aperture. The presence or absence of a terminal protuberance as a diagnostic character is questionable. It is absent on our two specimens of D. bacillariarum, but most of our specimens of D. elegans have a pronounced horn. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length 73-103 um; breadth 37-47 um; diameter of aperture 17-24 um (ref. ID; 890)
Their tests were heavily beset with diatom frustules, and the total length was 70 um. (ref. ID; 2683)
Length of shell 67-69; breadth of shell 40-44; diameter of aperture 22-24 um (n = 2). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia bacillifera Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 890, 1316, 1923, 2147, 2444, 2498, 3686, 3693, 4664)
Syn; Difflugia pyriformis var. bacillifera Levander, 1895 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia septentrionalis var. bacillifera Averintzev, 1900 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; The shell is usually transparent, light brown or yellow, ovoid or elongate with a distinct, long, cylindrical neck. The outline, however, is often masked by the diversity of diatom frustules that are incorporated into the structure, and in some instances the whole of the shell may appear to be an amalgamation of diatoms. The siliceous materials used vary from diatom frustules almost equal in length to the body of the shell, to small frustules about 10 um long, and spherical siliceous cysts of chrysomonad flagellates. The smaller frustules and cysts are usually found surrounding the aperture and at interstices between the larger frustules. The organic cement that binds the shell materials together is in the form of rings, similar to those for D. curvicaulis and D. elegans, but differing in having a perforated membrane inside the rings. These organic rings may often be pushed together so that they overlap. The aperture is usually circular, but may even be triangular if the large diatom frustules of the main shell body are incorporated as they occasionally are. Chardez (1966) stated that this species was considered to be rare, but that it was typical of certain environments. However, Ogden stated that D. bacillifera is not rare in Britain. (ref. ID; 890)
Shell variable in form, usually with a rounded fundus tapering into a narrow, often cylindrical neck; membrane hyaline, covered wholly or in part with diatoms, which are sometimes scattered with sand particles or foreign bodies such as minute tests of siliceous flagellates or rhizopoda, e.g. Euglypha laevis. Habitat Sphagnum pools and mosses. (ref. ID; 1923)
The shell is brown, ovoid or elongate, and the outline is often concealed by adhering diatom frustules. Cash (1909) suggested that the extent to which diatom frustules are incorporated was dependent on the season. Our specimens have attached various diatoms from the genera, Tabellaria, Frustulia, Pinnularia and Eunotia, but we have not observed any seasonal trends. The aperture is circular and surrounded by small quartz particles. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length 117-176 um; breadth 54-80 um; diameter of aperture 17-27 um. (ref. ID; 890)
Length 145-160 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length of shell 130-194; breadth of shell 59-91; diameter of aperture 25-36 um (n = 8). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia bacillifera var. angustus Chardez, 1991 (ref. ID; 2392)
Description; This variety differs from the species by its smaller size and the extreme narrowness of the shell. It has thus an almost cylindrical and tubular appearance. (ref. ID; 2392)
Measurements; Its measurements vary from 80-90 um for the length, diameter of the shell 28-30, and of the aperture 10-12 um. (ref. ID; 2392)
Difflugia brevicolla Cash & Hopkinson, 1909 (ref. ID; 890, 2356, 2379)
Description; The shell is transparent, yellow or light brown, spherical with a short neck. The neck, in ventral view, varies from being easily visible to being obscured by shell components, but at either extreme it is usually apparent in apertural view. It is composed mainly of a mixture of small diatom frustules, small pieces of quartz and siliceous cysts of chrysomonad flagellates. In addition, the empty shell cases of smaller testate amoebae, for example Trinema, are often attached to the shell and aggregations of material are sometimes attached to the aboral extremity. The organic cement is only occasionally visible because the shell material is so well packed, but it appears either as a matrix with small rings or as small spheres and rings. The aperture is circular, borded by an arrangement of small particles and diatoms, and it usually has a regular even outline. A smooth cyst membrane seals the mouth of the aperture in some specimens.The description given here differ from Heal's (1962) observation that D. brevicolla incorporates "much mineral matter" in its shell. Using the terminology given by Heal, D. brevicolla should be listed with D. bacillariarum and D. bacillifera in having "little mineral matter". (ref. ID; 890)
Measurements; Length 66-110 um; breadth 48-97 um; diameter of aperture 22-42 um (ref. ID; 890)
Length 162 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia carinata Van Oye, 1956 (ref. ID; 2233 original paper)
Description; Its transverse section being slightly compressed; however, the presence of a carina built up by a single row of sand-grains gives to the whole an aspect as if it were much more compressed than it actually is; indeed, without carina, the body is but very slightly compressed. On the fundus of the test, the carina may be built out of two rows of sand-grains, while there is but a single row on the lateral sides. The sand-grains on the body-surface are as numerous as in most Difflugia-species. The mouth-margin is built up by an irregular series of sand-grains. The keel makes a circle around the body, and continues till 1/4 of the length of the test, beginning from the mouth. (ref. ID; 2233)
Measurements; Length 92; breadth 52; mouth 18 um. (ref. ID; 2233)
Difflugia claviformis (Penard, 1899) (ref. ID; 3686) or (Penard, 1899) Ogden (ref. ID; 2022, 2024, 2152)
Description; See Difflugia gigantea. (ref. ID; 2022)
Shell outline; smooth, pyriform with a conical aboral cone (cone sometimes reduced or absent). Shell composition; small to large pieces of flat quartz, plus occasional diatom. Shell organic cement; regular network. Shell aperture; circular surrounded by regular arrangement of small particles. (ref. ID; 2024)
The shell is brown, pyriform with the apical region having a terminal conical protuberance. The sides swell evenly from the aperture to reach their widest diameter and then curve gracefully to the conical protuberance. It has a smooth outline and is composed mainly of sand-grains held together by a mesh of organic cement. The aperture is circular and surrounded by an even arrangement of small particles. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length(L) 288-316; breadth(B) 105-123; diameter of aperture(Da) 34-40 um; B/L 0.43 +/- 0.07; Da/L 0.14 +/- 0.01. (ref. ID; 2024)
Length of shell 247-393; breadth of shell 97-196; diameter of aperture 33-62 um (n = 12). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia compressa (Leidy) Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas (ref. ID; 2147, 2152) or Leidy (ref. ID; 3496)
Measurements; Length 200-210 um. (ref. ID; 3496)
Difflugia constricta Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 1618, 3693) or (Ehrenberg, 1841) Leidy, 1879 (ref. ID; 1316, 2367)
See; Centropyxis constricta (Ehrenberg)
Syn; Difflugia cassis Wallich (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia constricta Certes, 1889 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia marsupiformis Butschli, 1880 (ref. ID; 1316) or Wallich (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia platystoma Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 1316) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia proteiformis marsupiformis Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia proteiformis marsupiformis var. cassis Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; Test laterally ovoid, fundus more or less prolonged obliquely upward, rounded, and simple or provided with spines; soil forms generally spineless aperture antero-inferior, large, circular or oval and its edge inverted; test composed of quartz grains; colorless to brown; cytoplasm colorless; in the ooze of ponds and in soil. (ref. ID; 1618)
Measurements; 80-340 um long. (ref. ID; 1618)
Difflugia corona Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316, 1923, 1986, 2109, 2125, 2352, 2356, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 3496, 3693)
Syn; Corona cornula Vejdovsky, 1881 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia acuminata var. furcata Daday, 1892 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia proteiformis globularis var. corona Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; Test ovoid to spheroid, circular in cross-section; crown broadly rounded, with a variable number of spines, aperture more or less convex in profile, central and it border multidentate of multilobate; test with fine sand-grains, opaque cytoplasm colorless; pseudopodia numerous, long, branching or bifurcating; in fresh water. (ref. ID; 1618)
Shell ovoid inclining to spheroid, composed of large sand grains or flattened silicious plates, smooth and regular in outline. Teeth usually more than 12 in number, evenly arranged or not. Fundus with 6 to 9 spines, but sometimes with 1 to 4, or none at all. Nucleus single. One of the best known species of Difflugia, used by Jennings in his genetical research. Common in ooze of ponds. (ref. ID; 1923)
The shell is brown, spherical or ovoid and has a variable number of spines on the aboral region. It is composed of quartz particles, with the small pieces being cemented into the gaps between larger pieces to reproduce a relatively uniform surface. The aperture is circular and surrounded by a denticular collar. The tooth-like structures are evenly spaced, number between 12 to 20, and are composed of small particles cemented together. A study of cultured and wild specimens of D. corona by Jennings (1916 and 1937) showed that this species varied considerably in size and shape. The aboral spines are easily broken because they project some distance from the shell, so that variation of this feature should be expected. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; 180-230 um by about 150 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
Length without spines 180-230 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length of shell 137-189; breadth of shell 141-176; diameter of aperture 51-83 um (n = 12). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia curvicaulis Penard, 1899 (ref. ID; 3173, 3686, 3693) or 1902 (ref. ID; 1316, 2024, 2125, 2147, 2152)
See; Difflugia acuminata f. curvicaulis (ref. ID; 2352)
Description; Shell outline; smooth, pyriform with a distinct aboral hone, often curved and perforated at apex. Shell composition; small and medium pieces of flat quartz. Shell organic cement; regular network. Shell aperture; circular surrounded by regular arrangement of small particles. (ref. ID; 2024)
The shell is colourless or brown, elongate or ovoid, circular in transverse section, and the aboral region terminates with a tubular horn which is often curved and perforated at its apex. It is composed of siliceous particles, often interspersed with a mesh of organic cement, arranged to give a smooth outline to the shell. The aperture is circular and surrounded by a rim of small particles. This species was considered by Cash (1909) to differ from D. acuminata only in the form of the terminal horn. Examination of our specimens shows that D. curvicaulis differs from D. acuminata and D. elegans in the smoothness of the shell, the shape, and in the form of the aperture. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length(L) 159-232; breadth(B) 70-97; diameter of aperture(Da) 35-44 um; B/L 0.47 +/- 0.05; Da/L 0.22 +/- 0.02. (ref. ID; 2024)
Length of shell 146-191; breadth of shell 74-88; diameter of aperture 34-42 um (n = 7). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia delicatula Gatuhier-Lieve & Thomas (ref. ID; 3496)
Description; The form with a fusiform test having a short tubular posterior process. (ref. ID; 3496)
Measurements; Length 53-57 um. (ref. ID; 3496)
Difflugia elegans Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 1401, 2024, 2066, 2068, 2109, 2126, 2147, 2152, 2329, 2356, 2441, 2456, 3568, 3686, 3693)
Description; Shell outline; rough, pyriform usually with a constriction near the aperture to form a neck, and an aboral horn often curved and perforated at apex. Shell composition; small to large pieces of angular quartz and often diatom. Shell organic cement; unconnected rings. Shell aperture; circular or oval, surrounded by an irregular mixture of particles. (ref. ID; 2024)
The apex of the test sometimes has two spines more or less symmetrically placed instead of a single spine. (ref. ID; 2356)
The shell is brown, ovoid with an acuminate aboral region which terminates in a tubular horn, and there is a distinct constriction posterior to the aperture. In transverse section it is circular, and composed of sand-grains and diatom frustules. The aperture is circular and surrounded by an irregular arrangement of particles and diatoms. Variation in the construction of the test is considerable, as is the length of the tubular horn, but the constriction behind the aperture distinguishes this species from D. bacillariarum which it closely resembles. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length(L) 113-151; breadth(B) 75-95; diameter of aperture(Da) 35-48 um; B/L 0.59 +/- 0.07; Da/L 0.33 +/- 0.04. (ref. ID; 2024)
Length 80-162 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Length of shell 117-158; breadth of shell 69-99; diameter of aperture 39-55 um (n = 14). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia elegans var. parva Chardez, 1969 (ref. ID; 2126, 2555, 3568)
Description; The test is shortly pear-shaped, not compressed. The rear part of the test is pointed. The cover consists of xenosomata of different size which mostly do not touch each other. The aperture is circular. (ref. ID; 2555)
Measurements; Length of the test 45-60 (Chardez, 1969), 58 (Opravilova, 1989); width of the test 30-35 (Chardez, 1969), 29 (Opravilova, 1989); diameter of the aperture 18 um. (Opravilova, 1989) (ref. ID; 2555)
Difflugia geosphaira Ogden, 1991 (ref. ID; 4799 original paper)
Diagnosis; Shell ovoid, circular in cross section, with a well defined apertural rim; walls constructed of an organic matrix with siliceous particles added; aperture large, circular; cytoplasm does not fill casing, nucleus with many peripheral nucleoli, two or three contractile vacuoles, peroxisomes and symbiotic bacteria present; lobose pseudopodia. (ref. ID; 4799)
Description; Active individuals usually extend one large lobose pseudopod from which one or two smaller branches may develop near the point of extrusion. Such pseudopods may extend for one and a half times the body length, about 80 um, and may be up to 10 um in diameter. Bands of filaments are often seen running along the length of large pseudopods; their appearance corresponds to the dimensions of microtubules but they could equally be bands of microfilaments. The cytoplasmic body occupies about two-thirds of half of the anterior shell volume around the aperture in moving animals, the posterior portion of the shell being unoccupied. A central nucleus and two to three contractile vacuoles are clearly visible in the cytoplasm. Pseudopodia in the vicinity of the aperture consist of a range of cytoplasmic strands which vary in size from 0.5 um to about 5 um in diameter. (ref. ID; 4799)
Specific designation; Due to the confusion surrounding earlier descriptions of globular forms of Difflugia, the species studied here was previously considered by Ogden (1988) to represent Difflugia globulosa sensu Penard, 1902, based on general size, shape and composition of the shell. Nevertheless, it was noted then that there were differences such as the presence of a distinct organic apertural collar and the regular size of the body and aperture. Further investigation of the cytoplasmic features of these specimens shows that they also differ from the earlier forms reviewed by Penard (1902) and Cash & Hopkinson (1909), in one important feature, the shape and structure of the nucleus. These earlier authors described most globular forms as having a single nucleus with a large central nucleolus. One spherical species, Difflugia subequalis, was described by Penard (1910) to have a single nucleus and several nucleoli. Nevertheless this species has substantially different measurements, on average a body length of 81 um compared with 55 um, a breadth of 88 um compared with 52 um and an aperture diameter of 53 um compared with 23 um. In addition aperture was not perpendicular with axis of the shell, hence the specific name. The specimens examined here are now considered to be sufficiently distinct to justify designation as a new species, the diagnostic features of which are: a distinct organic apertural collar, regular body size and aperture, and a single nucleus with several, mainly peripheral, well defined nucleoli. (ref. ID; 4799)
Etymology; The name being Greek, ge= earth and sphaira = ball. (ref. ID; 4799)
Type locality; Edge of drainage dyke, Pedwell, King's Sedgemoor, Somerset, England. (ref. ID; 4799)
Difflugia gigantea Chardez, 1984 (ref. ID; 2022, 2125, 2151 original paper, 2152)
Syn; Difflugia oblonga var. gigantea Chardez, 1967 (ref. ID; 2151)
Description; This species has the typical pyriform shell with a spherical fundus, and tapers towards the aperture for about half of the total shell length. The shell surface is smooth and constructed of medium pieces of flattened quartz. The aperture is circular or oval, and surrounded by small particle of quartz. Areas of organic cement are often seen binding the quartz together and the surface of this cement is perforated by small regularly spaced opening. This species is similar to D. claviformis in having a smooth shell, but it lacks the aboral cone and has a structurally different organic cement. (ref. ID; 2022)
Measurements; Length 341-480; breadth 163-231; diameter of aperture 55-84 um. (ref. ID; 2022)
Difflugia globularis Wallich (ref. ID; 3693) or (Wallich, 1864) Leidy, 1877 (ref. ID; 2027, 2109, 2147, 2152, 2356)
See; Difflugia globulosa (ref. ID; 3693)
Measurements; Diameter 190; height 210; diameter of aperture 65 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia globulosa Dujardin, 1837 (ref. ID; 3686, 3693) or 1841 (ref. ID; 2068, 2077, 2121, 2329, 2330, 2538, 2541) reported year? (ref. ID; 5034)
Syn; Difflugia globularis Wallich (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia proteiformis Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3693)
Description; The shell is brown, spherical or hemispherical, usually composed of large quartz particles but may also include diatom frustules. The general appearance is a rough shell although some smoother forms have been seen. The aperture is circular, and surrounded by smaller particles which often appear smooth due to the overlaying cement. Variation in this species is prolific, both in the composition of the shell and the size of the aperture in relation to the diameter of the shell. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; Penard (1902) described this species as having two distinct forms, the typical form and one varying between 135 and 155 um. He also described two smaller forms 50 to 70 um in size. Cash et al. (1909) described a small form (15-50 um) under the name D. globulus, and suggested that Dujardin's original description of D. globulosa was ambiguous. In agreement with recent descriptions we have accepted Penard's (1902) re-description of D. globulosa. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Diameter of shell 91-119; depth of shell 79-113; diameter of aperture 33-58 um (n = 13). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia gramen Penard, 1902 (ref. ID; 1316, 1986, 2067, 2109, 2234, 2330, 3686, 3693 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2683, 3595)
Syn; Difflugia lobostoma Leidy (ref. ID; 1316, 3693)
Description; The shell is brown or purplish-grey, spherical or ovoid. The surface is rough and covered with sand-grains, but like D. corona the gaps between large particles are often filled with smaller fragments. The aperture is trilobed and is surrounded by a slightly raised collar of small particles cemented together. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; This species varies in size and in the composition of the shell, according to Cash (1909) who stated that sometimes the shell was made of thin siliceous plates. Leidy (1879) described a specimen with five lobes surrounding the aperture, whereas Penard (1902) described both curved and rectangular shaped lobes. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; The length of the test was 70 um and the diameter 45 um. (ref. ID; 2683)
Length of shell 80-98; breadth of shell 68-95; diameter of aperture 28-36 um (n = 4). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia labiosa Wailes, 1919 (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 1333, 2125)
Syn; Difflugia amphora Penard, 1901 (ref. ID; 1333)
Description; The shell is brown, ovoid with the apertural end truncate, and is composed of assorted quartz particles and diatom frustules. The aperture is surrounded by a shallow undulating lip, which may appear lobed, whilst the neck of the aperture is often recessed into the body of the shell. This species can be distinguished from D. amphoralis Hopkinson, 1908 by the presence of a recess at the base of the neck. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 158; breadth of shell 118; diameter of aperture 52 um (n = 1). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia lacustris (Penard, 1899) (ref. ID; 890, 2027, 2147) or (Penard) Jung (ref. ID; 2460, 3562)
Description; The shell is transparent, colourless, ovoid with a long, thin neck that makes up about half of the shell length. It is composed of a mixture of flattish pieces of quartz, fragments of diatom frustules and some small siliceous plates. The neck has an encrustation of quartz particles just anterior to the junction with the body. Small isolations of organic cement, in the form of small rings, are sometimes seen. The aperture is circular and surrounded by small pieces of quartz. (ref. ID; 890)
Measurements; Length 96-101 um; breadth 32-36 um; diameter of aperture 12-13 um (ref. ID; 890)
Difflugia lanceolata Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 1316, 2027, 2109, 2152, 2330, 2356, 2441, 2558, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2770)
Syn; Difflugia acuminata Leidy i.p., pl. X, fig. 17 (ref. ID; 3693)
Description; The shell is yellow or hyaline, elongate and tapering at both ends. It is composed of siliceous angular particles arranged so that the sides appear polished and smooth. The aperture is circular and surrounded by an organic collar. The shell may sometimes be more sharply pointed in the aboral region, but the clean outline of this species is the main distinguishing feature. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length -260 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Length of shell 116-159; breadth of shell 46-72; diameter of aperture 23-28 um (n = 4). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia lebes Penard, 1899 (ref. ID; 1923, 2067, 2077) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693)
Syn; Difflugia urceolata var. lebes Penard, 1893 (ref. ID; 3693)
Description; Neck sometimes indistinct, aperture large and entire. Shell very fragile, covered with silicious flattened particles. Collar straight, rarely recurved (= var. elongata Penard). Sometimes more than 100 nuclei. Feeds on large diatoms. Habitat ooze at the bottom of lakes, ponds. (ref. ID; 1923)
Measurements; One of the greatest Difflugia, some reaching 400 um in length, or more. (ref. ID; 1923)
Difflugia limnetica Levander, 1900 (ref. ID; 3693) or (Levander, 1900) Penard, 1902 (ref. ID; 2028, 2053, 2109, 2330, 2354, 2554) reported year? (ref. ID; 3015, 3496) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 5388)
Syn; Difflugia lobostoma Leidy var. limnetica Levander, 1900 (ref. ID; 3693)
Description; The tests of D. limnetica consist of xenosomes, i.e. of polymorphic mineral particles (grains of sand, frustules of diatoms, etc.) of different origin and organic "cement" in the interstices. (ref. ID; 2028)
The oral opening is always trilobated, the three lobes varying in distinctness from case to case. Mostly the lobes are shallow, but in L. Bocksjon (Tiveden, northern Vastergotland) they were deep and relatively narrow. The shape of the shell varies, being sometimes spheroidal, sometimes slightly elongated. Often a collar is distinctly set off, but in some cases this character is hardly discernible. Mineral particles are cemented together in the shell, sometimes also small diatoms. The cementing substance of the shell may be yellowish or brown, but more often it is colourless. D. limnetica was found in oligotrophic as well as eutrophic lakes. (ref. ID; 2554)
Difflugia lismorensis Playfair, 1918 (ref. ID; 1986, 2356)
Description; This species had aperture with four narrow lobes set at right angles. (ref. ID; 2356)
Measurements; The diameter of the test ranged from 100-113 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia lithophila Penard, 1902 (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 3496) or (Penard, 1902) Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas, 1958 (ref. ID; 2109, 2352)
Description; The shell is brown, ovoid with a slight constriction near the aperture to form a small collar, and is circular in transverse section. It is composed of small quartz particles and some diatom shells. The aperture is circular and has an uneven outline. Penard (1902) thought that the small collar of this species might easily be overlooked. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length 62-75 um. (ref. ID; 3496)
Length of shell 126; breadth of shell 99; diameter of aperture 47 um (n = 1). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia lobostoma Leidy, 1877 (ref. ID; 1316, 2110) or 1879 (ref. ID; 2109) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 2067, 2301, 2329, 2330, 2356, 3062, 3595, 3693)
Syn; Difflugia crenulata Leidy, 1874 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia lobostomata Hempel, 1898 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia oblonga Fresenius, 1857 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia tricuspis Carter, 1856 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; Test ovoid to subspherical; aperture terminal; with three to six lobes; test usually composed of sand-grains, rarely with diatoms endoplasm colorless or greenish; in fresh water. Sexual fusion and life cycle. (ref. ID; 1618)
Shell ovoid or nearly spheric, usually with a quadrilobate (rarely trilobate) aperture. Pseudopods few. Cytoplasm sometimes with chlorellar. Habitat ponds, ditches, and marshy places; common. (ref. ID; 1923)
Measurements; Diameter 80-120 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
Length 90-150 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Shell diameter approx. 120 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia longicollis Gassowsky, 1936 (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 3562)
Description; The shell is brown, pyriform, the fundus is usually rounded and the neck tapers evenly to the aperture. The surface is rough and encrusted with sand-grains of various sizes. The aperture is circular and surrounded by a regular arrangement of small particles. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; This species was considered by Gassowsky (1936) to be a variety of D. oblonga because of its small size. It is similar to D. oblonga in shape, but we have found both species together in the same moss sample and have easily identified D. longicollis on size. Note that the reports of this species by Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas (1958) and Chardez (1967) are omitted because the measurements given (length 240-476 um) are not comparable with the original description. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 91-109; breadth of shell 47-55; diameter of aperture 16-21 um (n = 11). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia lucida Penard, 1890 (ref. ID; 1316, 2067, 2099, 2110, 2120, 2329, 2425, 2435, 2441, 4755) reported year? (ref. ID; 3491, 3501, 3693, 5034)
Description; Shell slightly compressed, covered with flat quartz particles. Living individuals accumulate mainly inorganic material round the elliptic aperture. This aggregation of particles is probably drawn into the shell when the amoebae encysts and is lost when the cell dies. Schonborn (1966) believes that they represent stored reserve xenostomes. Recently, Schonborn et al. (1987) described food-bundles in Schoenbornia humicola which look rather similar to the particle aggregation observed by us in D. lucida and P. fascicularis. We suggest that it is a peculiar kind of apertural "plug" to avoid desiccation of the cytoplasma during short periods of dryness. Nucleus with a central nucleolus. (ref. ID; 4755)
Difflugia manicata Penard, 1902 (ref. ID; 3686, 3693 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 1333)
Description; The shell is yellow or brown, oval, circular in transverse section and in the apical region tapers evenly to the aperture. It is covered with small sand grains which are usually packed closely together, but often the aboral region has a broken outline due to an addition of larger particles. The aperture is small, circular and usually surrounded by small particles, the regularity being occasionally broken by the inclusion of larger particles. Variation appears to be restricted to the size of the materials used in shell formation. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 75-88; breadth of shell 47-54; diameter of aperture 15-20 um (n = 15). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia manicata var. langhovdensis Sudzuki, 1964 (ref. ID; 3491, 3536 original paper)
Description; The shell constantly pyriform, slightly compressed and the posterior end more or less pointed. With a rounded posterior border in the lateral view. The aperture circular, without neck. The sand grains concentrated around the aperture, very rarely or never at the posterior half of the shell, except for the sandy particles. The main protoplasm usually located at the posterior half of the body, and in the cyst very often wholly spherical in form, away from the shell. The nucleus, one in number. (ref. ID; 3536)
Comments; The present species is much like D. lucida, fallax and pristis in general features and size, but different in lacking the remarkable ridge usually present around the aperture, and the lateral outline of the shell (parallel in lucida) from the first, different in the condition of the large sand grains attached from the second, and different in the nature of the material stuck to the shell from the third. The present species could be identical with D. manicata Penard, but clearly different from its type by its having a compressed shell. (ref. ID; 3536)
Measurements; Size 55-62 x 19-32 x 20-25 um, the aperture 29 x 19 um. (ref. ID; 3536)
Difflugia minuta Rampi, 1950 (ref. ID; 2109, 2110, 2356)
Measurements; Diameter 32-65; height 48-81 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1316, 1923, 2022, 2068, 2077, 2081, 2109, 2235, 2238, 2304, 2329, 2330, 2333, 2356, 2357, 2564, 3173, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 3501, 5034)
Syn; Difflugia acuminata Leidy, 1879 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia pyriformis Forel, 1885 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia pyriformis Perty, 1849 (ref. ID; 1316, 1335, 1923) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618)
Description; Test pyriform, flask-shaped, or ovoid; neck variable in length; fundus rounded, with occasionally one to three conical processes; aperture terminal, typically circular; test composed of angular sand-grains, diatoms; bright green with chlorophyllous bodies; in the ooze of fresh water ponds, ditches and bogs; also in moist soil. (ref. ID; 1618)
A very common species that seems to be exceedingly variable in form and size, but that really comprises a number of elementary species and varieties not yet discriminated. Habitat ooze of ponds, lakes, and among aquatic vegetation. (ref. ID; 1923)
The neck is long, about one-third of the shell length, and in D. petricola Cash, 1909 it is short about one-sixth of the shell length. In each case the aperture is circular and usually surrounded by a regular assortment of small quartz particles. The remainder of shell is composed of randomly arranged quartz particles and a few diatoms frustules. The surface has a rough appearance and only the occasional strand of organic cement can be seen binding these particles together, although the aperture of D. petricola often has a margin of patterned organic cement. The feature that separates these two species is the size of the neck. The difficulty of defining the junction of the neck with the main body of the shell, especially as this often be obscured by extra large particles, made us forgo trying to measure this feature. The shell D. petricola is usually shorter and broader than D. oblonga, and in both shell breadth appears to vary with shell length. (ref. ID; 2022)
The shell is brown, pyriform and composed of quartz particles. The neck is often clearly defined and the circular aperture is surrounded by small particles cemented together. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; D. oblonga has been the subject of controversy regarding its correct description for some time. For example, there has been doubt expressed by Chardez and Decloitre (1973) regarding the synonymy of D. pyriformis with D. oblonga. The argument, it seems to Ogden et al. (1979), reflects difficulties encountered when critically comparing original descriptions which are often inadequate or vague, with recent observations on similar specimens. Ogden et al. (1979) acknowledge that there is a problem is reconciling the descriptions of D. oblonga given by Ehrenberg (1838) with that given by Perty (1841) for D. pyriformis. Nevertheless, most authors have accepted the synonymy initially proposed by Ehrenberg (1871) and reinforced by Cash and Hopkinson (1909), the latter authors detailing all the earlier literature and their judgment on the problem. As Ogden et al. (1979) do not consider that Chardez and Decloitre (1973) have established the validity of the two species, Ogden et al. (1979) concur with the synonymy proposed by Ehrenberg (1871). (ref. ID; 2022)
Several varieties were described by Penard (1890 and 1902) and Cash et al. (1909), which illustrate the considerable variation exhibited by this species. The description given by Cash appears to embrace several varieties described by Penard (1890), including D. longicollis, so we refer in the measurements to Penard's (1890) description. Nevertheless, the discussion given by Cash (1909) concerning the priority of the name D. oblonga over D. pyriformis of Perty (1849) is accepted. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; 60-580 by 40-240 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
Length 128-232; breadth 60-99; diameter of aperture 19-38 um; B/L 0.45 +/- 0.04; Da/L 0.15 +/- 0.02. (ref. ID; 2022)
Length of shell 190-237; breadth of shell 92-146; diameter of aperture 32-42 um (n = 7). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia ovalisina Beyens & Chardez, 1994 (ref. ID; 2392 original paper)
Description; Shell oval, with a circular cross-section. The aperture is truncated at a right angle; the border shows a slight swelling (rim), sometimes slightly recurved to the interior. The organic cement is transparent with a yellowish tint, encrusted with small flattish pieces, and with a few siliceous elements and diatoms added. Cytoplasm limpid, lobose pseudopodia, spherical nucleus. (ref. ID; 2392)
Comments; This small species resembles Difflugia saxicola Penard, but differs mainly from the latter by aperture which is truncated at a right angle and provided with a slight, mostly recurved rim. (ref. ID; 2392)
Measurements; Length of shell 25-29; diameter of shell 18-28; diameter of pseudostome 9-15; height of rim 1.5-2.2; diameter of nucleus 15 um. (n = 8) (ref. ID; 2392)
Difflugia oviformis Cash, 1909 (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 1316, 2043, 2047, 2110, 2216, 2234, 2329, 2420, 3283, 5034)
Description; The shell is light brown, sub-spherical or ovoid, tapering evenly to the aperture. It is composed of small siliceous elements, and occasionally some diatom shells, irregularly arranged and bound by cement to produce a smooth surface. Small pores are often seen in the cement between adjacent elements. The aperture is surrounded by a thick collar of organic cement, which divides the opening into either three or four lobes. Specimens with five or six lobes surrounding the aperture have been reported (Chardez, 1967). The arrangement of siliceous elements to produce a daughter cell at division have been described by Netzel (1976, 1977) (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 79-87; breadth of shell 57-67; diameter of aperture 25-26 um (n = 4). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia pelagica Pejler (ref. ID; 2554 original paper)
Description; In general shape (of the shell) D. pelagica agrees with D. limnetica, being slightly oviform or almost spheroidal. A collar is sometimes set off. The oral opening has four lobes, contrary to conditions in D. limnetica. However, exceptionally two of the lobes tend to merge giving the impression that only three lobes exist. In the encountered populations the lobes were always shallow. The shell is made up of mineral grains cemented by a colourless substance. Zoochlorellae were found in the protoplasm. D. pelagica agrees in most respects with D. lobostoma Leidy. However, the latter species is considerably larger (140-170 um according to Penard), and it is not said to be planktic. D. pelagica occurred as a purely planktic species. (ref. ID; 2554)
Measurements; The length of the shell varied between 60 and 100 um in the four localities. (ref. ID; 2554)
Difflugia penardi Hopkinson, 1909 (ref. ID; 1316, 2066, 2067, 2109, 2110, 2330, 2356, 2441, 2564, 3173, 3686)
Description; The shell is transparent or yellow, ovoid and circular in transverse section. It is thin, usually has a regular outline, and is composed mainly of small diatom frustules arranged on an organic matrix. Although the major part of the shell is made of specimens belonging to the diatom genera Cocconeis and Achnanthes, larger diatom shells and spherical siliceous cysts of chrysomonad flagellates may also be incorporated. The aperture is small and circular. (ref. ID; 3686)
Comments; This species was initially described under the name D. fallax by Penard (1890), who suggested that the animal may have made the siliceous plates. It would appear from our observations that the density of the organic cement masks the fine detail of the diatom frustules, but emphasises the outlines so that they seem to be siliceous plates. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length 78 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Length of shell 75-94; breadth of shell 47-54; diameter of aperture 17-19 um (n = 4). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia petricola Cash, 1909 (ref. ID; 2022)
Description; See Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg, 1838
Measurements; Length 108-151; breadth 72-99; diameter of aperture 25-36 um; B/L 0.62 +/- 0.05; Da/L 0.22 +/- 0.02. (ref. ID; 2022)
Difflugia pyriformella Chardez, 1982 (ref. ID; 2392, 2460 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2027, 2152, 3562)
Measurements; The 6 empty shells varied in length between 78 um and 90 um, which is different from the 100 um- 125 um observed by Chardez (1982). (ref. ID; 2392)
Difflugia pyriformis Perty, 1849 (ref. ID; 890, 2027, 2125, 2147, 2456) or 1852 (ref. ID; 2352, 2357, 3693) reported year? (ref. ID; 3562) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2770)
See; Difflugia oblonga (ref. ID; 1316, 1618, 1335, 1923)
Description; The shell is opaque, pyriform, tapering evenly form the aperture to about the mid-body position and curving gracefully in the aboral region. It is composed of an assortment of quartz particles, so arranged that the outline in usually regular whilst the surface is intermediate between rough and smooth, the anterior region is most frequently restricted to small pieces of quartz and rarely has large irregular particles. Areas of organic cement are often seen at the junction between particles, and the surface of the cement is characterized by a distinctive rosette-like pattern. The aperture is circular and surrounded by a regular arrangement of small quartz particles. A smooth cyst membrane seals the mouth of the aperture in some specimens. D. pyriformis is similar D. oblonga. The total length of the shell is similar but it differs significantly in both breadth and diameter of aperture, either by direct comparison or by using the rations breadth/length and diameter of aperture/length. Besides size, the main difference is the texture of the shell. In D. oblonga the shell is irregular in outline, rough, composed of small to large pieces of angular quartz with only strands of organic cement visible, whereas the shell in D. performs has a regular outline, intermediate between rough and smooth, rarely incorporates large irregular pieces of quartz, and has visible areas of organic cement. According Penard's (1902) description of D. pyriformis, he described that the shell was made mainly of angular pieces of quartz often with two or three larger pieces around the junction of the neck and body, that it seldom incorporated sediment or diatoms, and that the materials were joined by a clear cement which was not abundant and allowed the shell to break easily under pressure. (ref. ID; 890)
Measurements; Length 154-253 um; breadth 90-153 um; diameter of aperture 35-56 um. (ref. ID; 890)
Difflugia rubescens Penard, 1891 (ref. ID; 1333, 1923, 2067, 2441, 2564, 3686, 4810) reported year? (ref. ID; 3283, 3595, 3693)
Syn; Difflugia pyriformis Leidy, 1879 (ref. ID; 1333)
Description; Pyriform, yellowish in color; membrane chitinous, encrusted with foreign particles and diatoms. Aperture circular, bordered by a incurved crenulate margin; protoplasm containing numerous granules of brick-red color; cyst equally red or brownish-red in color. Habitat aquatic vegetation and among Sphagnum or moss. (ref. ID; 1923)
The shell is yellow or light brown, pyriform. It is usually encrusted with sand-grains or diatom frustules. The aperture is circular and bordered by an organic collar, the inner margin of which is crenulated to form tooth-like structures. The outer covering of this species varies considerably in having either few or numerous diatom-frustules attached to the shell, often to the extent that they disguise the pyriform shape. (ref. ID; 3686)
Type locality; From specimens collected in the Rocky Mountains of America. (ref. ID; 4810)
Measurements; Length 65-105 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length of shell 70-91; breadth of shell 38-54; diameter of aperture 14-20 um (n = 11). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia scalpellum Penard, 1899 (ref. ID; 2024, 2147, 3173) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693)
Description; The shell is colourless and usually almost transparent, especially in the aboral region. It is elongate, tubular, swelling gradually from the aperture to the mid-body region and then tapering rapidly to end in a fine point. Small pieces of quartz and thin, flat portions of diatom shells are arranged to make a surface which for the most part is smooth. Although gaps appear to be present between particles when viewed under the optical microscope, only small areas of cement have been seen using the scanning electron microscope. This cement is similar in structure to that of D. curvicaulis. The aperture is circular and surrounded by a fairly regular arrangement of small quartz particles. The aboral region of this species may be curved to resembles the cutting edge of knife, hence the specific name, but as Penard (1899) stated this does not appear to be a constant feature. (ref. ID; 2024)
Collection; Slide (Reg. No. 20.12.8.28) in the collections of the Zoology Department, British Museum (Natural History). (ref. ID; 2024)
Measurements; Length of shell 260-300 (Penard, 1899), 227-245 (Stepanek, 1952), 252-264 (Ogden, 1979); breadth of shell 52-70 (Stepanek, 1952), 70-79 (Ogden, 1979); diameter of aperture 32-33 um. (Ogden, 1979) (ref. ID; 2024)
Difflugia schuurmani Van Oye (ref. ID; 2356, 2564)
Measurements; Length 70; diameter 48 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia septentrionalis Awerintzew, 1906 (ref. ID; 2392) reported year? (ref. ID; 2462)
Description; The shell is flask-shaped with an almost spherical part and a distinct slender cylindrical neck. The aperture is circular and bordered by a slight rim. The shell is almost entirely covered by diatoms, embedded in the transparent organic cement. (ref. ID; 2392)
Measurements; Length of shell 140-158; diameter of shell 66-79; diameter of aperture 20-23 um (n = 3). (ref. ID; 2392)
Difflugia smilion Thomas (ref. ID; 2125, 2147, 2239, 2356)
Measurements; The test was 208 um long, 50 um wide, and the aperture had a diameter of 36 um. (ref. ID; 2356)
Difflugia sphincta Jung, 1942 (ref. ID; 2022)
Description; In general appearance they have a similar shape to specimens of Pontigulasia compressa (Carter, 1864), but can be distinguished from the latter but the absence of an external constriction which defines the neck and the associated internal diaphragm. The shell in broad view is pyriform and laterally it is flattened. From about the mid-body region the shell tapers towards the aperture, and often there is a collar or ring of large particles at a position near the beginning of the slope. This is evident in one specimens as a ring of flattened particles when viewed from the aperture, similar to that shown by Chardez (1969). Small medium pieces of flattened quartz are arranged in the shell to produce a smooth outline, but larger pieces may be present in the collar, and large areas of organic cement are often visible between the quartz. The surface of the cement is characterised by having numerous small rosettes, each of which usually has a central opening and is surrounded by a circle of six to eight equally spaced openings. (ref. ID; 2022)
Measurements; Length of shell 175 (Jung, 1942), 185-220 (Chardez, 1967), 173-183 (Ogden et al, 1979); Breadth of shell 145 (Jung, 1942), 110-150 (Chardez, 1967), 112-142 (Ogden et al, 1979); Depth of shell 80-100 (Chardez, 1967), 90-108 (Ogden et al, 1979); Diameter of aperture 50 (Jung, 1942), 39-46 um. (Ogden et al, 1979) (ref. ID; 2022)
Difflugia tuberculata (Wallich, 1864) (ref. ID; 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693), (Wallich, 1864) Archer, 1867 (ref. ID; 1316, 1923, 2147, 3761) reported year? (ref. ID; 3595) or Archer, 1897 (ref. ID; 2109) reported year? (ref. ID; 2329, 2330, 3062)
See; Nebela tuberculata (ref. ID; 3761)
Syn; Difflugia lobostoma Leidy, 1879 (ref. ID; 1316) reported year? (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia lobostoma var. tuberculata Minkiewicz, 1900 (ref. ID; 1316); Difflugia proteiformis globularis var. tuberculata Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; Neck distinct, aperture lobated or with undulating margin. Shell brownish, mammillated in outline. Ovoid, in transverse section circular, with subhemispheric elevations exteriorly and corresponding depressions interiorly, the surface having a mulberry-shaped appearance. Membrane chitinous, covered with irregularly-sized minute sand grains. Aperture hexilobate, with a narrow collar. One nucleus. Habitat marshes and ponds. (ref. ID; 1923)
The shell is brown, ovoid or circular and composed of quartz particles. The surface is characterized by having an almost regular arrangement of small protuberances, which are composed of aggregates of small particles. The aperture is circular and is bordered by a narrow collar of small pieces of quartz. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length 120-140 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length of shell 102-140; breadth of shell 98-140; diameter of aperture 39-44 um (n = 6). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia urceolata Carter, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316, 1923, 2090, 2109, 2125, 2147, 2150, 2330, 2352, 2356, 3686) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 3595, 3693)
Syn; Difflugia lageniformis Butschli, 1880 (ref. ID; 1316) or Wallich (ref. ID; 3693); Difflugia proteiformis mitriformis var. lageniformis Wallich, 1864 (ref. ID; 1316)
Description; A large ovoid, rotund test, with a short neck and a rim around aperture; multinucleate; in ditches, ponds, sphagnous swamps, etc. (ref. ID; 1618)
Neck deeply constricted, with outer margin always recurved. Shell ovoid or spherical, generally without spines, but a variety, D. urceolata var. olla Leidy, possesses a few short stubby spines developed from the fundus. Forty to 60 nuclei. Habitat ooze of pond water. (ref. ID; 1923)
The shell is opaque, ovoid or circular, with irregular, blunt, aboral protuberances and a pronounced apical rim or collar. It is composed of assorted sand grains to give a relative smooth and regular outline. The aperture is circular with the surrounding rim made of small quartz particles cemented together to form a regular structure. Variation in this species appears to be restricted to the presence or absence of aboral spines, and differences in size. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; 200-230 um by 150-200 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
Dimensions 200-350 um, mostly 220-250 um. (ref. ID; 1923)
Length of shell 313-394; breadth of shell 250-426; diameter of aperture 122-198 um (n = 4). (ref. ID; 3686)
Difflugia viscidula Penard, 1902 (ref. ID; 2109, 2125, 2151, 2152, 3686, 3693 original paper)
Description; The shell is opaque, ovoid, elongate and circular in transverse section. It is composed of a mixture of large and small particles of quartz. The aperture is circular, has a regular outline and is surrounded by small particles. This species was originally described from depths of 20 to 40 meters in Lake Geneva by Penard (1902), who considered it to have a fragile shell. Our specimens, are robust, but otherwise agree well with his description. (ref. ID; 3686)
Measurements; Length of shell 256-284; breadth of shell 188-215; diameter of aperture 82-89 um (n = 5). (ref. ID; 3686)