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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Cephalodella

Cephalodella Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 7815)

Class Monogonontaet: Order Ploimida: Family Notommatidae (ref. ID; 6806)

Synonym Diaschiza Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2978, 3514) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Diglena Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 2978, 3688)

ref. ID; 1663

Lorica composed of dorsal and ventral plates not united at the edges, but thin and poorly developed. Body prismatic or spindle-shaped. Two toes tapering, usually curved. Foot rudimentary and unjointed. Mastax virgate both rami and unci of very simple construction. Retrocerebral sac absent. Many littoral species, very common. (ref. ID; 1663)

ref. ID; 1923

Uncus consists simply of rodlike tooth. (ref. ID; 1923)

ref. ID; 3245

Notommatid rotifers with prismatic or spindle-shaped, illoricate or partly loricate body, having a slight constriction or neck separating the head and abdomen and passing without definite limit to the rudimentary foot, which is not jointed and has two slender toes. The corona is an obliquely frontal disc with long marginal cilia and two lateral tufts of densely set long cilia, especially adapted to swimming; the apical plate is enclosed by the marginal ciliation; the buccal field is sparsely ciliated. The mouth is slightly below the center of the corona and the lips occasionally project as a "beak". The mastax is virgate; the fulcrum is long and straight, nearly always slightly expanded at the posterior end to provide a greater surface for the attachment of the muscles of the piston; the rami are imperfectly developed, the uncus having only a single, slender tooth and the manubrium usually rodshaped, with or without a terminal crutch; the piston is a large, powerful muscle attached to the fulcrum and filling the entire cavity of the mastax. The retrocerebral organ is absent in nearly all the species and rudimentary when present, being limited to a small sac with partially atrophied duct, which does not reach the surface of the corona. The eyespot may be cervical, frontal (single or double) or absent. The definition of this genus, which includes all the species of Diaschiza Gosse, as revised by Dixon-Nuttall and Freeman, has been broadened sufficiently to admit some evidently closely related species. We have based it on the peculiar form of the body, a head segment separated from the abdomen by a slight constriction, no distinct separation between the abdomen and foot, corona slightly oblique with mouth near the center, and the specialized type of the virgate mastax, which varies only in minute details throughout the genus as here constituted. We do not consider the divided lorica as a generic character; in many species it is only a polite fiction. Neither can the small tuft of setae at the base of the toes be accepted as such; it is so difficult to find that we have made no use of it; although the genus includes a great many species, they are readily distinguished by easily ascertainable difference. The "beak" must be observed in the living animal; in preserved material the lips nearly always project somewhat. We have not figured the trophi of all the species included, as the differences are slight, but enough have been given to show the range of variation with in the genus. The change of the familiar name Diaschiza is regrettable, but is seemingly made unavoidable by the inclusion of Diglena catellina, of Ehrenberg and Gosse. De Beauchamp objects to identifying Ehrenberg's animal with Muller's Cercaria catellina, reproducing the figures of Muller and Weber. We are quite willing to admit that Muller's figure is, to say the least, poor, but Weber's is not great deal better, especially if consideration is given to the improvements made in optical instruments in the interval between 1786 and 1888. The usual custom is similar doubtful cases is to abide by the choice of the "first reviser", a distinction clearly belonging to Ehrenberg. As he claims to have recognized Cercaria catellina Muller, the simplest and most consist procedure is to accept the identification as correct. Denying it would not dispose of the generic name Diglena; although this was original defined by a synonymic citation only, there is no doubt about the identity of the animal for which Ehrenberg created the genus. His figure in the Infusionsthierchen of 1838 is unmistakable and this species must remain the type of Diglena, whether it retains the specific name catellina (Muller) or the next available, probably granularus Weisse, used for the male; for the reasons given above it seems preferable to use catellina (Muller). However, this had already been made the type of a genus Cephalodella by Bory de St. Vincent in his complication of 1826, which under the circumstances may be considered fortunate, as it obviates the displacement of the name Diaschiza by Diglena Ehrenberg, which has long been used for the forcipate Notommatids. Such transpositions are very confusing, even when absolutely unavoidable. Diaschiza Gosse is not tenable under any circumstances; Dujardin created a genus Plagiognatha in 1841, designating as type P. felis, in his opinion identical with Muller's Vorticella felis, but his figure shows beyond reasonable doubt that the animal he actually studied was Ehrenberg's Furcularia gibba, more familiar as Diaschiza gibba. Consequently, as Diaschiza can not possible be retained, the least objectionable solution appears to be the resurrection of Cephalodella Bory de St. Vincent, a course already suggested by Eyferth (Einfachsten Lebensformen, 1878, p.83, Diglena). (ref. ID; 3245)

ref. ID; 3334

In this genus the lorica, which is delicate, is made up of four trunk plates. The body is compressed laterally and curved towards the ventral side. The foot is short, consists of one segment and bears two curved toes. The mastax has virgate trophi. (ref. ID; 3334)
  1. Cephalodella ablusa Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  2. Cephalodella abstrusa Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  3. Cephalodella akrobeles Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017), acrobeles Myers (ref. ID; 1345)
  4. Cephalodella anebodica (Berzins, 1976) (ref. ID; 2017, 4603 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella gibba anebodica
  5. Cephalodella angusta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper, 3572)
  6. Cephalodella apocolea Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2017, 2932, 3245 original paper, 3572, 3688) or Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2268, 2277)
    Syn; Cephalodella apocolea Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID 3688); Cephalodella astricta Remane, 1929-1933 (ref. ID; 3688)
  7. Cephalodella aquila Mola, 1928
    See; Dicranophorus uncinatus (ref. ID; 3688)
  8. Cephalodella arcuata Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  9. Cephalodella armata Rodewald-Rudescu, 1960 (ref. ID; 2627 original paper) or Rudescu, 1960 (ref. ID; 3688)
    See; Cephalodella catellina major (ref. ID; 2017)
    Syn; Cephalodella catellina var. Rodewald, 1940 (ref. ID; 3688)
  10. Cephalodella asarcia Myers, 1942 (ref. ID; 2017)
  11. Cephalodella asta Donner, 1970 (ref. ID; 2017, 2608 original paper)
  12. Cephalodella astricta Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  13. Cephalodella astricta Remane, 1929-1933
    See; Cephalodella apocolea (ref. ID; 3688)
  14. Cephalodella auriculata (O.F. Muller, 1773) (ref. ID; 1345, 1804, 1923, 2017, 2268, 2276, 2278, 2841, 3245, 3271, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1450, 3297, 3208, 3334, 3572)
    Syn; Cephalodella auriculata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Cephalodella lacinulata Korde, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Cephalodella promta Neiswestnowa-Shadina, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Diaschiza auriculata Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza lacinulata Levander, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1895 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza taurocephalus Hilgendorf, 1899 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Diasciza auriculata Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Ecclissa hermanni Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271); Ecclissa lacinulata Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia lacinulata Lamarck, 1816 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia lobata Bory de St. Vincent, 1827 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notommata cuneata Thorpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688) or Therpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 3271); Notommata lacinulata Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1345, 3208, 3245, 3271, 3688); Notommata ovulum Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notostemmata bicarinata Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3688); Notostemmata makrocephala Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha lacinulata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345) or Skorikov, 1896 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271) or Skorikow, 1896 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha lacinulata Tessin, 1890 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Proales gibba Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella auriculata O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2278, 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella lacinulata O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)
  15. Cephalodella belone Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper, 7846)
  16. Cephalodella bertonicensis Manfredi, 1927
    See; Cephalodella stenroosi (ref. ID; 2017)
  17. Cephalodella biungulata Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 2017, 2796, 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  18. Cephalodella boettgeri Koste, 1988 (ref. ID; 2017, 7846)
  19. Cephalodella botezati Rodewald, 1935
    See; Cephalodella catellina (ref. ID; 1345), Cephalodella catellina var. botezati (ref. ID; 3688)
  20. Cephalodella bryophila Pawlowski, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
    See; Cephalodella delicata "form" eudelicata (ref. ID; 2017), Cephalodella rotunda bryophila (ref. ID; 2017)
  21. Cephalodella calosa Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017, 2932 original paper)
  22. Cephalodella carina Wulfert, 1959 (ref. ID; 2017, 3222 original paper)
  23. Cephalodella catellina (O.F. Muller, 1776) (ref. ID; 1804, 2196, 2202) or 1786 (ref. ID; 1345, 1977, 2278, 2622, 2824, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3521, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1490, 2890, 3160, 3221, 3334, 3513) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 7065)
    Syn; ?Cephalodella armata Rodewald-Rudescu (1960), p.465, Fig.13 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella botezati Rodewald (1935), p.23, Figs.5a-c (ref, ID; 1977); Cephalodella catellina Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Cephalodella catellina Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 3245); Cephalodella catellina Sasulinm, Kabanov & Neiswestnova, 1927 (ref. ID; 1345); Cephalodella cattelina var. botezati Rudescu (1960), p.743, Figs.603a-c (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella f. ahlstromi Edmondson & Hutchinson (1934), p.162, Fig.1d (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella fluviatilis var. minor Donner (1978), p.164-165, Figs.8e-g (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella myersi Wiszniewski (1934), p.345-347, Wiszniewski (1936), p.176-177 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella natans Berzins (1976), p.12, Figs.23-27 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella wiszniewski Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345); Cercaria catellina O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 1345, 2278, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3688); Diaschiza catellina Weber & Montet, 1918 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza tenuior Murray, 1910 (ref. ID; 3688); Dicranophorus catellinus Nitzsch, 1827 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena catellina Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena (Cephalodella) catellina var. minor Zavadovsky (1926), p.266, Fig.7 (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena granularis Weisse, 1849 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcocerca catellina Lamarck, 1815 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia catellina Blainville, 1830 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia larva Lamarck, 1816 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271); Heterognathus diglenus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3688); Leiodina capitata Morren, 1830 (ref. ID; 3688); Notops forcipata Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha catellina Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3245, 3688); Plagiognatha hyptopus Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3245, 3688); Proales algicola Kellicott, 1897 (ref. ID; 3688); Typhlina furca Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella larva Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)
  24. Cephalodella catellina catellina (ref. ID; 2017, 2702, 2809)
    Syn; Cephalodella catellina Body de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 2017); Cercaria catellina O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 2017)
  25. Cephalodella catellina maior Zawadowsky (ref. ID; 3402), f. maior Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Diglena catellina f. maior Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688)
  26. Cephalodella catellina f. ahlstromi (ref. ID; 3513)
  27. Cephalodella catellina major (Zawadowsky), 1916 (ref. ID; 1833) reported year? (ref. ID; 1489), (Zavadowsky), 1916 (ref. ID; 2017) or Zavadovsky, 1926 (ref. ID; 1488)
    See; Cephalodella major
    Syn; Cephalodella armata Rudescu, 1960 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella catellina f. major Zavadowsky, 1916 (ref. ID; 2017)
  28. Cephalodella catellina nana Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 2017)
  29. Cephalodella catellina natans Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 4603 original paper)
  30. Cephalodella catellina var. botezati Rodewald, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella botezati Rodewald, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
  31. Cephalodella catellina volvocicola (Zawadowski, 1916) (ref. ID; 1345, 1488) or (Zavadovsky), 1916 (ref. ID; 2017), var. volvocicola Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella volvocicola Kutikova, 1970 (ref. ID; 2017); Diglena aureus Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688); Diglena catellina parasitica Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688); Diglena volvocicola Zavadovsky, 1916 (ref. ID; 2017) or Zawadowski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3688)
  32. Cephalodella celeris Myers, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  33. Cephalodella clara Wulfert, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2606, 2608)
  34. Cephalodella collactea Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  35. Cephalodella compacta Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2746)
  36. Cephalodella compressa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1468, 2017, 3245 original paper)
  37. Cephalodella conica Nogrady, 1962 (ref. ID; 2597 original paper)
  38. Cephalodella conjuncta Myers, 1940 (ref. ID; 2017)
  39. Cephalodella constricta Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 3688)
    Syn; Pleurotrocha constricta Ehrenberg, 1832 & 1838 (ref. ID; 3688); Pleurotrocha constricta Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Pleurotrocha leptura von Hofsten, 1909 (ref. ID; 3688)
  40. Cephalodella crassipes (Lord, 1903) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245)
    Syn; Cephalodella crassipes Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345); Cephalodella donneri Hauer, 1951 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella eupoda Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345); Cephalodella xenica Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345); Diaschiza crassipes Lord, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245)
  41. Cephalodella cuneata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella nana (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)
  42. Cephalodella cyclops Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  43. Cephalodella decidua Rodewald, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
  44. Cephalodella deformis Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345)
    See; Cephalodella stenroosi (ref. ID; 2017)
  45. Cephalodella delicata Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2994, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890)
  46. Cephalodella delicata "form" eudelicata (Wulfert), 1961 (ref. ID; 2017)
  47. Cephalodella dentata Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  48. Cephalodella derbyi (Dixon-Nuttall, 1903) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017) or (Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903) (ref. ID; 3245, 3688)
    Syn; Diaschiza derbyi Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688)
  49. Cephalodella dixon-nuttalli Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  50. Cephalodella donneri Hauer, 1951 (ref. ID; 2928 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella crassipes (ref. ID; 2017)
  51. Cephalodella dora Wulfert, 1961 (ref. ID; 2017, 2814 original paper)
  52. Cephalodella dorseyi Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2842, 3245 original paper)
  53. Cephalodella doryphora Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  54. Cephalodella dorystoma Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2842)
  55. Cephalodella edax Hollowday, 1993 (ref. ID; 1488, 2017)
  56. Cephalodella elegans Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2807, 3245 original paper, 7846)
  57. Cephalodella elmenteita de Beauchamp (1932) (ref. ID; 1977, 2194, 3515)
    See; Cephalodella fluviatilis (ref. ID; 1977, 2017, 3688), Cephalodella catellina f. ahlstromi
  58. Cephalodella elongata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1468, 2017, 3245 original paper)
  59. Cephalodella epitedia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper, 3688)
    See; Cephalodella marina (ref. ID; 2017)
  60. Cephalodella eudelicata Wulfert, 1961 (ref. ID; 2814 original paper)
  61. Cephalodella euderbyi Wulfert, 1940 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  62. Cephalodella euknema Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  63. Cephalodella eunoma Myers, 1940 (ref. ID; 2017)
  64. Cephalodella eupoda Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  65. Cephalodella eurynota Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  66. Cephalodella eva (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2268, 2841) or 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1473, 2196, 2284, 3208)
    Syn; Cephalodella eva Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza eva Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diasciza eva Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia eva Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 2284, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3208); Furcularia semisetifera Galscott, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Proales tigridia Weber, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245)
  67. Cephalodella evabroedi de Smet, 1988 (ref. ID; 2017), evabroedae De Smet, 1988 (ref. ID; 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 2913)
  68. Cephalodella exigua (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2278, 2608, 2932, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3046, 5022) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3532)
    Syn; Cephalodella exigua Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza exigua Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2278, 3245, 3275) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza exigua Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688)
  69. Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) (ref. ID; 1977) or (Zawadowski, 1926) (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella elmenteita de Beauchamp (1932), p.162-163, Figures 2a-c (ref. ID; 1977, 2017, 3688); Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) after Rudescu (1960), Koste (1978), and Nogrady et al. (1959) (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) after Wiszniewski (1936), and Wulfert (1938) (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena fluviatilis Zavadovsky (1926), p.266-267, Figure 8, 9 (ref. ID; 1977) or Zawadowski, 1926 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)
  70. Cephalodella fluviatilis var. minor Donner (1978) (ref. ID; 2269 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella catellina
  71. Cephalodella forceps Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269)
  72. Cephalodella forficata (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1474, 2017, 2276, 2608, 2640, 2757, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3334, 3397, 3572)
    Syn; Cephalodella forficata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza acronota Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza caeca Dixon-Nuttall, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345) or Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 2757, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza forficata Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 2757); Diaschiza forficata Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza paeta Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diglena forficata Sivickis, 1934 (ref. ID; 3688); Distemma forcipatus Daday, 1877 (ref. ID; 3688); Distemma laeve Eichwald, 1847 (ref. ID; 1345); Furcularia caeca Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3245, 3688); Furcularia ensifera Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3688); Notommata forcipata Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Notommata forficata Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2757, 3245, 3275, 3688); Notops falcipes Linder, 1904 (ref. ID; 1345)
  73. Cephalodella forficata var. macrura Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688) or 1936 (ref. ID; 2017) reported year? (ref. ID; 2269) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3413)
    See; Cephalodella forficata
    Syn; Cephalodella sp. Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 3688)
  74. Cephalodella forficula (Ehrenberg, 1831) (ref. ID; 3688) or 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 1638, 1804, 1923, 1931, 2017, 2202, 2268, 2276, 2715, 2757, 2841, 2918, 2932, 3180, 3245, 3271, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3208, 3523, 3572, 5022)
    Syn; Cephalodella forficula Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Cephalodella forficula Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Distemma forficula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688) or 1832 (ref. ID; 2017, 2276, 3245, 3271); Distemma laeve Eichwald, 1847 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia forficula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688), 1832 (ref. ID; 3514) or 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 2841, 3208, 3245, 3271); Furcularia trihamata Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia tubiformis King, 1893 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notops falcipes Linder, 1904 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688);
  75. Cephalodella friebei Koste, Robertson and Hardy, 1984 (ref. ID; 2017, 2809 original paper, 7846)
  76. Cephalodella galbina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella tantilla (ref. ID; 2017)
  77. Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1487, 1489, 1804, 1923, 2017, 2064, 2196, 2198, 2202, 2266, 2268, 2276, 2281, 2385, 2715, 2841, 2932, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3688) or (Ehrenberg, 1838)? (ref. ID; 3083) reported year? (ref. ID; 1450, 1490, 2890, 3208, 3297, 3334, 3523, 3572, 5022), gibba gibba (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 3514) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2757)
    Syn; Cephalodella gibba Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza gibba Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688), Dixon-Nuttal, 1903 (ref. ID; 3271) or (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 3514); Diaschiza semiaperta Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 3208, 3245, 3271) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza gibba Lang, 1928 (ref. ID: 3688); Furcularia gibba Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2281, 2385, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3514, 3688); Furcularia macrodactyla Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 3271); Plagiognatha felis Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688)
  78. Cephalodella gibba anebodica Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 2017)
    See; Cephalodella anebodica
  79. Cephalodella gibba microdactyla (Koch-Althaus, 1963) (ref. ID; 1412, 2017, 2268 original paper)
  80. Cephalodella gibboides Wulfert, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2994, 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella sp. Rodewald, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
  81. Cephalodella gigantea Remane, 1933 (ref. ID; 1345, 1806, 2017, 2269, 3508) or 1937 (in Wulfert, 1937) (ref. ID; 3437)
  82. Cephalodella gisleni Berzins, 1953 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3258 original paper)
  83. Cephalodella glandulosa Koch-Althaus, 1962 (ref. ID; 2017, 2269, 2842 original paper)
  84. Cephalodella globata (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 2640, 3245, 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella globata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza globata Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia sphaerica Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3245, 3688)
  85. Cephalodella glypha Wulfert, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  86. Cephalodella gobio Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1474, 2017)
  87. Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2269, 2278, 2608, 2700, 2841, 2994, 3245, 3271, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 4607), gracilis gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 2017)
    Syn; Cephalodella gracilis Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Cephalodella sagitta Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017); Diaschiza gracilis Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza taurocephalus tenua Hilgendorf, 1899 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza gracilis Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia gracilis Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 2278) or 1832 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3271, 3688)
  88. Cephalodella gracilis keta Reed, 1978 (ref. ID; 2017)
  89. Cephalodella gracilis var. lenticulata Wulfert, 1938 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)
  90. Cephalodella gracilis var. sigmoides Wulfert, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  91. Cephalodella graciosa Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017, 2932 original paper)
  92. Cephalodella gusuleaci Rodewald, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
  93. Cephalodella hiulca Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella piulca Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017)
    Also spelled C. hiulca by Harring & Myers (ibid.), Hauer (1935) and Koste (1978). Piulca in the title of description as well as in the legend to the figure would have priority; however, this is most likely a misprint. Hiulca (Latin) means "split" or "open", whereas piulca is meaningless. (ref. ID; 2017)
  94. Cephalodella hollowdayi Koste, 1986 (ref. ID; 2017, 2796 original paper, 7846)
  95. Cephalodella hoodi (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 3245, 3271, 3688) or 1896 (ref. ID; 2700) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890), hoodi hoodi (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 2702)
    Syn; Cephalodella hoodi Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Cephalodella remanei Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017, 2269, 2702, 3271); Cephalodella strigosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Diaschiza hoodi Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2702, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza hoodii Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3271); Diaschiza rhamphigera Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza valga Bilfinger, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diasciza hoodi Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha gracilis Tessin-Butzow, 1890 (ref. ID; 1345) or Tessin, 1890 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Plagiognatha lacinulata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3688)
  96. Cephalodella hyalina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3688)
  97. Cephalodella incila Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1833, 2017, 2268, 2269, 2608, 2994) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572)
  98. Cephalodella innesi Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  99. Cephalodella inquilina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2266, 3245 original paper)
  100. Cephalodella intuta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2196, 2269, 2284, 2608, 2932, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3572) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)
  101. Cephalodella intuta jamaicaiensis Koste, Janetzky & Vareschi, 1993 (ref. ID; 2807 original paper, 7846)
  102. Cephalodella irisae Koste, Janetzky & Vareschi, 1993 (ref. ID; 2807 original paper, 7846)
  103. Cephalodella labiosa Wulfert, 1940 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 2932)
  104. Cephalodella laisi Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  105. Cephalodella lepida Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)
  106. Cephalodella leptodactyla Fadeew, 1925 (ref. ID; 3688), Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3688), (Hauer, 1921) (ref. ID; 3245) or 1922 (ref. ID; 2017)
    See; Metadiaschiza trigona (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)
    Syn; Furcularia leptodactyla Hauer, 1921 (ref. ID; 3245)
  107. Cephalodella licina Wulfert, 1961 (ref. ID; 2017, 2814 original paper)
  108. Cephalodella licinia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  109. Cephalodella limosa Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 3688, 7846)
  110. Cephalodella lindamaya Koste & Shiel, 1986 (ref. ID; 2017, 2886 original paper)
  111. Cephalodella lipara Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  112. Cephalodella longiseta (Burn, 1890) (ref. ID; 1345)
    Syn; Cephalodella tenuiseta Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345); Diaschiza tenuiseta Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345); Furcularia tenuiseta Burn, 1890 (ref. ID; 1345)
  113. Cephalodella macrodactyla (Stenroos, 1898) (ref. ID; 1345, 1850, 2017, 3572)
    Syn; Cephalodella strepta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Furcularia macrodactyla Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 2017)
  114. Cephalodella maior (Zavadovsky, 1926 stat. nov.) (ref. ID; 1977)
    Syn; Cephalodella catellina f. maior Zavadovsky after Rudescu (1960), Kutikova (1970) and Koste (1978) (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella catellina maior Zavadovsky after Donner, 1972, p.59, Figures 3a-f, and Nogrady et al. 1995, p.58, Figures 74a-f (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella catellina (O.F. Muller) after Weber 1898, p.487, P1.19, Figures 12-14, and Wiszniewski, 1934, p.345-347, P1.58, Figures 6,7 (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella wiszniewskii Edmondosn & Hutchinson, 1934, p.163, Figures 1a (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena (Cephalodella) catellina f. maior Zavadovsky, 1926, p.266, Figure 7 (ref. ID; 1977)
  115. Cephalodella marina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper)
    Syn; Cephalodella epitedia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017)
  116. Cephalodella megalocephala (Glascott, 1893) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2814, 2841, 3181, 3271, 3688, 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572) or (Glasscott), 1893 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245) reported year? (ref. ID; 3334)
    Syn; Cephalodella megalocephala Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza megalocephala Rousselet, 1895 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena inflata Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Furcularia lactistes Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3271) or 1912 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia megalocephala Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3181, 3271, 3688) or Glasscott, 1893 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245); Pleurotrocha leptura Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688)
  117. Cephalodella megalocephala var. anchylodactyla Manfredi, 1927 (ref. ID; 1345) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572)
  118. Cephalodella megalocephala var. compressa Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572)
  119. Cephalodella megalocephala var. rotunda Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2064, 2268, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572)
  120. Cephalodella megalotrocha Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 7846)
  121. Cephalodella melia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  122. Cephalodella mineri Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper, 3688)
  123. Cephalodella minora Wulfert, 1960 (ref. ID; 1978, 2017)
  124. Cephalodella mira Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2545, 3125, 3688)
  125. Cephalodella mira nidicola Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 4603 original paper)
  126. Cephalodella misgurnus Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1978, 2017, 2269, 2808, 2833)
  127. Cephalodella modesta Manfredi, 1927 (ref. ID; 1345)
  128. Cephalodella montana Myers, 1942 (ref. ID; 2017)
  129. Cephalodella mucosa Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  130. Cephalodella mucronata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1804, 1923) or Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2545, 2886, 2995, 3245 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)
  131. Cephalodella mucronta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2276, 2281)
  132. Cephalodella mus Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017, 2932 original paper)
  133. Cephalodella myersi Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 1977, 2760, 3255) reported year? (ref. ID; 4606)
    See; Cephalodella catellina
    Syn; Cephalodella catellina Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345)
  134. Cephalodella myersi f. ahlstromi Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345)
  135. Cephalodella nana Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 2842, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3688, 7846)
    Syn; Cephalodella cuneata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 3688); Diaschiza tigridia Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 3688); Proales tigridia Weber, 1898 (ref. ID; 3688)
  136. Cephalodella nelitis Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  137. Cephalodella nodosa Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345)
    See; Cephalodella pachydactyla (ref. ID; 2017)
  138. Cephalodella obvia Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 2808) or 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  139. Cephalodella oyxdactyla Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  140. Cephalodella pachydactyla Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2196, 2268, 2628)
    Syn; Cephalodella nodosa Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 2017)
  141. Cephalodella pachyodon Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2808, 3688)
  142. Cephalodella paggia Koste & Robertson, 1983 (ref. ID; 2017, 2808 original paper), paggiae Koste & Roberston, 1983 (ref. ID; 7846)
  143. Cephalodella panarista Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2795, 2833, 3181, 3245 original paper, 3688, 7846)
  144. Cephalodella papillosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  145. Cephalodella parasitica (Jennings, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 2994, 3245) or (Jennings, 1900) (ref. ID; 2017) reported year? (ref. ID; 2688)
    Syn; Cephalodella parasitica Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017); Diaschiza parasitica Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245); Pleurotrocha constricta Jennings, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245); Pleurotrocha parasitica Jennings, 1900 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245)
  146. Cephalodella paxi Wulfert, 1959 (ref. ID; 2017, 3222 original paper)
  147. Cephalodella paxilla Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  148. Cephalodella pentaplax Wulfert, 1943 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2196, 2629, 2932) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  149. Cephalodella pheloma Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2283, 3245 original paper)
  150. Cephalodella physalis Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2280, 2894, 3245 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3411)
  151. Cephalodella piulca Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1931, 3245 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella hiulca
  152. Cephalodella planera Myers, 1940 (ref. ID; 2017)
  153. Cephalodella plicata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2268, 2283, 2745, 3245 original paper)
  154. Cephalodella poitera Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  155. Cephalodella praelonga Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017)
  156. Cephalodella psammophila Koch-Althaus, 1962 (ref. ID; 2017, 2268, 2842 original paper)
  157. Cephalodella pseudeva Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 2017, 4603 original paper)
  158. Cephalodella pseudocuneata (ref. ID; 3411)
  159. Cephalodella reimanni Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  160. Cephalodella remanei Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2608, 2745, 2932, 3688)
    See; Cephalodella hoodi (ref. ID; 2017, 2269, 2702, 3271)
  161. Cephalodella remanei f. typica Wulfert (ref. ID; 1345)
  162. Cephalodella remanei var. grande Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345)
    See; Cephalodella hoodi (ref. ID; 2017)
  163. Cephalodella retusa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  164. Cephalodella rigida Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2017, 2269, 2608)
  165. Cephalodella rostrum Reed, 1978 (ref. ID; 2017)
  166. Cephalodella rotunda Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2017)
  167. Cephalodella rotunda bryophila (Pawlovski, 1938) (ref. ID; 2017) or Wulfert (ref. ID; 2608)
    Syn; Cephalodella bryophila Pawlowski, 1938 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella rotunda bryophila Wulfert, 1937 (Donner, 1970) (ref. ID; 2017)
  168. Cephalodella sabulosa Myers, 1942
    See; Cephalodella tantilla (ref. ID; 2017)
  169. Cephalodella sagitta Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2932 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella gracilis gracilis (ref. ID; 2017)
  170. Cephalodella segersi, 1998 (ref. ID; 1977 original paper)
  171. Cephalodella serrata Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2629) reported year? (ref. ID; 3397)
  172. Cephalodella speciosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)
  173. Cephalodella stenroosi Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2833, 3402, 7846)
    Syn; Cephalodella bertonicensis Manfredi, 1927 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephaldoella deformis Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2017); Furcularia forficula Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345)
  174. Cephalodella stenroosi austriaca Donner, 1972 (ref. ID; 2017, 2269 original paper)
  175. Cephalodella sterea (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2841, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3397), sterea sterea (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 2017)
    Syn; Cephalodella sterea Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3688); Diaschiza sterea Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia sterea Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688)
  176. Cephalodella sterea exoculis Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 4603 original paper)
  177. Cephalodella sterea f. dentata Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345)
    See; Cephalodella sterea
  178. Cephalodella sterea minor Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1833, 2829, 3271), f. minor Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2268, 2890, 3688)
    See; Cephalodella sterea
    Syn; Diaschiza sterea Dixon-Nuttall & Freeman, 1903 (ref. ID; 3271); Furcularia sterea Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3271)
  179. Cephalodella sterea mutata Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 2829), f. mutata Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345)
    See; Cephalodella sterea
  180. Cephalodella strepta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella macrodactyla (ref. ID; 1850, 2017)
  181. Cephalodella strigosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890))
    See; Cephalodella hoodi (ref. ID; 2017)
  182. Cephalodella subsecunda Myers, 1942 (ref. ID; 2017)
  183. Cephalodella symbiotica Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345)
  184. Cephalodella tachyphora Myers, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 3688)
  185. Cephalodella tacta Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345)
  186. Cephalodella tantilla Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper, 3688)
    Syn; Cephalodella galbina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella sabulosa Myers, 1942 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella tantillides Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)
  187. Cephalodella tantilloides Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
    See; Cephalodella tantilla (ref. ID; 3688)
  188. Cephalodella tecta Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 2808) or 1950 (ref. ID; 2017)
  189. Cephalodella tempesta Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017, 2932 original paper)
  190. Cephalodella tenuior (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1474, 2017, 2269, 2608, 2833, 2932, 2994, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3208)
    Syn; Cephalodella tenuior Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017); Diaschiza tenuior Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3208, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)
  191. Cephalodella tenuior var. pigmentata Wulfert, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)
    See; Cephalodella tenuior
  192. Cephalodella tenuis Koch-Althaus, 1962 (ref. ID; 2017, 2268, 2842 original paper)
  193. Cephalodella tenuiseta (Burn, 1890) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3402) or Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 7846)
    Syn; Cephalodella tenuiseta Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza tenuiseta Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia tenuiseta Burn, 1890 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688)
  194. Cephalodella tenuiseta var. americana Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
    See; Cephalodella tenuiseta
  195. Cephalodella tenuiseta simplex Berzins, 1976 (ref. ID; 2017, 4603 original paper)
    See; Cephalodella tenuiseta
  196. Cephalodella theodora Koch-Althaus, 1961 (ref. ID; 1850, 2017, 2268, 2907 original paper)
  197. Cephalodella tinca Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 7846)
  198. Cephalodella tinca var. conspicua Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  199. Cephalodella tincaformis Koste & Bottger, 1992 (ref. ID; 2017) or Koste, 1992 (ref. ID; 7846)
  200. Cephalodella unguitata Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)
  201. Cephalodella vacuna Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2593, 3245 original paper)
  202. Cephalodella valga (Gosse) (ref. ID; 1345)
  203. Cephalodella ventripes Dixon-Nuttall, 1901 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 2277, 2702, 2841, 2994, 3245, 3271, 3688, 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890)
    Syn; Cephalodella ventripes Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza ventripes Dixon-Nuttall, 1901 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2277, 3245, 3271, 3688)
  204. Cephalodella ventripes var. angustior Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1950 (ref. ID; 2017)
  205. Cephalodella vitella Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017)
  206. Cephalodella vittata Kutikova, 1985 (ref. ID; 2017)
  207. Cephalodella volvocicola Kutikova, 1970
    See; Cephalodella catellina volvocicola (ref. ID; 2017)
  208. Cephalodella volvocicola (Zawadowsky) (ref. ID; 7097)
  209. Cephalodella wiszniewskii Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 3515 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1977, 3513)
    See; Cephalodella catellina
  210. Cephalodella wiszniewskii f. volvocicola (Zavadovski) (ref. ID; 3513)
    Syn; Diglena volvocicola Zavadovski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3513)
  211. Cephalodella wrighti Wulfert, 1960 (ref. ID; 2017, 2933 original paper, 3572)
  212. Cephalodella xenica Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper) or Harring & Myers? (ref. ID; 2928) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 7846)
  213. Cephalodella zeteta Wulfert, 1961 (ref. ID; 2017, 2269, 2814 original paper)

Cephalodella angusta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper, 3572)

Descriptions

The body is small, stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is very large, slightly deflexed, and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is indistinctly marked. The abdomen increases slightly in width for about two thirds of its length; the posterior third is rounded dorsally. The lorica is very flexible, but the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are fairly wider anteriorly and the edges diverge slightly and gradually towards the posterior end. The foot is small and conical with a minute tail somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are very short, slender and slightly recurved, tapering gradually to acute points; their length is one sixth of the total length. The corona is strongly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria rodlike with ends strongly decurved, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is very long and pyriform. The eyespot is frontal and double, the two halves very close together the retrocerebral organ is absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella angusta is not common; we have collected it only in a large pond at Oceanville, New Jersey, among Riccia and floating sphagnum in soft, acid water. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 90-95; toes 15-18 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella apocolea Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2017, 2932, 3245 original paper, 3572, 3688) or Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2268, 2277)

Synonym

Cephalodella apocolea Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID 3688); Cephalodella astricta Remane, 1929-1933 (ref. ID; 3688)

Descriptions

The body is moderately elongate, nearly cylindric and slightly compressed laterally. The head is large and relatively short. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen is nearly parallel-sided and slightly convex dorsally; the lorica is very thin and flexible, but the plates are well marked; the lateral clefts are moderately wide and parallel-sided. The foot is large and robust; the small tail is near the posterior end. The toes are extremely far apart at the base, cylindric and straight for about two thirds of their length, abruptly recurved and ending in slender, sickle-shaped, acute points; the length is about on fourth of the total length. The foot glands are very large and pyriform. The corona is oblique, moderately convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type, but the trophi are slender; the fulcrum is slightly incurved at the extreme end, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is moderately elongate and pyriform; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

The specimens found in of characteristic shape, but somewhat larger than earlier recorded (Voigt 1957). In lateral view the trophi agree fairly well with the few figures already given (Hauer 1935; Wulfert 1940; Godske Eriksen in press). Only Koch-Althaus (1963) has given a figure of the trophi in dorso-ventral view. The original description (Harring & Myers 1924) has no figure of the trophi at all, but the manubria are mentioned to be delicate, slightly curved rods, and not crutched, which does not agree quite with the figures later given. (ref. ID; 3572)

Type locality

Cephalodella apocolea is common in weedy ponds and bogs; we have collected it in Vilas and Oneida Counties, Wisconsin; around Washington, District of Columbia; Atlantic and Ocean counties, New Jersey, and Polk County, Florida; also in material collected by Dr. H.S. Jennings around Ann Arbor, Michigan. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Length of body 130; max. width 60; toes 50 µm. (ref. ID; 2277)

Total length 125-135; toes 32-35 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Total length of specimens in extended position 173; length of toes 45; length of trophi 28 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

Cephalodella auriculata (O.F. Muller, 1773) (ref. ID; 1345, 1804, 1923, 2017, 2268, 2276, 2278, 2841, 3245, 3271, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1450, 3297, 3208, 3334, 3572)

Synonym

Cephalodella auriculata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Cephalodella lacinulata Korde, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Cephalodella promta Neiswestnowa-Shadina, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Diaschiza auriculata Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza lacinulata Levander, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1895 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza taurocephalus Hilgendorf, 1899 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Diasciza auriculata Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Ecclissa hermanni Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271); Ecclissa lacinulata Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia lacinulata Lamarck, 1816 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia lobata Bory de St. Vincent, 1827 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notommata cuneata Thorpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688) or Therpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 3271); Notommata lacinulata Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1345, 3208, 3245, 3271, 3688); Notommata ovulum Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notostemmata bicarinata Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3688); Notostemmata makrocephala Bergendal, 1892 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha lacinulata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345), Skorikov, 1896 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271) or Skorikow, 1896 (ref. ID; 3688), Tessin, 1890 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Proales gibba Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella auriculata O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2278, 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella lacinulata O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)

Descriptions

The complete length of the animals was about 100 µm. The breadth varied somewhat; upon the evidence the broader individuals apparently were the older ones. The mastax was reddish-brown, the stomach yellowish-brown in older specimens. The eye had a notch in the middle. (ref. ID; 1450)

Body short, stout; greatest depth just behind neck. Lorica fairly rigid, plates distinct; lateral clefts narrow anteriorly widening slightly and gradually towards the posterior end. Foot short, stout almost conical. Toes short, curved and tapering to acute points. (ref. ID; 1804)

The body is short, stout and somewhat prismatic; its greatest depth is just behind the neck. The head is very large, oblique anteriorly and slightly deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is nearly parallel-sided, slightly narrower at the posterior end. The lorica is fairly rigid and the plates distinct; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and widen slightly and gradually towards the posterior end. The foot is short, stout and broadly conical; the fairly large tail is somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are short, moderately stout and decurved, tapering gradually to acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are fairly large and pyriform. The corona is oblique and strong convex with prominent, beak-like lips. The mastax is very large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is long and expanded posteriorly; the manubria very slender and strongly recurved. The gastric glands are small and usually tinted brownish-red in mature animals. The ganglion is very large and saccate; the eyespot is at the posterior end. The retrocerebral organ is absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

In spite of its small size it is readily recognized by the peculiar, jerky manner of swimming. This species was first described by Muller under the name of Vorticella auriculata; in his Animalcula Infusoria the specific name was changed to lacinulata, seemingly under the impression that it was fashioned somewhat, like the flowers of the "Bluebell", hollow and the margin cut into lappets or "Lacinulae". As auriculata is the oldest name, it will have to take the place of lacinulata; both are obviously misnomers. (ref. ID; 3245)

A. auriculata belongs to a group of several quite similar << species >>, the taxonomy of which needs a revision. A study of the morphological variation within the group ought to be carried out. The relative length of toes and body, and of the different parts of the trophi, seems to be valuable characters, besides other small differences in shape and size. The following species are considered to belong to the C. auriculata-group: C. arcuata Wulfert, C. doryphora Myers, C. exigua (Gosse), C. harringi Smirnov, C. hoodi (Gosse), C. mus Wulfert, C. nana Myers, C. physalis Myers, C. promta Neiswestowna-Shadina, C. remanei Wiszniewski, C. subsecunda Myers, C. tachyphora Myers, C. ventripes (Dixon-Nuttall), C. zeteta Wulfert. C. auriculata seems to be a very common species, occurring in most types of habitat. It is probable, however, that some often numerous previous records of this species is due to wrong identification of some closely related species. (ref. ID; 3572)

Measurements

Total length 130; toes 24 µm. (ref. ID; 1804)

Total length 120-130; toes 22-25 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

It is a small rotifer with a total length of 160 µm. The toes are 24-30 µm long. (ref. ID; 3334)

Total length of specimen in extended position 112-132; length of toes 23-27; length of trophi 25-28; length of fulcrum 19; length of rami 10 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

Cephalodella belone Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper, 7846)

Descriptions

The body is small and conical, tapering increasingly from the head towards the foot. The head is very large, fully one third the length of the entire body and somewhat wider than the abdomen. The neck is well marked. The abdomen tapers rapidly and increasingly from the neck to the base of the foot; the lorica is fairly rigid and the plates are well marked; the lateral clefts are very narrow and parallel-sided. The foot is moderately long, conical and rather small at the base; the tail is small and a little beyond mid-length; the toes are extremely long, straight and slender, slightly enlarged at the base and tapering very gradually to the minutely rounded tips; their length is about two fifths of the entire length. The corona is somewhat oblique and convex with prominent beaklike lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is relatively stout and slightly expanded posteriorly; the manubria slender, rodlike and slightly recurved, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is long and pyriform; the eyespot is cervical, at the posterior end of the ganglion; no retrocerebral organ is present. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

The appearance of the animal is at first somewhat puzzling, whether alive or dead; when swimming the toes are never separated and it looks very much like a diminutive Trichocerca (= Rattulus); when death occurs, the toes are thrown out sidewide, thus resembling a small Monommata. It is probably related to C. cuneata, but readily distinguished by the presence of the eyespot, as well as by its peculiar behavior. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella belone is not common; we have collected it among Fontinalis in a decadent lake two miles east of Eagle River, Vilas County, Wisconsin, and in a bog pool at Bargaintown, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 120-125; toes 45-50 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella catellina (O.F. Muller, 1776) (ref. ID; 1804, 2196, 2202) or 1786) (ref. ID; 1345, 1977, 2278, 2622, 2824, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3521, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1490, 2890, 3160, 3221, 3334, 3513) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 7065)

Synonym

?Cephalodella armata Rodewald-Rudescu (1960), p.465, Fig.13 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella botezati Rodewald (1935), p.23, Fig.5a-c (ref, ID; 1977); Cephalodella catellina Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Cephalodella catellina Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 3245); Cephalodella catellina Sasulinm, Kabanov & Neiswestnova, 1927 (ref. ID; 1345); Cephalodella cattelina var. botezati Rudescu (1960), p.743, Fig.603a-c (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella f. ahlstromi Edmondson & Hutchinson (1934), p.162, Fig.1d (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella fluviatilis var. minor Donner (1978), p.164-165, Fig.8e-g (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella myersi Wiszniewski (1934), p.345-347, Wiszniewski (1936), p.176-177 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella natans Berzins (1976), p.12, Fig.23-27 (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella wiszniewski Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345); Cercaria catellina O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 1345, 2278, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3688); Diaschiza catellina Weber & Montet, 1918 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza tenuior Murray, 1910 (ref. ID; 3688); Dicranophorus catellinus Nitzsch, 1827 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena catellina Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena (Cephalodella) catellina var. minor Zavadovsky (1926), p.266, Fig.7 (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena granularis Weisse, 1849 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcocerca catellina Lamarck, 1815 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia catellina Blainville, 1830 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia larva Lamarck, 1816 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271); Heterognathus diglenus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3688); Leiodina capitata Morren, 1830 (ref. ID; 3688); Notops forcipata Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha catellina Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3245, 3688); Plagiognatha hyptopus Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3245); Proales algicola Kellicott, 1897 (ref. ID; 3688); Typhlina furca Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Vorticella larva Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)

Diagnosis

C. catellina is close to C. segersi from which it differs by both manubria being loop-shaped distally. The species superficially resembles C. maior, but is distinguished by the different shape of the toes which are narrower basally, and the shape of the trophi, especially the in lateral view straight fulcrum. It differs from C. fluviatilis by its smaller dimensions, straight toes and smaller, more asymmetrical trophi. (ref. ID; 1977)

Descriptions

Body short and gibbous dorsally. Lorica flexible, plates indistinct; lateral clefts parallel-sided. Foot small, below the projecting posterior portion of abdomen. Toes short, almost straight and gradually tapering toe acute points. (ref. ID; 1804)

Parthenogenetic female: Trophi type C (Wulfert 1938). Rami triangular, asymmetrical, subbasal chamber of left ramus long, with sharp, posteriorly projecting alula ventrally, both subbasal chambers with short posteriorly projecting alula and large opening dorsally; basal chambers asymmetrical, each with comb of three apical teeth; right more distinctly kinked prior to comb; basal openings almost equally large. Inner margin of subbasal chambers with fine apical comb. Fulcrum long, narrow and slightly expanded posteriorly in ventral view; in lateral view straight and narrow, almost parallel-sided, with broader basal and distal part. Left uncus of slightly stronger build than right; each uncus with slender tooth, a broad and dorsally expanded shaft, and an inwardly projecting lateral apophysis at ca. 3/5 from tip ventrally. Uncinal teeth grasping between comb of apical teeth of basal chambers and apical comb of subbasal chambers. Manubria weakly asymmetrical, left somewhat larger; median chamber the most strongly developed, ventral and dorsal chambers reduced; anterior half of manubria straight, more or less rod-shaped, posterior half loop-shaped; loops usually open, consisting of a broad sickle-shaped ventral arm, and a thin, more or less rod-shaped and slightly kinked dorsal arm; ventral arm (especially left) with ventral crest; ventral margin of manubria with elongate opening prior to loop. (ref. ID; 1977)

The body is short, stout and strongly gibbous dorsally. The head is very large and oblique anteriorly. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen is strongly compressed laterally; the ventral edge is nearly straight the dorsal gently curved for about two thirds of its length and the posterior third rounded. The lorica is rather flexible, and the plates somewhat indistinct; the lateral clefts are wide and parallel-sided. The small, short foot is wholly ventral and the posterior portion of the abdomen projects over and beyond it as a huge tail. The toes are short, almost straight and taper gradually to acute points; when closely appressed to the body, they project very little beyond the tail; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The corona is very strongly oblique and distinctly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is very large and the trophi of the normal type; the fulcrum is very long and slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are rodshaped and decurved, ending in a semicircular, dorsal expansion. The ganglion is very large and saccate. The retrocerebral organ is absent and the eyespot frontal and double, consisting of two closely approximately spheres of red pigment. (ref. ID; 3245)

Male: In the male, the two frontal eyespots are widely separated. (ref. ID; 3334)

Trophi: SEM photograph. (ref. ID; 7065)

Comments

Cercaria catellina described by Muller in 1786 is insufficiently defined. The original figures (see de Beauchamp 1914: 297, Figure 1) show an unrecognizable species with fairly elongate and flexible body and a more or less terminal foot. The first unmistakable illustration of the species, showing the characteristic short, stout body and the ventrally placed foot with overhanging tail, was given by Ehrenberg in 1838 (see Wiszniewski 1936: 173, Figure 1a)). Confusion exists on the nomenclature of the forms referred to C. catellina afterwards by e.g., Weber (1898), Harring & Myers (1924), Edmondson (1935) and Wiszniewski (1934, 1936). Wiszniewski mainly relied on the curvature of the postero-dorsal margin of the abdomen, and to a lesser extent on length and shape of toes, absence or presence of salivary glands and asymmetry of trophi, to recognize two species. The species with the postero-dorsal margin shaped as a more or less right angle (Wiszniewski, 1934, P1.58, Figures 6, 7; Weber 1898, P1.19, Figures 12-14), forming a right angle with the ventral margin as in the figure of Ehrenberg, and having short toes with broad base, two large salivary glands ventrally from mastax, and weakly asymmetrical trophi, was named catellina. The species with he postero-dorsal margin shaped as a more or less obtuse angle, forming a sharp angle with the ventral margin as in Harring & Myers (1924; P1.27, Figures 3-5), and having relatively longer and basally narrower toes, salivary glands absent, and more asymmetrical trophi was named myersi. The recognition of these two species was also accepted by Myers (Wiszniewski 1935; Edmondson & Hutchinson 1934) and followed by Voigt (1957), but not by Koste (1978) and Nogrady et al. (1995). Edmondson & Hutchinson primarily relying on the relative length and shape of the toes did not agree that the true catellina was the species figured by Weber (1898) and Wiszniewski (1934), and created a new name, C. wiszniewskii, for the species with proportionally short and basally wide toes. The species with long, slender straight toes, as illustrated by Ehrenberg was regarded as C. catellina. In a subsequent paper Hutchinson (in Edmondson 1935: 303) suggests to drop the species figuring as catellina Muller 'for Ehrenberg's misusage of it cannot be considered as binding on subsequent workers' and C. myersi should become the 'C. catellina of Ehrenberg, Hudson and Gosse, Harring & Myers'. Smet et al. (1998) incline to support to foregoing discrimination of two species based on the different criteria used by Wiszniewski (1934, 1936), with the exception of the shape of the postero-dorsal margin. This is a variable character and especially on contraction the straight angle changes into a more obtuse angle. Smet et al. agree with Hutchinson (in Edmondson 1935) that there can be little doubt that most authors recording C. catellina have had before them Ehrenberg's species. For reasons of stability in nomenclature Smet et al. therefore retain the name catellina for the species with slender toes. What about C. catellina sensu Wiszniewski = C. wiszniewskii of Edmondson & Hutchinson?. The proportionally short toes with broad bases, the alleged less asymmetrical trophi, and the two large salivary glands strongly remind C. maior as defined by Donner (1972). However no mention is made of the characteristic dorsally recurved fulcrum as found in the latter. The figure by Wiszniewski (1934, P1.58, Figure 6) of the animal in lateral view of the trophi (P1.58, Figure 7) is much more like C. catellina. It is clear that detailed trophi study is needed before the question can be settled. Smet et al. therefore propose that C. wiszniewskii should be considered species inquirenda. A form living in colonies of Volvox was described as Diglena volvocicola by Zavadovsky (1916); the alternative name D. catellina var. parasitica was suggested by the author if it should prove to be only a variety. Apart from the parasitic way of life it is characterized by the presence of symmetrical rami and manubria. According to Harring & Myers (1924) the figures that accompany it do not show any differences that might be considered of specific value, and they suppose that D. volvocicola Zavadovsky is at least very closely related to C. catellina and probably identical to it. Voigt (1957) treats it as a forma, Kutikova (1970) considers it as a valid species, and according to Koste (1978) and Nogrady et al. (1995) it is a subspecies of catellina. In Smet et al. opinion it should be treated as a valid species if the observation of symmetrical trophi is reliable. One again detailed trophi analysis is needed to elucidate this problem. The same holds for the poorly described and illustrated C. armata Rudescu (1960) and C. catellina natans Berzins (1976). (ref. ID; 1977)

There has long been some uncertainty about the proper terminology of the catellina group of species. Since Muller's original figure cannot certainly be associated with any one of the species, it is necessary to take Ehrenberg's description as the first adequate definition, and the basic issue then becomes the identity of the form called catellina by Harring and Myers with Ehrenberg's species. (ref. ID; 3160)

Diglena volvocicola Zavadovski is at least very closely related to C. catellina and probably identical with it; the figures given by the author do not show any differences that might be considered of specific value. Some physiological dissimilarities are described, the most striking one being the parasitism of the animal in Volvox colonies. The author suggests the alternative name catellina parasitica for this form, if it should prove to be only a variety. (ref. ID; 3245)

Several allies of this species, distinguished primarily by the relative length and shape of the toes, appear to exist. There can be little doubt that the form figured by Ehrenberg, who given the first recognizable illustration of the species (1838, T. LV, fig.iii) is the same as that figured by Hudson & Gosse (1889, Plate XIX, fig.10a) and by Harring & Myers (1924, Plate XXVII, fig.3). If Ehrenberg's reference of his Diglena catellina to Cercaria catellina Muller determines the significance of the latter, which otherwise would be quite unrecognisable, it is clear that the form of the species with long slender straight toes about one-sixth of the total length must be regarded as typical. On the other hand Weber has figured, as Diglena catellina a form which is not only somewhat larger than the typical form as figured by Harring & Myers, but has a proportionately shorter and basally much broader toe. Though this form is perhaps less widespread that the true C. catellina, it apparently is found the New World as well as in the old, for Mr. Myers informs us (in litt.) "after our paper was published, ... Harring found both forms of C. catellina and it was at that time decided that we should have described both." We have obtained a single specimen of this form, and believe it to be sufficiently distinct to merit recognition; we therefore proposed the name C. wiszniewski n. n. (ref. ID; 3513)

Measurements

Total length 98; toes 18; trophi 42 µm. (ref. ID; 1804)

Trophi length 28.0-32.4 (left ramus 9.1-11.2, right ramus 8.9-10.6, fulcrum 20-4-22.4, left uncus 7.7-9.4, right uncus 7.4-8.5, left manubrium 21.9-25.3, right manubrium 20.4-24.1 µm). (ref. ID; 1977)

Length of body 144; toes 25 µm. (ref. ID; 2278)

Total length 105-110; toes 18-20; trophi 45 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Body length 62-74; length of head 28-38; length of toes 12-18 µm. (ref. ID; 3275)

It is a small rotifer with a length of 125 µm. The male (75 µm) is about three-fifths the size of female. (ref. ID; 3334)

Length of body 100; length of toes 16 µm. (ref. ID; 3521)

Length 110-135; toe 20-25, about one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length, long, narrow, anterior margin practically straight, widest at the practically uncostricted base. (ref. ID; 3513)

Cephalodella catellina catellina (O.F. Muller, 1786) (ref. ID; 2017, 2702, 2809)

Synonym

Cephalodella catellina Body de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 2017); Cercaria catellina O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 2017)

Diagnosis

Compared to live European specimens, C. catellina has slightly different toes. The European forms have toes which are curved downwards while the lago Camaleao forms have toes which are curved upwards. The trophi, however, does not differ much from the figures given by Harring & Myers (1924): only the end of the manubria seems to be less of a semicircle. Also, the asymmetrical alula of the right ramus seems to be longer. (ref. ID; 2809)

Cephalodella catellina f. ahlstromi (ref. ID; 3513)

Comments

De Beauchamp (1932) has described a very large form with a short curved toe from the plankton of Lake Elemnteita in Kenya. This form he regards as a species Cephlodella elmenteita because the preserved specimens on which it was based lacked the characteristic eye-spots of C. catellina. We have, however, been unable to observe eye-spots in any specimens of forms of C. catellina preserved in formalin and then cleared in glycerine, and therefore believe the difference to be illusionary. Moreover, in the marginal sample from the alkaline Pangur Tso we have obtained a form of C. catellina which has toes which though straight show a basal constriction as in C. elementeita. Our Pangur Tso form, therefore, seems in one of its characters to be transitional to de Beauchamp's species. For this Pangur Tso form with its basally constricted toe, we propose the name f. ahlstromi. Mr. Ahlstrom who observed some specimens of the form in a tube of Brachionus material having pointed out to us the desirability of examining the form more closely. Mr. Ahlstrom believes the Pangur Tso form to have a shorter and in preserved specimens more plicated head than is normal, but we are not convinced that these differences are not entirely due to preservation. Intergrades between f. catellina and f. ahlstromi appear to occur, for of three specimens of catellina from Los Angeles, California (det, Myers), kindly lent us for study by the American Museum of Natural History, two specimens have a typical toe, and the third a definitely constricted toe as in ahlstromi, the toe in this specimen is however slightly longer (body 120 µm, toe 21 µm) than in the latter form, in this resembling the specimens of f. catellina with which it occurred. (ref. ID; 3513)

Measurements

Length 95-112, toe 15-18 µm, just under one-sixth of the total length, long, narrow, slightly concave both anteriorly and posteriorly, straight, basally constricted and widest distinctly distally to base. (ref. ID; 3513)

Cephalodella catellina major (Zawadowsky), 1916 (ref. ID; 1833) reported year? (ref. ID; 1489), (Zavadowsky), 1916 (ref. ID; 2017) or Zavadovsky, 1926 (ref. ID; 1488)

See

Cephalodella major

Synonym

Cephalodella armata Rudescu, 1960 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella catellina f. major Zavadowsky, 1916 (ref. ID; 2017)

Descriptions

The toes are longer than in true C. catellina. (ref. ID; 1833)

Measurements

The full length of the animal 155-170; length of toes 15-20 µm. (ref. ID; 1489)

Total length (contracted) 120; length toes 21-22; length mastax 30 µm. (ref. ID; 1833)

Cephalodella collactea Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is moderately elongate, nearly cylindrical and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is very short and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width for nearly three fourths of its length and from this point tapers rapidly to the large, robust foot; the tail is a small rounded boss. The lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The toes are long, straight, slender and very slightly tapering; the dorsal edge is straight throughout; the ventral edge is straight for about five sixths of the length of the toe; at this point it bends abruptly at an obtuse angle to meet the dorsal line and this tapering portion of the toe ends in a bristle-like point. The length of the toes is one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are fairly large and pyriform. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is small; the fulcrum is straight and slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria slender and crutched. The gastric glands are frequently tinted red. The ganglion is moderately long and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

Its nearest relative is C. intuta, from which is readily distinguished by the form of the toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella collactea has been found only in Loon Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 130; toes 32 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella compressa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1468, 2017, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is moderately elongate, slightly gibbous dorsally and strongly compressed laterally. The head is rather small and distinctly deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width towards the posterior end. The lorica is fairly rigid and the plates distinct; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is broad at the base and fairly stout. The toes are long, slender and cylindric for about two thirds of their length; the posterior third tapers gradually to very acute points; the dorsal edge is straight throughout and the ventral bends upwards to meet it. The length of the toes is about one thirds of the total length. The corona is oblique and distinctly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is long, stout and slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are very slender, rodlike and strongly recurved posteriorly. The gastric glands are small and irregularly ovate. The ganglion is long and saccate; the eyespot is at the posterior end, well towards the ventral side. The retrocerebral organ is absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It is readily recognized by the strongly compressed body. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella compressa is common in sphagnum and among submerged plants in soft, acid water ponds and bogs in Vilas and Oneida Counties, Wisconsin, and around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 140-145; toes 45-48 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella conica Nogrady, 1962 (ref. ID; 2597 original paper)

Descriptions

Body stout, conical, tapering from corona to foot, slightly compressed laterally. Head large, approximately one-third body length; neck marked by constriction. Trunk colorless, transparent, lorica thin but plates recognizable, lateral clefts narrowing terminally. Foot stout, nearly rounded with no tail; toes long, saber-like, slightly curved dorsally tapering gradually to sharp points. Foot glands small. Corona slightly convex without beak or lips. Ganglion large with no retrocerebral organ. Two red frontal eyespots. Virgate mastax large, about one-quarter body length. Fulcrum thin, rod-like; manubria also thin, strongly curved at end large than fulcrum, without crutches or ring. Unci are thickened. (ref. ID; 2597)

Comments

The new species belongs to the group of C. nana Myers, 1924 (= cuneata Myers, 1924), C. pseudocuneata Manfredi, 1927, and C. speciosa Myers, 1924. It can be distinguished easily by the frontal eyespots, absence of a tail, different toes, and the trophi. (ref. ID; 2597)

Measurements

Body length 76-78; frontal width 34; width past the neck 30; toes 24-26 µm. (ref. ID; 2597)

Cephalodella cuneata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)

See

Cephalodella nana (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688)

Descriptions

The body is fairly short and conical, tapering gradually from the corona to the base of the toes. The head is very large, nearly half the length of the entire body and considerably wider than the abdomen. The neck is indicated by a slight constriction. The abdomen is very short and tapers evenly and rapidly to the base of the foot; the lorica is very flexible, but the plates are well marked; the lateral clefts are fairly wide and flaring at the posterior end. The foot is relatively long and conical and rather small at the base; the tail is rudimentary. The toes are very long, slender and decurved, slightly expanded at the base and gradually tapering to acute, bristle-like points; their length is one third of the total length. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex with prominent, beak-like lips. The mastax is huge; the fulcrum is nearly half as long as the entire body; the manubria are very slender and not crutched. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; neither eyespot nor retrocerebral organ are present. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It has considerable larger and the toes quite different. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella cuneata is fairly common among sphagnum in a shallow ditch with soft, acid water, about five miles north of Egg Harbour, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 105; toes 32 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella dixon-nuttalli Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is elongate, fairly slender and laterally compressed. The head is rather small, slightly deflexed, and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen increases gradually and very regularly in width from the neck to the posterior end; the dorsal and ventral edges are almost straight lines. The lorica is very thin and flexible and the plates are difficult to trace; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and the edges diverge rapidly and regularly towards the posterior end, where their distance apart is half the width of the abdomen. The foot is nearly half as long as the abdomen and very stout; the tail is small and somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are short and taper very slightly for one half of their length, changing abruptly to conical, acute points; their length is a little less than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The corona is oblique, slightly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is rather small and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria very slender and not crutched. The gastric glands are very small. The ganglion is moderately elongate and pyriform; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

All the specimens seen had the toes closely appressed, producing the appearance of a single toe. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephlodella dixon-nuttalli is known only from Lake Kathan, Oneida County, Wisconsin; it is collected among submerged sphagnum and other small aquatic plants. (ref ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 160; toes 30 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella dorseyi Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2842, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is relatively short, stout and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is large, slightly deflexed and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width for about two thirds of its length and is gently rounded posteriorly; the lorica is firm and the plates distinct; the lateral clefts are fairly wide at the ends and slightly narrower at mid-length. The foot is short and stout; the tail is fairly prominent and near the posterior end. The toes are very long and wide apart at the base, fairly stout and tapering for about one fifth of their length; from this point they are very nearly cylindric and end in acute, conical tips, the dorsal edge straight and the ventral bending abruptly upwards to meet it. The length of the toes is about one third of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and distinctly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is moderately long and slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are slender, rodshaped slightly clubbed and decurved posteriorly, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small and ovate. The ganglion is long and saccate; the eyespot is very large and saucer-shaped and at the posterior end of the ganglion. The retrocerebral organ is absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It is readily recognized by the long, very slender toes with their peculiar, clawlike points. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella dorseyi is not very common. We have collected it among submerged sphagnum and other plants in soft, acid water ponds around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 145-150; toes 50-54 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella edax Hollowday, 1993 (ref. ID; 1488, 2017)

Descriptions

Body stout and apparently quite flexible, head well marked off from the trunk and comprising approximately one quarter of the total body length when extended. Eye spot apparently absent. Foot small, not well differentiated from the trunk, in line with the long axis of the body, and terminating in two short, finely-pointed toes. Base of toe wide, narrowing quite suddenly to the fine tip. Trophi with long, slender, slightly curved manubria, each terminating at its lower extremity in a small club-shaped lobe with a small oval perforation, thus forming a loop. No basal plates could be detected on the manubria. Unci short, stout, and with bluntly pointed extremities. Rami comparatively stout with sharp points at lower outer corners. Very slight indentations on upper tips of rami but no discernible teeth. Fulcrum long, slender, with no spreading at the base. No males have been reported. The form of the trophi in C. edax is similar in C. catellina major Zawadowsky (1926), but the foot in C. edax is distinctly in line with the long axis of the body, and not ventrally placed as in all forms of C. catellina, which also possesses frontal eye-spots. This species parasitized colonies of the motile alga Uroglena volvox Ehrenberg. (ref. ID; 1488)

Measurements

Length of trunk (including foot) 112-120 µm; length of toes 15-16 µm; greatest length fully extended 136 µm; trophi (total length (rami plus fulcrum) 16 µm; rami 6 µm; fulcrum 10 µm; manubria 13 µm; unci 3 µm). (ref. ID; 1488)

Cephalodella elegans Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2807, 3245 original paper, 7846)

Descriptions

The body is elongate, very slender, somewhat curved and slightly compressed dorso-ventrally. The head is relatively large and very slightly deflexed. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen is slightly curved dorsally and nearly straight ventrally; the lorica is firm and the plates distinct. The lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually and considerably in width towards the posterior end. The foot is small and terminates in a short, cylindric section; the tail is very minute and only a short distance beyond the lorica. The toes are very long and slightly decurved, fairly stout at the base and tapering rapidly to slender, nearly cylindric, acutely pointed rods the length is about one third of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and pyriform. The corona is slightly oblique and moderately convex without projecting lips. The mastax is small and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria are distinctly recurved and increase somewhat in width towards the ends. The gastric glands are small and oval. The ganglion is long and pyriform; the eyespot is fairly large and at the posterior end of the ganglion; no retrocerebral organ is present. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It is readily distinguished by the very slender, depressed body and the long toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella elegans is not common; we have collected it in small numbers among sphagnum and other submerged plants in a swamp near Oceanville, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 135-140; toes 48-50 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella elmenteita De Beauchamp (1932) (ref. ID; 1977, 2194, 3515)

See

Cephalodella fluviatilis (ref. ID; 1977, 2017, 3688), Cephalodella catellina f. ahlstromi

Measurements

Length 210, toe 18 µm, short, narrow, strongly curved, the anterior border concave, the posterior convex, basally constricted and widest distinctly distally to base. (ref. ID; 3515)

Cephalodella elongata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1468, 2017, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is elongate, cylindric and extremely slender. The head is unusually long and convex anteriorly. The neck is indistinct. The abdomen is cylindric throughout its length; the lorica is very thin and flexible and the plates ill-defined; the lateral clefts are very obscure, but apparently very narrow and parallel-sided. The foot is short and conical; the small tail is near the posterior end. The toes are short, slightly decurved, and taper gradually and evenly to very acute points. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The corona is only slightly oblique, but strongly convex and without projecting lips. The corona is only slightly oblique, but strongly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is moderately large and of the typical form; the fulcrum is slender and slightly recurved at the posterior end; the manubria are crutched. The gastric glands are elongate pyriform, the obtuse end forward. The ganglion is very long and saccate; the retrocerebral organ is absent and the eyespot frontal and double, the two pigment spheres fairly wide apart. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It is readily recognized by the very slender body, as well as the pyriform gastric glands. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella elongata is not common; we find it occasionally in weedy ponds and sphagnum bogs around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 105-115; toes 21-25 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella epitedia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper, 3688)

See

Cephalodella marina (ref. ID; 2017)

Descriptions

The body is fairly slender, laterally compressed and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is long and convex anteriorly. The neck is somewhat indistinct. The abdomen increases gradually in width for about two thirds of its length; the posterior third is gently rounded. The integument is very flexible and the plates ill-defined; the lateral clefts are very obscure, but apparently parallel-sided and rather narrow. The foot is conical and rather narrow at the base; the small tail is near the posterior end. The toes are short, straight and slender, nearly parallel-sided for about three fourths of their length and somewhat abruptly reduced to acute, slightly recurved, clawlike points; their length is less than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The corona is moderately oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the typical form; the fulcrum is slender and slightly expanded at the extreme posterior end, the manubria very slender, rodlike and not crutched. The gastric glands are small and rounded. The ganglion is very long and saccate; the retrocerebral organ is absent and the eyespot frontal and double, the two small pigment spheres fairly wide apart. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

It resembles C. angusta and gracilis in general form, but differs in the shape of the toes and in never being found in fresh water, to which these two species appear to be confined. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

Cephalodella epitedia is found among algae and detritus in brackish and saltwater ditches near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 135-140; toes 24-26 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella eupoda Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

Descriptions

The body is moderately slender and gibbous dorsally. The head is large, somewhat longer than wide. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width for about half its length, and from this point tapers towards the base of the foot, which is marked by a slight constriction. The integument is very flexible and there is no trace of the lorica. The foot is large and conical; the minute tail is somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are blade-shaped, short and slightly decurved; they increase slowly in width for nearly half their length, then decrease more rapidly to conical, acute points about one third the length of the toes; their entire length is one seventh of the total length. The corona is very slightly oblique and without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of normal type; the manubria are somewhat stouter than usual and bent at an obtuse angle near mid-length. The oesophagus is very long and convoluted. The ganglion is large and saccate; there is no eyespot and no trace of the retrocerebral organ. (ref. ID; 3245)

Type locality

A few specimens of Cephalodella eupoda were collected some years ago at Four Mile Run, near Washington, District of Columbia; it has not been found elsewhere. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Total length 150; toes 22 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella eva (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2268, 2841) or 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1473, 2196, 2284, 3208)

Synonym

Cephalodella eva Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza eva Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diasciza eva Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia eva Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345) or 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 2284, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3208); Furcularia semisetifera Galscott, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Proales tigridia Weber, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245)

Descriptions

The body is moderately slender, strongly compressed laterally and gibbous dorsally. The head is short, broad and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is arched dorsally and widest at mid-length; the lorica is very flexible, but the plates are well marked; the lateral clefts are very wide posteriorly. The foot is large and conical and the tail minute; the foot glands are large and pyriform. The toes are very long, nearly one third of the total length; the proximal third is tapering and the remainder very slender, almost bristle-like, flexible and strongly decurved. The foot glands are large and ovate. The foot glands are large and ovate. The corona is oblique and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the manubria are nearly as long as the fulcrum and strongly crutched. The ganglion is large and elongate saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

Comments

According to Dixon-Nuttall and Freemann this species is very variable, especially in the form of the toes; we have not found this to be the case; all the specimens that we have seen are very constant, both in form and size. We are inclined to believe that the varieties described by them may belong to one or more different species. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Length of body 74; length of toes 46 µm. (ref. ID; 2284)

Total length 275-285; toes 80-85 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Cephalodella exigua (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2278, 2608, 2932, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3046, 5022) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3532)

Synonym

Cephalodella exigua Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza exigua Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2278, 3245, 3275) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza exigua Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688)

Descriptions

The body is rather short, stout and oblique anteriorly. The head is very large and deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is laterally compressed at the posterior end; the dorsal and ventral edges are almost parallel, the dorsal slightly arched; the lorica is flexible, but the plates are fairy distinct; the lateral clefts are wide and parallel-sided anteriorly, the posterior ends slightly flaring. The foot is very small, almost tubular, and gives the abdomen the appearance of beings squarely truncate posteriorly; the tail is very small and not far from the end of the foot. The toes are short, slender, slightly decurved and taper gradually to acute points their length is a little more than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and distinctly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are very slender and strongly recurved posteriorly, but not crutched. The gastric glands are moderately large. The ganglion is very elongate and saccate; the retrocerebral organ is absent. The large eyespot is at the posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

Measurements

Length of body 110; width 50; toes 30 µm. (ref. ID; 2278)

Total length 90-95; toes 20-22 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

Body length 58-74; body height 45-50; length of toes 20-23 µm. (ref. ID; 3275)

Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) (ref. ID; 1977) or (Zawadowski, 1926) (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)

Synonym

Cephalodella elmenteita de Beauchamp (1932), p.162-163, Figures 2a-c (ref. ID; 1977, 2017, 3688); Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) after Rudescu (1960), Koste (1978), and Nogrady et al. (1959) (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella fluviatilis (Zavadovsky, 1926) after Wiszniewski (1936), and Wulfert (1938) (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena fluviatilis Zavadovsky (1926), p.266-267, Figure 8, 9 (ref. ID; 1977) or Zawadowski, 1926 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)

Diagnosis

C. fluviatilis resembles C. catellina and C. maior, but is easily distinguished by its abdomen bulging behind the sunken foot, the slightly decurved and ventrally narrower toes, the in lateral view straight and broad fulcrum, and its greater total length. (ref. ID; 1977)

Descriptions

Parthenogenetic female: A very large species, stout, almost cylindrical. Head large, wide, offset by neck-fold, very slightly deflexed; corona convex, no lips. Abdomen bulging behind foot, with wide lateral sulci separating indistinct lorica plates; postero-dorsal margin rounded in lateral view, forming obtuse angle with more or less straight ventral margin; tail very small. Foot very small, ventral, sunken in shallow depression of abdomen. Toes short, ca. 1/8-1/14 total length, slightly decurved ventrally, basal half slightly swollen, base narrower; tips short, blunt. A single frontal eyespot. Mastax with venral salivary glands. Vitellarium with +/-32 nuclei. Trophi type C (Wulfert 1938), but only weakly asymmetrical. Rami triangular, slightly asymmetrical, left somewhat larger; subbasal chambers with short, posteriorly projecting triangular alula ventrally, and short, blunt, posteriorly projecting alula and large opening dorsally; right ventral alula bluntly bilobed in lateral view; basal chambers asymmetrical, each with comb of three apical teeth; right basal opening larger. Inner margin of subbasal chambers with fine apical comb. Fulcrum long, narrow and slightly expanded posteriorly in ventral view; in lateral view straight and relatively high, basal and distal part somewhat expanded. Left uncus of slightly stronger build than right; each uncus with slender tooth, a broad and dorsally expanded shaft, and an inwardly projecting lateral apophysis at ca. 3/5 from tip. Uncinal teeth grasping between comb of apical teeth of basal chambers and apical comb of subbasal chambers. Manubria slightly asymmetrical, left somewhat larger; median chamber most strongly developed; anterior half or less more (right) of manubria slightly curved, more or less rod-shaped, posterior half or less loop-shaped; loops open, consisting of broad hook-shaped ventral arm and narrower, curved dorsal arm, ventral arms weakly crested ventrally; ventral margin of manubria with elongate opening prior to loop. (ref. ID; 1977)
  • Egg: Subitaneous egg spherical. (ref. ID; 1977)
  • Male: Unknown. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Comments

    Rudescu (1960), Kutikova (1970), Koste (1978) and Nogrady et al. (1995) synonymized C. fluviatilis with C. elmenteita. Later, Koste (in Vareschi & Vareschi, 1984) recognized C. elmenteita to be C. catellina maior, and De Ridder (1986) considered C. elmenteita as a good species. The synonymization of C. fluviatilis with C. elmenteita is hesitantely followed here for reasons of nomenclatoral stability only. Zavadovsky's figures and description are very poor indeed, and really do not allow, as is the case for many early species descriptions, for a definite species designation. Discrepancies for example are found in the relatively small and deflexed head and protruding foot in fluviatilis figured by Zavadovsky, compared to the large almost undeflexed head and sunken foot in the specimens described as elmenteita by de Beauchamp (1932), Pourriot et al. (1967: 540, Figure 6) and Smet et al. Donner (1978: 166, Figures 8e-g) described the variety minor, which differs in size, position of the foot, distal end of abdomen, absence of alula on right ramus, etc. Close examination of his figures shows that it most probably belongs to C. catellina. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Distribution

    C. fluviatilis was described from the Moskva River (Russia) and reported afterwards from Lake Elmenteita (Kenya) by de Beauchamp (1932), and from most natron temporary ponds and permanent lakes of Kanem, Chad (Pourriot et al. 1967; Pourriot 1980; Iltis & Riou-Duwat 1971). Lake Simbi (where Smet specimens came from) also is a highly alkaline soda lake. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Measurements

    Total length 190-230, toe 14-26; trophi 42-50 (left ramus 18.6-24.8, right ramus 17.1-19.6, left uncus 13.6-17.2, right uncus 12.1-16.4, fulcrum 25.4-34.0, left manubrium 29.3-40.8, right manubrium 27.1-40.0); subitaneous egg 83-95x71-81 µm. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Cephalodella forficata (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1474, 2017, 2276, 2608, 2640, 2757, 3245, 3275, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3334, 3397, 3572)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella forficata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza acronota Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza caeca Dixon-Nuttall, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345) or Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 2757, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza forficata Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 2757); Diaschiza forficata Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diaschiza paeta Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diglena forficata Sivickis, 1934 (ref. ID; 3688); Distemma forcipatus Daday, 1877 (ref. ID; 3688); Distemma laeve Eichwald, 1847 (ref. ID; 1345); Furcularia caeca Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3245, 3688); Furcularia ensifera Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3688); Notommata forcipata Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Notommata forficata Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2757, 3245, 3275, 3688); Notops falcipes Linder, 1904 (ref. ID; 1345)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, fairly slender, somewhat prismatic and slightly compressed laterally. The head is large and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is very nearly parallel-sided and slightly convex dorsally; the lorica is firm and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are narrow and parallel-sided. The foot is conical and rather short; the tail is small and rounded. The toes are fairly wide apart at the base, moderately short, stout, very slightly recurved and taper gradually to acute points; their length is a little less than one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are moderately large and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria are crutched. The gastric glands are large and pigmented red. The ganglion is long and saccate; at its posterior end is a small retrocerebral sac with a distinct duct, bifurcate anteriorly, but not reaching the surface of the corona. There is no eyespot. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    We have used Ehrenberg's name for this species, as it is undoubtedly the same as Gosse's Diaschiza caeca; the form of the toes, often crossed, size 150 µm, and very large "eye", that is: gastric glands all agree with Gosse's description. C. forcicata, tenuior, collactea and intuta show considerable similarity; the form of the body is approximately the same, all have pigmented gastric glands and crutched manubria. They are readily distinguished by the form of the toes; C. tenuior, collactea and intuta are also much smaller than normal specimens of C. forficata. (ref. ID; 3245)

    The species closely resembles C. intuta Myers, and it is in many cases difficult to discriminate between them, as intermediates seem to exist. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Measurements

    Total length 175-184; toes 36-40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    It is a small rotifer, with maximum length of 153 µm of which the body is 108 µm and the toes 45 µm. The mastax has a length of 20 µm. (ref. ID; 3334)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 213-226; length of toes 55-58; length of trophi 36-38 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella forficula (Ehrenberg, 1831) (ref. ID; 3688) or 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 1474, 1638, 1804, 1923, 1931, 2017, 2202, 2268, 2276, 2715, 2757, 2841, 2918, 2932, 3180, 3245, 3271, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3208, 3523, 3572, 5022)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella forficula Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Cephalodella forficula Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Distemma forficula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688) or 1832 (ref. ID; 2017, 2276, 3245, 3271); Distemma laeve Eichwald, 1847 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia forficula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688), 1832 (ref. ID; 3514) or 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 2841, 3208, 3245, 3271); Furcularia trihamata Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Furcularia tubiformis King, 1893 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Notops falcipes Linder, 1904 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688)

    Descriptions

    C. forficula live in tubes it constructs itself. The tubes are from 0.5 to 5.0 mm long, about 80 µm inner diameter. The walls are usually about 40 µm thick although masses of detritus attached to the tubes may make the walls several times thicker. The tubes are often closed at both ends, are not used as sieves, and not eaten directly. This species is an elongated cylindrical rotifer about 230 µm long and 65 µm wide across the body. It has a weakly developed lorica. Its toes are about 60 µm long recurved, with the concave side dorsal. On the dorsal side of the toes are spurs: three about 3 µm long in a row about 24% along the toe from the base and a single spur about 3.5 µm long about 35% from the toe base. Donner (1966) shows the opening of the tubes from the large cement glands as associated with the proximal set of spurs. It is typically found in the littoral areas in organic detritus of permanent or temporary ponds. C. forficula are typically planktonic or at least not sessile, although a few are parasitic on or in algae. (ref. ID; 1638)

    Body fairly slender, spindle shaped. Head relatively large and slightly oblique anteriorly. Abdomen cylindrical and narrow posteriorly. Foot indistinct. Toes short, stout, curved and acutely pointed; with prominent tooth-like spines in the middle. Foot glands large, distinct. (ref. ID; 1804)

    Head and trunk separated by constriction. Abdomen cylindrical and narrow posteriorly. Foot indistinct; toes short, curved and pointed with two triangular spines in the middle. Foot glands prominent. (ref. ID; 1931)

    Body more or less cylindrical with a neck segment. Toes characteristic and have a small acute tooth in the middle of the dorsal side and arrow of very small teeth at the end of the swollen basal part. C. forficula varies very much in size. (ref. ID; 2715)

    This is not normally a tubicolous species and, Donner (1950) is the only one to have reported such a behaviour in this animal. Our experience with C. forficula however quite conforms to Donner's data. Hundreds of specimens were seen on the glass-slides, living in brown opaque tubes, built up from detritus cemented together by a secretion from the glands situated at the base of the spur. All specimens were rapidly moving to and for in their tubes, constantly piercing their spurs through the walls. The latter activity we consider as a constant remodeling and reinforcing of their housing. (ref. ID; 2918)

    Body more or less cylindrical, with a neck segment. Toes characteristic and with a small acute tooth in the middle of the dorsal side and a row of very small teeth at the end of the swollen basal part. (ref. ID; 3180)

    The body is spindle-shaped, elongate and fairly slender. The head is relatively large and slightly oblique anteriorly. The neck is marked by a shallow constriction. The anterior half of the abdomen is very nearly cylindric, the posterior slightly tapering; the integument is very flexible and the characteristic, discontinuous lorica seems to be totally lacking. The foot is ill-defined, but a slightly basal constriction is usually present; the tail is small, but fairly prominent, and belongs to the abdomen rather than to the foot. The toes are short, stout, recurved and acutely pointed; the bases are somewhat swollen and near mid-length there is on the dorsal side a prominent, toothlike spine, preceded by a transverse row of small, acute spicules, from two to four in number. The length of the toes is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are very long and slightly clubshaped. The corona is slightly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is relatively large and of the normal type; the inner edges of the rami are serrate at the apex; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded at the posterior end. The manubria are somewhat unusual on account of the presence of a well developed, oval basal plate; the posterior ends are very slightly enlarged, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small. There is a very faint constriction between the stomach and intestine. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is frontal and of somewhat unusual structure; its anterior half is transparent and the posterior pigment mass is divided into two segments by a median, clear space. (ref. ID; 3245)

    The toes have a small acute tooth in the middle of the dorsal side, and a row of small << spicules >> at the posterior end of the swollen basal part. The trophi resembles those figured by Harring & Myers (1924) from a specimen from USA. The American specimens, however, are much smaller. Similar trophi are also found on a specimen from Indonesia (Hauer 1938), but measurements are not given. The specimens found by Wulfert (1937) in Germany are larger than mine, the toes are much longer (80-90 µm), and the trophi are much more complicated in structure which is shown on his detailed figures. Further figures of the trophi do not seem to exist in the literature, but there are many figures available of the whole animal and especially of the toes, as well as several measurements. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Comments

    The propriety of including this species in the genus Cephalodella, which is virtually equivalent to Gosse's Diaschiza, as emended by Dixon- Nuttall and Freemann, will probably not be questioned by anybody, as the presence or absence of a lorica is now generally conceded to be of small importance. (ref. ID; 3245)

    According to the available data C. forficular varies much in size, somewhat in shape of the body and toes, and considerably in the shape of the trophi. It is closely related to C. stenroosi Wulfert (1937) (called Furcularia forficula by Stenroos (1898)) which has no eyes, and toes with only a rounded tooth in the middle and no << spicules >>. The trophi of C. stenroosi agree with those of the present specimens. Probably identical with C. stenroosi is C. deformis Donner, 1949. The trophi are quite similar and the differences in size and shape of the body and toes between the two species are relatively small. Schulte (1959) differ somewhat from those figured by Donner (1949), as the rami are markedly serrated. A further study of the species group is needed. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Measurements

    Total length 145; toes length 30; trophi length 40 µm. (ref. ID; 1804)

    Total length 154; toes length 28 µm. (ref. ID; 1931)

    Total length 275 µm. (ref. ID; 2715)

    Total length 160-165; toes 30-35; trophi 45 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 266-270; length of toes 60-62; length of trophi 38-39 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella friebei Koste, Robertson, and Hardy, 1984 (ref. ID; 2017, 2809 original paper, 7846)

    Diagnosis

    The new species resembles other Cephalodella species such as C. xenica Harring & Myers, 1924, C. jakubski Wieszneiwski, 1953, C. eupoda Harring & Myers, 1924, C. crassipes (Lord, 1903) and C. catellina (O.F. Muller, 1786). These taxa are not related, however, and C. friebei differs from them in its different lorica, the shape and construction of the trophi and the very large vitellarium. (ref. ID; 2809)

    Descriptions

    All the specimen collected were contracted females. The body is very shot and stout, and in crossection, trapezoidal. The lorica is very flexible, with the dorsal and the ventral plates separated by wide clefts. The posterior portion of the ventral plate projects backwards like a tail. The neck is strongly set off from the body. The small, short foot is positioned ventrally. The toes are also short, and blade-shaped in both dorsal and ventral views. The oval salivary glands are located on the ventral side of the mastax. The gastric glands are unusually large. The cellular stomach is distinctly separated from the intestine. The anus lies above the foot segment, under the posterior projection of the ventral plate. Pearl-shaped food pellets were observed in the digestive tract. The huge vitellarium seems to have many nuclei (32?). The foot glands are short and have indistinct reservoirs. The lateral and dorsal antennae have short sensory hairs. The eyespot was not identified. The mastax is very large. The trophi is asymmetrical and resembles that of C. catellina (O.F. Muller, 1786). The fulcrum is long and slightly expanded at the posterior end. The manubria differ from each other in form and size and have sickle-shaped ends. The rami have no alula, but near the apex are provided with comb-like, denticulate lamellae. The unci have typically a single tooth. (ref. ID; 2809)

    Etymology

    The new species is named after Dr. Bernd Friebe from the AG Tropenokologie, Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie, in gratitude for a continuing good collaboration. (ref. ID; 2809)

    Measurements

    Lorica length, including toes 110-135; toes length 19-20; trophi length 33 (manubria 20-25, fulcurm 20, unci 10 µm). (ref. ID; 2809)

    Cephalodella galbina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)

    See

    Cephalodella tantilla (ref. ID; 2017)

    Descriptions

    The body is very short, stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is relatively short, very broad and slightly deflexed. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen is short and very broad, with its greatest width neat mid-length. The lorica is very flexible, but the plates are well marked; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increases gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is short and stout; the tail is fairly prominent and somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are very long, slender, slightly decurved, rather stout at the base and taper gradually to very acute points; their length is about two fifths of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is slightly oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is huge and of the normal type; The fulcrum is nearly half the length of the entire body and the posterior end very slightly expanded, the manubria short, slender, slightly recurved and clubbed posteriorly, but not crutched. The gastric glands are very small and ovate. The ganglion is very long and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is at the posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Its nearest relative is probably C. dorseyi, from which it differs in the much shorter and stouter body, huge mastax and long, decurved toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella galbina is rather rare; we have collected it only among submerged sphagnum in a soft, acid water pond at Gravelly Run, near Mays Landing, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 100-110; toes 38-42 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1487, 1489, 1804, 1923, 2017, 2064, 2196, 2198, 2202, 2266, 2268, 2276, 2281, 2385, 2715, 2841, 2932, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3688) (Ehrenberg, 1838)? (ref. ID; 3083) reported year? (ref. ID; 1450, 1490, 2890, 3208, 3297, 3334, 3523, 3572, 5022), gibba gibba (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 3514) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2757)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella gibba Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza gibba Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688), Dixon-Nuttall, 1903 (ref. ID; 3271) or (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 3514); Diaschiza semiaperta Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 3208, 3245, 3271) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza gibba Lang, 1928 (ref. ID: 3688); Furcularia gibba Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2281, 2385, 3245, 3271, 3275, 3514, 3688); Furcularia macrodactyla Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 3271); Plagiognatha felis Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688)

    Descriptions

    Body moderately long, gibbous dorsally. Lorica firm, plates distinct; lateral clefts narrow anteriorly and widening gradually to the posterior end. Foot small, conical. Toes very long, slightly curved, very slightly tapering and with conical tips. (ref. ID; 1804)

    Specimens differed from those found in fresh water, and were generally smaller in size. The body was shorter and arched dorsally, with straight toes having the distal ends reduced to sharp points. The ganglion was also smaller. (ref. ID; 2281)

    Body fairly large bulging towards the posterior end. Toes long and ending in a point. C. gibba varies in size of body and toes (Eriksen 1969). (ref. ID; 2715)

    The body is moderately elongate, slightly compressed laterally and gibbous dorsally. The head is large and oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases slightly in width for about two thirds of its length and is rounded posteriorly; the lorica is firm and the plates very distinct; the lateral clefts are rather narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is small and conical; the small tail is near mid-length. The toes are very long, straight or recurved and very slender; the basal portion is broad and tapers rapidly to the nearly parallel-sided, very slightly tapering main portion; the extreme tips are conical. The length of the toes is about one thirds of the total length. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is very large and the trophi of the normal type. The inner ventral edges of the rami are near the apex provided with comblike, denticulate lamellae; the fulcrum is broadly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria are strongly crutched; the unci have only a single tooth. The gastric glands are rather small. The ganglion is very long and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is frontal and consists of a spherical capsule, the anterior half transparent, the posterior filled with pigment granules. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Male: Present. (ref. ID; 1923)

    Comments

    It is somewhat variable, especially in the curvature of the toes; specimens with virtually straight toes are not rare and in the early spring months they predominate over the curved toes variety. (ref. ID; 3245)

    According to the literature, C. gibba varies considerably in size and shape, and it possibly constitutes a species-group of more than one subspecies or species. Only few good figures are given of the trophi (Harring & Myers 1924; Wulfert 1937; Koch-Althaus 1963; Donner 1964; Godske Eriksen in press), and they differ markedly in size and shape. The toe-size, which is the most exact measurement and easiest to obtain, is recorded to vary from 55 µm (Koste & Wulfert 1963) to 150 µm (Wulfert 1937); all specimens, however, are referred to C. gibba. The majority of the measurements given in the literature, however, range between 67 µm and 92 µm. Large measurements are: 122 µm (Levander 1894), 150 µm (Wulfert 1937), 80-100 µm (Pejler 1962), 105 µm and 108 µm (Donner 1964), and 137 µm (Godske Eriksen in press). Smaller measurements are: 60 µm (Bergendal 1892), 62 µm (Levander 1894), and 55-60 µm (Koste & Wulfert 1964). The form described as subspecies microdactyla by Koch-Althaus (1963) has toe-sizes of 55-60 µm. It is perhaps a separate subspecies, but a further study of the morphology and ecology of the different forms of the C. gibba-group is needed before its taxonomy can be settled. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Measurements

    The toes were about 80-100 µm long-longer, were often less sharply curved than in the drawings in Olofsson (1918, Fig.43) and Wulfert (1937, Fig.20). (ref. ID; 1450)

    Total length 225-240; toes length 85-90 µm. (ref. ID; 1489)

    Total length 250; toes 78; trophi 55 µm. (ref. ID; 1804)

    Length of body 150; dorso-ventral depth 84; toes 52 µm. (ref. ID; 2281)

    Length of body 150; toes 70 µm. (ref. ID; 2385)

    Total length 275 µm. (ref. ID; 2715)

    Body length 105-160; highest part 82-85; toes 55-70 µm. (ref. ID; 3083)

    Total length 250-300; toes 70-80; trophi 60 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Body length 165-170; length of toes 52-65 µm. (ref. ID; 3275)

    It is a medium-sized rotifer, with a total length of 270-282 µm. The maximum length of the body was 198 µm with toes 72-85 µm. The mastax was 54 µm. The male had a length of 175 µm. (ref. ID; 3334)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 264; length of toes 64-76; length of trophi 44-48 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella gibba microdactyla (Koch-Althaus, 1963) (ref. ID; 1412, 2017, 2268 original paper)

    Measurements

    Toes 58-72; trophi 52 (fulcrum 32; manubrium 34; uncus 17 µm). (ref. ID; 1412)

    Cephalodella gigantea Remane, 1933 (ref. ID; 1345, 1806, 2017, 2269, 3508) or 1937 (in Wulfert, 1937) (ref. ID; 3437)

    Descriptions

    Lorica longer than broad; anterior end broader than posterior. Toes long, slightly curved. Mastax virgate with small apophysis at base of rami. (ref. ID; 1806)

    Cephalodella globata (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 2640, 3245, 3688)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella globata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza globata Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia sphaerica Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3245, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is short, stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is rather short, very broad, slightly diflexed and oblique anterior. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen is short and very broad; the dorsal edge is strongly convex. The lorica is relatively firm and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase very slightly in width towards the posterior end. The foot is very short and broad; the small tail reaches nearly to the posterior end. The toes are short rather slender, slightly decurved and taper gradually to acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is oblique and somewhat convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria long and strongly crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is very long and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is frontal and consists of a somewhat diffuse cluster of very pale pigment granules. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It resembles C. physalis, but the toes are different, the head is smaller and the eye is frontal; physalis has a cervical eyespot, is considerably larger and has relatively longer toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 125-130; 22-25 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2269, 2278, 2608, 2700, 2841, 2994, 3245, 3271, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 4607), gracilis gracilis (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 2017)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella gracilis Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Cephalodella sagitta Wulfert, 1956 (ref. ID; 2017); Diaschiza gracilis Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza taurocephalus tenua Hilgendorf, 1899 (ref. ID; 3688); Diasciza gracilis Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia gracilis Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 2278) or 1832 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3271, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is rather short, laterally compressed and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is relatively short, broad and convex anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width of about two thirds of its length; the posterior third is gently rounded; the lorica is thin and flexible, but the plates are fairly distinct; the lateral clefts are rather narrow; anteriorly and increase slightly in width towards the posterior end. The foot is conical and rather short the very small tail is somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are short, fairly slender, very slightly recurved and taper gradually and evenly to acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are moderately large and pyriform. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; The fulcrum is very slender and slightly recurved posteriorly, but not expanded; the manubrium are slender, rodlike, decurved at the ends and not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; the retrocerebral organ is absent and the eyespot frontal. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It has a certain resembles to C. sterea, but is readily distinguished by the form of the toes an its much smaller size and stouter body. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length of body 100; toes 30 µm. (ref. ID; 2278)

    Total length 125-130; toes 22-25 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella hoodi (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2269, 3245, 3271, 3688) or 1896 (ref. ID; 2700) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890), hoodi hoodi (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 2702)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella hoodi Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Cephalodella remanei Wiszniewski, 1934 (ref. ID; 2017, 2269, 2702, 3271); Cephalodella strigosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Diaschiza hoodi Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2702, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza hoodii Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3271); Diaschiza rhamphigera Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diaschiza valga Bilfinger, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3688); Diasciza hoodi Lang, 1928 (ref. ID; 3688); Plagiognatha gracilis Tessin-Butzow, 1890 (ref. ID; 1345) or Tessin, 1890 (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688); Plagiognatha lacinulata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is fairly slender and somewhat gibbous dorsally. The head is fairly large, oblique anteriorly and slightly deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is unusually elongate and the dorsal line arched and rounded posteriorly; its greatest depth is at mid-length; the lorica is firm and the plates well marked. The lateral clefts are narrow and parallel-sided in the anterior half of their length and widen gradually towards the posterior end. The foot is rather small and conical; the tail is fairly prominent and near mid-length. The toes are rather short, fairly stout and decurved, tapering gradually to acute points their length is a little less than one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and pyriform. The corona is moderately oblique and strongly convex with prominent, beaklike lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria short, very slender, rodlike and slightly recurved at the ends, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small and ovate. The ganglion is very large and saccate; the eyespot is fairly large and at the posterior end of the ganglion. The retrocerebral organ is absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 140-145; toes 32-35 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella hyalina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, fairly slender and slightly compressed laterally. The head is large and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is very nearly parallel-sided, slightly rounded dorsally at the extreme posterior end; the integument is very flexible and the body virtually illoricate; the edges of the plates are very obscure and difficult to trace; the lateral clefts appear to be narrow and parallel-sided. The foot is fairly large and robust; the tail is prominent and near mid-length. The toes are long, slender, wide apart at the base, recurved and slightly tapering, with conical points formed by an abrupt downward curvature of the dorsal edge; at the apex is a short, bristle-like nib forming a continuation of the ventral edge; the length of the toe is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are large and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and decidedly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum ends in a triangular expansion and the manubria are strongly crutched. The ganglion is very long and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella hyalina is not rare in ponds with soft, acid water; we have collected it among submerged sphagnum n Lake Kathan and Starvation Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin, and in Fontinalis novae-angliae at Bargaintown, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 200-215; toes 45-50 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella incila Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1833, 2017, 2268, 2269, 2608, 2994) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572)

    Descriptions

    This species is very closely related to C. limosa. The detailed structure of the mastax, which are finely serrated at their tips in C. incila, smooth in C. limosa. (ref. ID; 1833)

    Measurements

    Total length (contracted) 115; length toes 39-42; length mastax 21; length fulcrum 12.5 µm. (ref. ID; 1833)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 135; length of toes 27; length of trophi 20 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella innesi Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, slightly compressed laterally and strongly gibbous dorsally. The head is small, distinctly deflexed and strongly increase rapidly in width for about two thirds of its length; at this point the dorso-ventral depth is almost twice the depth of the anterior margin; the posterior third of the dorsal edge curves slightly downwards. The lorica is flexible, but the plates are fairly distinct; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase slightly in width towards the posterior end. The foot is long, conical and extremely broad at the base; the tail is small and somewhat beyond mid-length. The toes are relatively short and robust, very slightly enlarged at the base and taper gradually to slender, acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are very large and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the typical form; the fulcrum is relatively short, stout and parallel-sided without any expansion at the posterior end; the manubria are long and crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is moderately long and saccate; the eyespot is frontal and double, the two halves fairly wide apart. No retrocerebral organ is present. The dorsal antenna is far back on the head, a short distance in front of the neck. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is readily distinguished by the small head and gibbous body and also by is rapid, restless mode of swimming. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella innesi has been collected around Atlantic City, New Jersey, in weedy ponds with soft, acid water. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 200-210; toes 40-44; trophi 40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella inquilina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2266, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate, nearly parallel-sided and laterally compressed. The head is short and broad, somewhat longer dorsally than ventrally. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is either parallel-sided or slightly wider posteriorly; the lorica is very thin and flexible and the edges of the plates indistinct; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is large and very broad at the base; the tail is very small. The toes are long, slender, nearly straight, somewhat enlarged at the base and very slightly tapering suddenly reduced at the ends to minute, but very distinct claws; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are moderately large and pyriform. The corona is decidedly oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is relatively small; the posterior end of the fulcrum is broadly and abruptly expanded; the manubria are crutched. The ganglion is long and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is a very rapid swimmer, readily recognized by its large size and the peculiar, clawed toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephlodella inquilina is common among sphagnum and submerged plants in soft-water ponds; we have collected it in Vilas and Oneida Counties, Wisconsin, and around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 250-270; toes 62-68 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella intuta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2196, 2269, 2284, 2608, 2932, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3572) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)

    Descriptions

    The claws have no basal spicules. (ref. ID; 2284)

    The body is moderately elongate and slender, laterally compressed and slightly gibbous posteriorly. The head is relatively long on the dorsal side and short on the ventral side on account of the strongly oblique corona. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in depth for about two thirds of its length and from there tapers rapidly towards the short, conical foot; the tail is small and rounded. The lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well marked. The lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end of the lorica. The toes are faintly recurved, wide apart at the base, very long and slender, tapering slightly to acute, clawlike points with transverse basal septa; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The corona is convex and strongly oblique, without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is broadly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria crutched. The gastric glands are tinted red. The ganglion is long and saccate; at its posterior end is a small sac with well marked duct, bifurcate at the anterior end, but not reaching the surface of the corona. There is no eyespot. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Its nearest relative is C. forficata, from which it differs in the form of the body, shorter foot and much longer and more slender toes, as well as in its smaller size. (ref. ID; 3245)

    According to the literature, the length of C. intuta varies between 115-225 µm (Voigt 1957). The smallest specimens are those originally described from USA. total length 115-225 µm) (Harring & Myers, 1924), and the one recorded but not figured from New Zealand (total length 114 µm) (Russell 1959). Of the European records the majority mentions much larger specimens (total length 160-225 µm) (Hauer 1935; Donner 1949; Wulfert 1956, 1960, 1961). A few of them also are figured, and they do not resemble the American ones very much. Probably they belong to another species, which is not C. forficata either. The species-group certainly needs revision. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella intuta has been collected among submerged sphagnum and other aquatic vegetation in Loon Lake, about one mile south of Eagle River, Vilas County, Wisconsin, and in soft, acid water ponds around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 114; length of toes and claws 34 µm. (ref. ID; 2284)

    Total length 115-125; toes 30-35; trophi 40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 138; length of toes 46-49; length of trophi 25-28 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella licinia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, slender and somewhat prismatic. The head is a little longer than wide and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen is very slightly arched dorsally, almost parallel-sided; the lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are rather narrow anteriorly and increase in width towards the posterior end. The foot is conical and moderately large; the tail is small and rounded and unusually far back on the foot. The toes are long and slender, they are nearly parallel-sided and straight for about three fourths of their length; the terminal portion is strongly decurved and tapers to very slender, bristle-like points; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is oblique and slightly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is relatively small and weak; the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria are slender, rod-like and not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is very long and saccate. The eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella licinia is found in small numbers among Fontinalis novae-angliae in bog pools at Bargaintown, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 105; toes 28 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella lindamaya Koste & Shiel, 1986 (ref. ID; 2017, 2886 original paper)

    Descriptions

    Body short, stout; head short, very broad, slightly deflexed, oblique anteriorly; neck well-marked. Lorica weak, plates not readily visible. Foot normal, toes relatively long, somewhat swollen basally, medially slender, terminating in slightly curved claws with acute points. Four small, acute spinules inside this well-marked terminal part. Matax large; rami spherical, with denticulate inner margin behind points; fulcrum long, slender; uncus with one tooth, lamellar projection attached at its base; manubria unusual, terminally crutched and leaf-shaped, enlarged and distorted. This can be observed only in lateral view, cf. apical view. Foot-glands large and club-shaped. (ref. ID; 2886)

    Comments

    Only one individual was slightly extended; the others were contracted, however a valid species can be defined on the base of hitherto unknown characteristics of trophi structure and toes with claws. Only Cephalodella panarista and C. forficula s.l. have spines or spinules at the edge of their toes, but these are inserted dorsally. The construction and dimension of the trophi, with distinctive manubria, differ from other taxa in the genus. (ref. ID; 2886)

    Etymology

    Named after Dr. Linda May, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh, in recognition of her work on Rotifer. (ref. ID; 2886)

    Type locality

    Stock dam 1 km south of Copping, west side Hwy 7; black, humic water, peripheral reeds; 21.7 degrees C, pH <4, 80 uS cm-1. (ref. ID; 2886)

    Measurements

    Total length of slightly contracted individual 245; toes 68 (spinules 4-6); trophi 43 (manubrium 38, fulcrum 24, unci 17, rami 14 µm). (ref. ID; 2886)

    Cephalodella lipara Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is extremely short, stout and nearly cylindric. The head is enormous; its length is nearly half the length of the body. The neck is marked by a slight constriction. The abdomen is very short and abruptly truncate posteriorly; the lorica is very flexible, and the dorsal and ventral plates separated by a very wide cleft. The foot is indistinct and the tail very small. The toes are short, stout and blade-shaped; the dorsal edge is decurved and the ventral nearly straight, with a slightly decurved, clawlike tip; their length is about one sixth of the total length of the body. The corona is slightly oblique without projecting lips. The mastax is huge, but of the normal type of the genus; the fulcrum is slightly expanded and decurved at the posterior end; the manubria are slender and rodlike. The total length of the mastax is fully half the length of the body. The ganglion is very large and saccate; there is no eyespot and no trace of the retrocerebral organ. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It has a superficial resemblance to C. physalis, but is readily distinguished by the short toes, very stout body and the absence of the eyespot. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella lipara was collected among floating sphagnum in a ditch with soft, acid water, about five miles north of Egg Harbor, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 130-140; toes 22-24 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella macrodactyla (Stenroos, 1898) (ref. ID; 1345, 1850, 2017, 3572)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella strepta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Furcularia macrodactyla Stenroos, 1898 (ref. ID; 2017)

    Descriptions

    It is small, lacks eyes, and has conspicuous saberlike dorsally curving toes. The gastric glands were yellow (Myers 1924 mentions pink), and there is a small tail. The trophi simple. The cross-section is triangular, with deep sulci between lorica plates. Myers described the species as C. strepta, and Koste (1978) considers it a doubtful species. (ref. ID; 1850)

    Comments

    Closely related to C. macrodactyla is a form described from USA, C. strepta Myers (Harring & Myers, 1924). The latter is somewhat smaller, and since no figures are given of its trophi, it is difficult to decide its specific relationship. It probably belongs to C. macrodactyla, perhaps subspecies. Other records which might concern C. macrodactyla do not seem to exist in the literature. As it is easy to recognize even in a contacted condition, it is unlikely to have been overlooked, and seems therefore to be a very rare species. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Measurements

    Body length 90; foot length 10; toes length 48 µm. (ref. ID; 1850)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 142; length of toes 50; length of trophi 15 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella maior (Zavadovsky, 1926 stat. nov.) (ref. ID; 1977)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella catellina f. maior Zavadovsky after Rudescu (1960), Kutikova (1970) and Koste (1978) (ref. ID; 1977); Cephalodella catellina maior Zavadovsky after Donner, 1972, p.59, Figures 3a-f, and Nogrady et al. 1995, p.58, Figures 74a-f (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella catellina (O.F. Muller) after Weber 1898, p.487, P1.19, Figures 12-14, and Wiszniewski, 1934, p.345-347, P1.58, Figures 6,7 (ref. ID; 1977); ?Cephalodella wiszniewskii Edmondosn & Hutchinson, 1934, p.163, Figures 1a (ref. ID; 1977); Diglena (Cephalodella) catellina f. maior Zavadovsky, 1926, p.266, Figure 7 (ref. ID; 1977)

    Diagnosis

    C. maior might be confused with C. catellina and C. fluviatilis, but is easily distinguished by its basally broader toes with distinct basal projection in the foot, and the dorsally recurved fulcrum. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Descriptions

    Parthenogenetic female: Body stout, slightly compressed laterally. Head fairly large, narrower than body, offset by distinct neckfold, slightly deflexed; corona frontal. Dorsal margin of abdomen in lateral view almost evenly arched, or slightly angular postero-dorsally; ventral margin almost straight or slightly undulate; distal margin broadly rounded in dorsal view. Lorica plates and sulci indistinct. Tail indistinct. Foot short, ca. 1/7-1/10 total length, ventral. Toes short, more or less straight and conical, with broad base; dorsal margin slightly and evenly curved in lateral view, ventral margin slightly indented near mid-length; tips acute; toes with distinct basal projection in foot. Two frontal eyespots. Wall of buccal tube distinctly strengthened. Mastax with two large, but very hyaline salivary glands ventrally. Vitellarium with 8, 12, 24 and 32 nuclei. Trophi type C (Wulfert 1938), but almost symmetrical. Rami elongate-triangular; subbasal chambers with long, posteriorly projecting alula; basal chambers triangular, apical teeth absent; opening of basal chambers variable. Inner margin of subbasal chambers with fine apical comb. Fulcrum long, narrow and very slightly expanded posteriorly in ventral view; in lateral view broad, anterior half straight, almost parallel-sided, posterior half strongly bent dorsally and slightly narrowing distally. Unci coarse; tooth strongly broadened dorso-ventrally with short, blunt tip; shaft narrower than tooth, expanded ventrally. Manubria with short broad anterior 1/3 and elongated loop-shaped posterior 2/3; loops usually open; ventral arm of loops slightly longer, left with short tooth near mid-length ventrally; outer side of median manubrium chamber with large opening; ventral chamber vestigial, with large opening. (ref. ID; 1977)
  • Male: Unknown. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Comments

    The taxon was originally described as an infrasubspecific variant of C. catellina by Zavadovsky (1926), on taxonomic irrelevant diagnostic features, namely the greater body length, the softer lorica and the in dorsal view distally broadened, rounded abdomen. Donner (1972) briefly described and illustrated what he called C. catellina maior Zavadovsky. His diagnosis was followed by Koste (1978), who still treated it as an infrasubspecific variant, and by Nogrady et al. (1995) who considers it again as a subspecies. However, the obvious differences in trophi structure and shape of the toes between the two, prove that they are neither subspecies nor infrasubspecific variants, but different species. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Measurements

    Total length 170-195; toe 18-24; trophi 27.8-35.2 (left ramus 12.5-16.6, right ramus 11.1-16.6, fulcrum 20.0-28.4, left uncus 9.7-12.9, right uncus 10.0-12.5, left manubrium 22.0-26.4, right manubrium 21.0-24.3) µm. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Cephalodella marina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella epitedia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate, spindle-shaped, very slightly compressed laterally and faintly gibbous dorsally. The head is large, slightly deflexed and oblique anteriorly. The neck is somewhat indistinct. The abdomen is slightly convex dorsally and deepest near mid-length; the lorica is very thin and flexible and the plates ill-defined; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is fairly long, stout and conical; the small tail is a little beyond mid-length. The toes are short, very slender, slightly decurved and taper gradually to very acute points; their length is somewhat less than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and elongate ovate. The corona is decidedly oblique and somewhat convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria slender, rodlike and not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; the eyespot is frontal and double, the two spheres rather wide apart. No retrocerebral organ is present. The dorsal antenna is unusually far back on the head. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is related to C. mineri, but is readily distinguished by the very slender toes and the uncrutched manubria, the more oblique corona and larger head. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella marina is common among algae and vegetable detritus in shallow tide pools near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 160-165; toes 28-30 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella megalocephala (Glascott, 1893) (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2814, 2841, 3181, 3271, 3688, 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 3572) or (Glasscott), 1893 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245) reported year? (ref. ID; 3334)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella megalocephala Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza megalocephala Rousselet, 1895 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245, 3271, 3688); Diglena inflata Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Furcularia lactistes Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3271) or 1912 (ref. ID; 3688); Furcularia megalocephala Glascott, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3181, 3271, 3688) or Glasscott, 1893 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245); Pleurotrocha leptura Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Descriptions

    Neck is more strongly marked than in European specimens and the manubria more robust. (ref. ID; 3181)

    The body is fairly stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is very large and extremely oblique. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen increases considerably in width for about two thirds of its length and from this point the dorsal line curves rapidly to the base of foot. The lorica is very thin and flexible and the edges of the plates ill-defined; the lateral clefts are narrow and parallel-sided. The presence of a dorsal cleft is denied by Dixon-Nuttall and Freeman; according to Hauer it is really present, but the connecting portion of the integument is convex instead of forming a deep groove, as in other species of this genus. The foot is stout and conical, but its base is ill-defined; the knoblike tail is near mid-length. The toes are short, stout and decurved, tapering gradually to acute points; their length is about one sixth of the total length. The foot glands are large and pyriform. The corona is extremely oblique, very slightly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and differs very little from the typical form, except in the feeble development of the mallei. The ganglion is very elongate and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    The body is laterally compressed and the toes are markedly jointed, like the form called var. compressa by Donner (1949) and which are figured by Wulfert (1937). The trophi are delicate and rather difficult to study in detail, especially in dorso-ventral view, and only few figures of them exist in the literature (Harring & Myers 1924; Wulfert 1937, 1962; Godske Eriksen in press). No figure was obtained this time. The size of the species seems to vary considerably, as records are given of a total length from 138 µm (Wulfert 1966) to 325 µm (Wulfert 1937), and toes from 25 µm to 45 µm (the same records as above). The shape also varies, and a more or less well-marked joint are not seldom observed on the toes. The following varieties are described, all with jointed toes: var. anchylodactyla Manfredi, var. rotunda Donner, and var. compressa Donner. It is not probable that they constitute separate subspecies, but their relations need a further study. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Male: Present. (ref. ID; 3334)

    Comments

    Dixon-Nuttall and Freeman included this species in this genus Diaschiza under protest; this was not unreasonable under their somewhat narrow and artificial definition of this genus. No objection can be raised against its inclusion in Cephalodella, if the definition given above is accepted for this genus, basing it primarily on the form of the corona and the mastax, secondarily on the form of the head, body and foot, and neglecting the degree of development of the lorica, even its total absence, as well as the presence of the minute and all but invisible tuft of setae at the base of the toes, which we consider trivial. Ehrenberg's figure and description of Pleurtrocha leptura probably refer to this species; his figure of the mastax accompanying the original description shows that it belongs to Cephalodella. As his name has never been used by anybody else for the species under consideration and the identification is not absolutely certain, its resurrection at this time is probably unnecessary. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length of body 190; toes 35 µm. (ref. ID; 3181)

    Total length 195-210; toes 34-38; trophi 30 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    It is a medium-sized rotifer with a total length of 230 µm. The toes were 36 µm long. The male was fractionally more than three-fifths the size of the female at 150 µm. (ref. ID; 3334)

    Total length of specimen in extended position 214; length of toes 36; length of trophi 38 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella melia Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, somewhat prismatic and gibbous dorsally. The head is rather small, but relatively long in comparison with its width, and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually and considerably in width for about three fourths of its length; the dorsal line curves rapidly downward in the posterior fourth. The lorica is very thin and flexible and the edges of the plates rather difficult to trace; the lateral clefts are very narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is long and conical and the tail prominent. The toes are fairly long and slender, enlarged at the base, parallel-sided for about four fifths of their length, decurved and end in small conical points, prolonged by a fairly long bristle-like nib, continuing the line of the dorsal edge; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are fairly large and pyriform. The corona is oblique, strongly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is moderately large and of the normal type; the fulcrum curves upwards at the posterior end the manubria are not crutched. Symbiotic zoochlorellae are present in abundance in the walls of the stomach. The bladder is very large. The ganglion is long and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Its nearest relative is probably C. nelitis, from which it is readily distinguished by the form and length of the toes and the shorter and strongly gibbous body, as well as by the presence of zoochlorellae. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella melia was originally collected in soft, acid water ponds and bogs in the neighborhood of Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 130-145; toes 28-32 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella mineri Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is rather short and nearly cylindric, slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is moderately large and somewhat deflexed. The neck is not very distinctly marked. The abdomen is nearly parallel-sided, slightly convex dorsally; the lorica is very thin and flexible, but the plates are fairly well defined; the lateral clefts are very narrow and parallel-sided, slightly flaring at the extreme posterior end. The foot is relatively short, conical and robust; the very small tail is a little beyond mid-length. The toes are short, strongly decurved, extremely broad at the base and taper gradually and regularly to acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are large and ovate. The corona is slightly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the typical form; the fulcrum is rather stout and slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria long very slender and crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; the eyespot is double and frontal, the two pigment spheres fairly wide apart, and the retrocerebral organ absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella mineri is very abundant among Fontinalis novangliae in a brackish stream near Tuckahoe, Atlantic County, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 125; toes 27 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella misgurnus Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 1978, 2017, 2269, 2808, 2833)

    Measurements

    Total length 165-190; toe length 49-61; trophi length 22; fulcrum 16 µm. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Cephalodella mucronata Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1804, 1923) or Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 2545, 2886, 2995, 3245 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3523)

    Descriptions

    Body slender, elongated. Abdoman surrounded by rigid lorica, extending over the foot and projecting beyond it; lateral clefts deep. Foot not projecting beyond the ventral point of foot sheath. Toes short, as long as body, slender, slightly curved and tapering gradually to acute points. (ref. ID; 1804)

    The body is elongate, slender and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is moderately long and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is protected by a very rigid lorica, extending over the foot and projecting beyond it; the longitudinal clefts are deep and terminate at the foot sheath, which has a triangular ventral point and a stout dorsal spine, separated by a deep, rounded sinus. The foot does not project beyond the ventral point of the foot sheath. The toes are nearly as long as the body, unusually slender, slightly recurved and taper very gradually to acute points. The corona is slightly oblique without projecting lips. The mastax is of the normal type of the genus; the inner edges of the rami are finely denticulate; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly and the rami are crutched. The ganglion is large and saccate; there is a small retrocerebral sac, curving over the posterior end of the ganglion; the duct approaches the corona, but does not quite reach it. There is no eyespot. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It was first found by the late Jamens Murray in preserved material brought home from New Zealand; the contracted specimens, one of which he sent to us, were believed by him to be Monommata appendiculata Stenroos. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella mucronata is not rare in weedy, soft-water ponds; we have collected it in Vilas and Oneida Counties, Wisconsin, around Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in Polk County, Florida. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 220; toes 105; trophi 43 µm. (ref. ID; 1804)

    Body to 173; toes to 137 µm. (ref. ID; 2886)

    Total length 265-275; toes 120-125; trophi 36 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella mucronta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2276, 2281)

    Descriptions

    The only difference from the type description was that the sinus between the dorsal spine and the ventral point of lorica was triangular and not rounded. (ref. ID; 2281)

    Measurements

    Length of specimens 250; toes 100 µm. (ref. ID; 2281)

    Cephalodella nana Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 2842, 2994, 3245 original paper, 3688, 7846)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella cuneata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 3688); Diaschiza tigridia Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 3688); Proales tigridia Weber, 1898 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is relatively short and conical, tapering evenly and gradually from the corona to the base of the toes; the dorsal edge is gently curved. The head is very large, nearly half the length of the entire body and much wider than the abdomen. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is very short, little more than one third of the length of the body and tapers gradually towards the foot; the lorica is moderately flexible and the plates distinct; the lateral clefts are narrowest near mid-length and wide at the posterior end. The foot is fairly large and conical; the small tail is unusually far back on the foot. The toes are long, slender, wide apart at the base, double-curved and taper gradually to acute, bristle-like points; their length is about one third of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex with prominent, beak-like lips. The mastax is very large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are slender, slightly clubbed and recurved at the ends, but not crutched. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is very long and somewhat pyriform; the eyespot is at the posterior end. No retrocerebral organ is present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella nana has been collected only in sphagnum along the marshy edges Corduroy Creek, near Absecon, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 105-110; toes 35-40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella nelitis Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, very slender and somewhat prismatic. The head is fairly small and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen increases slightly in width for about two thirds of its length and from this point tapers slightly to the base of the foot; it is somewhat variable in width and specimens with parallel-sided body are occasionally met with. The lorica is very thin and flexible, but the plates are fairly well marked; the lateral clefts are rather narrow and parallel-sided for nearly their entire length; the extreme posterior ends are slightly flaring. The foot is short and conical, but broad at the base; the tail is very small. The toes are short, strongly decurved and very slender; from the slightly bulbous base they taper very gradually to acute points; their length is about one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is oblique, strongly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is rather small and of the normal type; the fulcrum is stout and slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria rodlike, very slender and not crutched. The bladder is large. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Its nearest relative is C. melia; a comparison is given under this species. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella nelitis was collected in a pond with soft, acid water among submerged sphagnum, at Gravelly Run, near Mays Landing, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 135; toes 22 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella obvia Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 2808) or 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017)

    Measurements

    Total length 152-172; toe length 44-46; trophi length 20; fulcrum 14 µm. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Cephalodella pachyodon Wulfert, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2808, 3688)

    Measurements

    Total length 220-245; toe length 55-60; trophi length 28 µm. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Cephalodella paggia Koste & Robertson, 1983 (ref. ID; 2017, 2808 original paper), paggiae Koste & Roberston, 1983 (ref. ID; 7846)

    Diagnosis

    At first glance C. paggia can be confused with the large forms of C. gibba (Wulfert, 1937), and the ring-formation on the end of the manubrium can lead to the following species: C. misgurnus Wulfert, 1937; C. pachyodon Wulfert, 1937, C. tecta Donner, 1949, and C. obvia Donner, 1949 (see Donner 1949: Figs.15-17). Other taxa with rings on the manubrium such as C. catellina O.F.M. and C. myersi Wiszniewski have other shapes and different toes. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Descriptions

    Cephalodella paggia is a large animal with a distinct head which narrows apically. Large bunches of cilia protrude from the buccal area and probably contain sensory hairs. Ventral side flat, dorsal slightly arched. Foot short, with distinct claws. Mastax with unclear salivary glands. Trophi symmetrical. Unci with one tooth. Rami with pincer-like termination and unclear small teeth. Upper part of fulcrum has sickle-shaped projections which support spherical lamellae. Manubrium with short lamella and an oval ring. Dorsal antenna normal. No special peculiarity in inner organization. No light organs found. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Etymology

    The species is named after Prof. Susana J. de Paggi of the Instituto Nacional de Limnologia, Santo Tome, Argentina, in gratitude for good collaboration. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Measurements

    Total length 396; toe length 126; trophi length 72; fulcrum 43; rami 29; manubrium 50 µm. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Cephalodella panarista Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2795, 2833, 3181, 3245 original paper, 3688, 7846)

    Descriptions

    The body is very large, elongate and slender. The head is fairly large and oblique anteriorly. The neck is marked by a slight constriction. The abdomen increases gradually and very slightly in width for about three fourths of its length; the dorsal edge curved downwards posteriorly to the base of the foot. The integument is very flexible and the plates indistinct; the lateral clefts are very obscure, but apparently fairly wide and parallel-sided. The foot is short, stout and conical; the very small tail is near mid-length. The toes are very long, stout and recurved, tapering gradually to acute points; their length is a little less than one third of total length. On the dorsal edge there is occasionally a single, toothlike spine; its distance from the base of the toe is about one third of the length. The foot glands are extremely long and slightly club-shaped. The corona is strongly oblique, convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and the trophic robust. On the inner ventral edges of the rami there are near the apex two denticulate, comblike lamellae, the left one much larger than the right. The fulcrum is long and straight, slightly expanded posterior; the manubria are short, recurved posteriorly, but not crutched, and have a large basal plate. The unci have the typical single tooth. The gastric glands are small. The ganglion is elongate and pyriform; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is frontal and the anterior part of the capsule is without pigment, simulating a "lens". (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella panarista is rare; we have found a few specimens at Four Mile Run, neat Washington, District of Columbia, and in ponds at Tuckerton, Ocean County, New Jersey, as well as in collections made by Dr. Birge at the Fish Hatchery, Bass Island, Lake Erie, during the Great Lakes Biological Investigations in 1901. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length 240; toes 60 µm. (ref. ID; 3181)

    Total length 360-375; toes 102-105; trophi 65 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella papillosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is relatively short, laterally compressed and strongly gibbous dorsally. The head is fairly large and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is deeply constricted. The abdomen increases rapidly in depth for about two thirds of its length and is gently rounded posteriorly; the transverse width is only one half of the dorso-ventral depth of the body at its highest point. The lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are fairly wide and nearly parallel-sided throughout their length. The foot is moderately short and broad at the base; the tail is very small. The toes are very long, slender and slightly decurved; from the base they taper evenly and gradually to acute points; their length is nearly half the length of the body. The lateral antennae are of unusual form; small tufts of sensory setae are seated on small, slender conical tubules. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is rather large and of the normal type the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly; the manubria are rodlike and not crutched. The ganglion is elongate saccate; retrocerebral organ and eyespot are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella papillosa is rare; we have collected it only in a large pond at Oceanville, New Jersey, among Riccia and floating sphagnum. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 135; toes 43 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella parasitica (Jennings, 1894) (ref. ID; 1345, 2994, 3245) or (Jennings, 1900) (ref. ID; 2017) reported year? (ref. ID; 2688)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella parasitica Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017); Diaschiza parasitica Harring, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245); Pleurotrocha constricta Jennings, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245); Pleurotrocha parasitica Jennings, 1900 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245)

    Descriptions

    The body is fairly slender, distinctly curved and gibbous dorsally. The head is unusually long and tapers from the neck towards the corona. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width for about two thirds of its length and from this point tapers rapidly to the base of the foot. The integument is very flexible and there is no trace of the usual fissured lorica. The foot is short and conical, its base somewhat smaller than the posterior end of the abdomen; the tail is rudimentary. The toes are very slightly decurved; the anterior half is nearly cylindric and the posterior tapers gradually to acute points; their length is about one sixth of the total length. The foot glands are minute and virtually atrophied. The corona is strongly oblique and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and the trophi of normal type; two large salivary glands are attached to its posterior end. The ganglion is relatively small and saccate; neither eyespot nor retrocerebral organ are present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Cephalodella parasitica is usually found attached to the cuticle of various oligochaetes (Stylaria, Chaetogaster). There is no reason for considering it a true parasite; it leaves the host readily and swims as well as other members of the genus; in all probability the temporary attachment is simply a method of transportation. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 200; toes 35 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella paxilla Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, slender, cylindric and very nearly parallel-sided. The head is large and slightly oblique anteriorly. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen is cylindric for nearly its entire length, abruptly rounded at the extreme posterior end; the integument is thin and flexible and the plates indistinct; the lateral clefts are fairly wide anteriorly and the edges diverge very slightly and gradually towards the extreme posterior end, which is oblique and flaring. The foot is relatively small, conical and longer on the ventral side than on the dorsal; the tail is small and near mid-length. The toes are short and nearly straight, the anterior half cylindric and the posterior tapering, ending in acute points; the dorsal edge is very slightly decurved, the ventral straight for half its length, converging gradually towards the dorsal margin; their length is less than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is only slightly oblique, convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the typical form, but the trophi are delicate; the fulcrum is a long, straight, very slender rod, not expanded posteriorly, the manubria not crutched. The gastric glands are small and rounded. The ganglion is moderately long and saccate; the retrocerebral organ is absent. The eyespot is frontal and double, the two spheres fairly wide apart. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella paxilla is rare; we have collected it among floating sphagnum in a soft, acid-water pond at Gravelly Run, near Mays Landing, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 210-220; toes 36-40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella pheloma Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2283, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    This is a variety and has a number of differences from the type. The toes a longer and recurved, and the head less oblique. In other characteristics, particularly the highly compressed neck, and long foot glands, the animal is normal for the type. (ref. ID; 2283)

    The body is elongate, slender and nearly cylindric. The head is unusually long and extremely oblique. The neck is slightly constricted dorso-ventrally and excessively compressed transversely, its width being less than half the width of the head. The abdomen is fusiform and increase slightly in width towards the base of the foot; the integument is so flexible that it can hardy very called a lorica, and the plates are very obscure; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is large and robust; the tail is fairly prominent. The toes are short, stout and decurved, with the ventral edges somewhat undulate; the basal portion is nearly cylindric and the posterior tapers gradually to acute points; their length is about one sixth of the total length. The foot glands are very long and tubular. The corona is excessively oblique and slightly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is broad and very slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria unusually long, nearly straight, rod-like and stout. The bladder is very large. The ganglion is very long and pyriform; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It appears to be closely related to C. megalocephala, but is readily distinguished by the more slender body, long foot glands, the form of the toes, as well as the remarkable compression of the neck, so striking in a dorsal view of the animal; when the species was first found, we assumed this to be caused by a pathological condition, but this was evidently an error, as it is always present in perfectly healthy individuals. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella pheloma is rare; we have found only a few specimens among Fontinalis and submerged sphagnum growing in soft, acid water in a shallow pond at Estellville, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 150; length of body 80; length of head 30; length of toes 40 µm. (ref. ID; 2283)

    Total length 200; toes 35 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella physalis Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2280, 2894, 3245 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3411)

    Descriptions

    The very stout, characteristic animal agrees well with descriptions and figures given in the literature. It seems however that a definite difference exists between North American and European specimens; the needle-sharp toes are shorter than mentioned by Hauer (1935); the trophi look like shown by Harring & Myers (1924) even though the whole animal is much smaller. The hole in the manubrium described by Wulfert (1940) could not be seen. (ref. ID; 2894)

    The body is very short, stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is very large and obliquely truncate anteriorly; its length is less than the dorso-ventral depth. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is but little longer than wide, somewhat prismatic and deepest near mid-length. The lorica is quite firm and the lateral cleft is wide. The foot is very short and stout; the tail is small and knoblike and near the posterior end of the foot. The toes are blade-shaped, decurved and acutely pointed; the dorsal edge is evenly curved and the ventral edge has a blunt cusp about one third of its length from the base; the length of the toes is one fourth of the total length. The corona is strongly oblique and the lips project as a small beak. The mastax is large and the trophi of normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly and the manubria rodlike, not crutched. The ganglion is very large and saccate; the eyespot is at the posterior end. There is no retrocerebral organ. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It resembles C. lipara, but the body is not as stout; the much longer toes and the presence of an eyespot are sufficient to separate it from this species. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella physalis is not rare among sphagnum and submerged plants in soft-water ponds around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length over all 160; toes 40; trophi 30 µm. (ref. ID; 2280)

    Body length 80; width 53-57; toes 21-28 µm. (ref. ID; 2894)

    Total length 150-160; toes 35-40; trophi 45 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella piulca Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1931, 3245 original paper)

    See

    Cephalodella hiulca

    Descriptions

    This is being reported for the first time from India. Body slender and compressed, with a cerebral eye spot and abdomen having parallel side. Foot is prominent; toes long, stout at the base and gradually taper into acute points. Foot glands small. Mastax characteristic with manubria crutched and fulcrum enlarging at the posterior end. (ref. ID; 1931)

    The body is elongate, slender, slightly curved and laterally compressed. The head is relatively small and short and distinctly deflexed. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen is nearly parallel-sided, very slightly gibbous dorsally and concave ventrally. The lorica is firm and the plates well marked. The lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increase slightly in width towards the posterior end. The foot is fairly long and stout; the small tail is near the posterior end. The toes are long, slender and slightly recurved, moderately stout at the base and taper gradually to extremely slender, acute points; their length is a little less than one third of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and pyriform. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is small and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded posteriorly and the manubria distinctly crutched. The gastric glands are small and somewhat triangular. The ganglion is long and saccate; the small eyespot is at the posterior end, on the dorsal side. No retrocerebral sac is present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It resembles superficially C. strepta, but is much larger and without the head sheath of this species; an additional distinction is the presence of an eyespot in C. hiulca. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella hiulca is not rare in soft, acid water ponds among Fontinalis, Riccia and sphagnum; we have collected it at Bargain-town and Oceanville, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length, 126; toes 42 µm. (ref. ID; 1931)

    Total length 130-135; toes 38-40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella plicata Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 1923, 2017, 2268, 2283, 2745, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is rather short and strongly gibbous dorsally. The head is fairly large and somewhat deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is strongly arched dorsally, with its greatest depth near mid-length; the lorica is very firm and the plates well marked; posteriorly it projects over the foot nearly to the base of the toes. The dorsal and lateral clefts are abnormally deep and their edges project as very distinct ridges, as shown in the optical section of the body is figure 4; the dorsal cleft is straight-sided and acute-angled, the lateral clefts rounded at the bottom. Symbiotic zoochlorellae are invariably present and arranged in a fairly regular and quite constant pattern. The foot is rather small; the minute tail is near the posterior end. The toes are rather short, fairly stout, tapering, and slightly decurved; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and pyriform. The corona is moderately oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type the fulcrum is very slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are short, slender and without terminal crutch. No gastric glands are present. The ganglion is moderately elongate and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is at the posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    The deep dorsal and lateral clefts, and lack of projecting lips, distinguish it from C. hoodi, and C. ventripes. (ref. ID; 2283)

    It has a superficial resemblance to C. hoodii and C. ventripes, but the projecting beak is absent; the exceptionally deep dorsal and lateral clefts and the symbiotic zoochlorellae are sufficient to distinguish it from these species. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephlodella plicata is not rare in soft, acid water ponds among Fontinalis and submerged sphagnum; we have collected it in Loon Lake, Vilas County, and Starvation Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin, and also at Bargaintown near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length of body 70; length of toes 14 µm. (ref. ID; 2283)

    Total length 105-110; toes 24-27 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella retusa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is rather short, fusiform and fairly stout. The head is large and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen is nearly parallel-sided and very slightly gibbous dorsally; the lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are narrow and parallel-sided for about one half of their length, increasing slightly in width towards the posterior end the foot is moderately large and robust; the tail is very small. The toes are short and stout; the ventral edge is straight in its entire length, the dorsal for about three fourths of its length, and from this point it curves rapidly towards the ventral edge, meeting it in an acute point; the length of the toes is about one fourth of the entire length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is expanded posteriorly and the manubria crutched. The ganglion is very large and saccate; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is related to C. forficata, but is much smaller and the form of the toes is quite different. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella retusa is not common; we have collected it among sphagnum growing on the bottom in shallow water of Doughty's Mill Pond, about two miles west of Absecon, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 100; toes 24 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella segersi, 1998 (ref. ID; 1977 original paper)

    Diagnosis

    The shape of the body, toes and trophi indicates that Cephalodella segersi n. sp. is closely related to C. catellina (O.F. Muller, 1786). It can hardly be confused with the latter by its characteristic trophi. In C. segersi n. sp. the right manubrium displays a not fully closed terminal loop with forked ventral arm the left manubrium ends in an open loop with unforked ventral arm. In C. catellina both manubria end in a not fully closed loop with unforked ventral arm. C. segersi n. sp. is furthermore characterized by the more prominent alula on the left ramus, and the less developed basal chamber of the right ramus. Confusion with any other congener is out of question by the characteristic trophi. Cephalodella segersi n. sp. keys out to C. catellina following the key by Nogrady et al. (1995). (ref. ID; 1977)

    Descriptions

    Parthenogenetic female: Body small, short, stout; in lateral view gibbous postero-dorsally, ventral margin almost straight; in dorsal view slightly compressed laterally, widest near mid-length, slightly narrowing and rounded posteriorly. Head large, slightly deflexed, offset by distinct neckfold. Abdomen with wide lateral sulci separating somewhat indistinct lorica plates. Foot short, placed ventrally, entirely covered by slightly projecting tail. Toes short, less than 1/5 total length, elongate-conical, base slightly narrower, dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin straight with weak indentation near mid-length; tips acute, usually slightly recurved dorsally. Two separate red frontal eyespots. Mastax with small, ventral salivary glands. Vitellarium with 16?, 24 and 32 nuclei. Trophi a variant of types C (Wulfert 1938). Rami triangular, asymmetrical; subbasal chamber of left ramus with long, sharp, posteriorly projecting alula ventrally; each subbasal chamber with short, posteriorly projecting alula and large opening dorsally. Basal chambers strongly asymmetrical. Left chamber stronger, slightly narrowing towards comb of three apical teeth; a small basal opening, delimited by broad walls laterally. Right chamber slender, distinctly kinked prior to comb of three apical teeth; basal opening large, only inner wall well developed, outer wall vestigial. Inner margin of subbasal chambers with fine apical comb. Fulcrum long, narrow and slightly expanded posteriorly in ventral view; in lateral view straight and narrow, almost parallel-sided, with broader basal and distal part. Left uncus of slightly stronger build than right; each uncus with slender tooth, a broad and dorsally expanded shaft, and an inwardly projecting lateral apophysis at ca. 3/5 from tip ventrally. Uncinal teeth grasping between comb of apical teeth of basal chambers and apical comb of subbasal chambers. Manubria strongly asymmentrical, composed of three chambers, median chamber strongly developed, ventral and dorsal chamber reduced. Left manubrium with straight an more or less rod-shaped anterior half, and more or less loop-shaped posterior half; the loop is open and consists of a broad, sickle-shaped ventral arm with ventral crest, and a thin, more or less rod-shaped, kinked dorsal arm; ventral margin of manubrium with large, elongate opening prior to loop. Right manubrium with more or less rod-shaped anterior 1/3, thereafter slightly expanding and ending in an open loop; the loop consists of a broad ventral arm with forked end transversely to the manubrium axis, and a thin, more or less rod-shaped, kinked dorsal part; no opening on ventral margin of manubrium. (ref. ID; 1977)
  • Male: Unknown. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Etymology

    The new species is named for Dr. Hendrik Segers, in recognition of this important and stimulating contributions to rotifer taxonomy. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Distribution

    The man-made Lake Blankaart is a highly eutrophic, circumneutral to alkaline, and fresh environment, with prevailing alpha-mesosaprobic condition. (ref. ID; 1977)

    Measurements

    Total length 68-98, toe 15.5-18.0; trophi 22.4-23.0 (left ramus 10.0-10.4, right ramus 6.2-7.2, fulcrum 16.0-16.2, left uncus 7.0, right uncus 5.1, left manubrium 17.8-18.1, right manubrium 16.2-17.3 µm). (ref. ID; 1977)

    Cephalodella speciosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate and tapers gradually to the base of the toes. The head is very large; its dorso-ventral width is greater than the width of the abdomen. The neck is well marked. The abdomen tapers rapidly from the neck to the base of the foot; the plates of the lorica are moderately flexible and separated by well marked lateral clefts. The foot is of normal length; the tail is small and knoblike and does not quite reach the posterior end slightly decurved; near the blunt tip is a transverse septum, giving the toes an appearance of being clawed; their length is but little less than half the length of the body. The corona is oblique and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of normal type the fulcrum is crutched and the manubria slender and rodlike. The ganglion is large and saccate; neither eyespot nor retrocerebral organ are present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephlodella speciosa is found in a large pond at Oceanville, New Jersey, among Riccia and floating sphagnum in soft, acid water. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 145-155; toes 45-47 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella sterea (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 2841, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3397), sterea sterea (Gosse, 1887) (ref. ID; 2017)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella sterea Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3688); Diaschiza sterea Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia sterea Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately stout and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is large and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases gradually and regularly in width for about three fourths of its length and diminishes rapidly from this point to the base of the foot; the lorica is relatively firm and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are somewhat wider than usually and nearly parallel-sided. The foot is large and robust; the tail is very prominent and extends very slightly beyond the end of the foot. The toes are rather short, stout, minutely recurved posteriorly and taper gradually to very acute points; the dorsal and ventral edges are very slightly undulate; their length is less than one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are large and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded at the posterior end and the manubria strongly crutched. The gastric glands are rather small. The ganglion is very large and saccate; some specimens appear to possess a rudiment of the retrocerebral sac at the posterior end of the ganglion. The eyespot is frontal and consists of two hemispherical pigment masses within a single capsule. It is readily distinguished by the large tail. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 180-190; toes 40-45 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella sterea minor Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1833, 2829, 3271), f. minor Donner, 1950 (ref. ID; 1345, 2268, 2890, 3688)

    See

    Cephalodella sterea

    Synonym

    Diaschiza sterea Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 3271); Furcularia sterea Gosse, 1887 (ref. ID; 3271)

    Descriptions

    Small forms of C. sterea were named 'var' minor by Donner, 1950. Kutikova, 1970 are considered to be a subspecies. (ref. ID; 1833)

    Measurements

    Length (contracted) ca. 95; toes 28; claws 13-14; mastax 18 µm. (ref. ID; 1833)

    Cephalodella strepta Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 3245 original paper)

    See

    Cephalodella macrodactyla (ref. ID; 1850, 2017)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, fairly slender, slightly gibbous dorsally and faintly curved. The head is relatively long and tapers very slightly from the neck towards the corona; it is protected by a distinct lorica, which falls into definite folds when the head is retracted, as in the genus Diurella and others. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is somewhat prismatic and slightly arched dorsally; its great depth is near mid-length. The plates of the lorica are very firm and the lateral cleft wide. The foot is large and conical; the tail is very small and near the middle of the foot. The toes are very long, recurved, stout at the base and taper gradually to acute points; their length is about two fifths of the total length. The foot glands are large and pyriform. The corona is slightly oblique and without projecting lips. The mastax is moderately large and of the normal type, the fulcrum and manubria rodshaped and slightly curved, but not crutched. The gastric glands are large and usually of a deep pink color. The ganglion is fairly large and saccate. Neither eyespot nor retrocerebral organ are present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It swims very slowly and deliberately, nearly always in a straight course, so that, when once seen, it is easily recognized in spite of its minute size; its behavior suggests the movements of a mechanical toy rather than the erratic course of other rotifers. It is possible that Stenroos's Furcularia macrodactyla may have been described from specimens of this species; according to his description and figure his animal differs in the form of the body and foot, as well as in its greater size and relatively longer toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella strepta is not rare in weedy ponds with soft, acid water. We have collected it at Eagle River, Vilas County, Wisconsin, and around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 100-110; toes 40-45 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella strigosa Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 3245 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890)

    See

    Cephalodella hoodii (ref. ID; 2017)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate, nearly cylindric and slightly gibbous dorsally. The head is relatively long and strongly oblique anteriorly. The neck is marked by a shallow constriction. The abdomen increases very slightly and gradually in width for about three fourths of its length; from this point the dorsal edge curves downward to the base of the foot. The integument is very flexible and the plates ill-defined; the lateral clefts are somewhat obscure, apparently narrow and parallel-sided throughout their length. The foot is short and broadly conical; the tail is a small, rounded boss near mid-length. The toes are very long, slender, slightly decurved and taper gradually to extremely acute, needle-like points; their length is about one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique, decidedly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type The fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria very slender and not crutched. The gastric glands are small and rounded. The ganglion is elongate and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is at the extreme posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    There is a slide of this species in the U.S. National Museum, mounted by C.F. Rousselet and according to the label collected in Epping Forest; it is erroneously determined as Diaschiza derbyi Dixon-Nuttall and Freeman. This is probably the nearest relative of C. strigosa, but differs in having recurved toes. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella strigosa is not common; we have found it is weedy ponds and among submerged sphagnum in Vilas County, Wisconsin, and around Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 125; toes 33 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella tantilla Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245 original paper, 3688)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella galbina Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella sabulosa Myers, 1942 (ref. ID; 2017); Cephalodella tantillides Hauer, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate, laterally compressed and strongly gibbous dorsally. The head is large and slightly deflexed. The neck is not very strongly marked. The abdomen increases gradually in width of two thirds of its length and is somewhat abruptly rounded posteriorly; the lorica is firm and the plates well marked. The lateral clefts are rather narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior ends, which are somewhat flaring. The foot is short and broad; the fairly prominent tail is a little beyond mid-length. The toes are wide apart at the base, long, slender and recurved, tapering gradually from the base to acute points; their length is about one third of the total length. The foot glands are small and pyriform. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is relatively large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very stout and slightly expanded at the extreme end, the manubria very slender, rodshaped and recurved, but not crutched. The gastric glands are rather small. The ganglion is long and saccate; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is at the posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It bears a striking resemblance to C. gibba, from which it differs in the much smaller size, cervical eyespot, acutely pointed toes and the form of the trophi. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella tantilla is common in weedy ponds with soft, acid water; we have collected it in Vilas and Oneida Countries, Wisconsin, around Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in Polk County Florida. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 115-120; toes 38-40 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella tecta Donner, 1949 (ref. ID; 2808) or 1950 (ref. ID; 2017)

    Measurements

    Total length 155-168; toe length 36; trophi length 19; fulcrum 12; rami 6; manubrium 15 µm. (ref. ID; 2808)

    Cephalodella tenuior (Gosse, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 1473, 1474, 2017, 2269, 2608, 2833, 2932, 2994, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3208)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella tenuior Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017); Diaschiza tenuior Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 3208, 3245) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, slender and nearly cylindric. The head is large, slightly deflexed and oblique anteriorly. The neck is not strongly marked. The abdomen is very nearly parallel-sided, slightly gibbous posteriorly; the lorica is very flexible and the plates indistinct; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and increases slightly and evenly in width for about two thirds of their length; at this point the dorsal plates become rounded and the cleft widens rapidly. The foot is relatively short and broadly conical; the tail is near the end of the foot and fairly prominent. The toes are short, very nearly straight and parallel-sided for about two thirds of their length; beginning here the ventral edge curves upwards to meet the dorsal edge in an acute point; the length of toes is one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are very small. The corona is oblique, strongly convex and without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly and the manubria crutched. The gastric glands are small and occasionally have a brownish tint. The ganglion is very long and pyriform; eyespot and retrocerebral organ are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is closely related to C. forficata, from which it differs in the form of the toes, the much smaller size, flexible lorica and the form of the lateral clefts. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 120-125; toes 22-24 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella tenuiseta (Burn, 1890) (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3245, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3402) or Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 7846)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella tenuiseta Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3688); Diaschiza tenuiseta Dixon-Nuttall & Freemann, 1903 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688); Furcularia tenuiseta Burn, 1890 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is elongate, fairly slender and nearly cylindric. The head is large, but relatively short, and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is unusually long and slightly gibbous posteriorly; the lorica is very flexible and the plates faintly marked; the lateral clefts are narrow anteriorly and slightly wider at the extreme posterior end of the lorica. The foot is short and bluntly conical with a small, rounded tail ate mid-length. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The toes are half as long as the body, very slender, slightly recurved, and gradually tapering to acute, conical points. The corona is convex and slightly oblique without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly and the manubria rodlike, not crutched. The oesophagnus is very long and slender. The ganglion is very long and saccate. The retrocerebral organ and eyespot are absent. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Cephalodella tenuiseta was originally described from freshwater; we have found it only among algae and detritus in brackish and saltwater ditches around Atlantic City, New Jersey. Specimens collected by the late C.F. Rousselet at Stowmarket, Suffolk, England, agree with our material in every way except in having much longer toes. We have not been able to find any other differences and believe that they are simply local variations of the same species. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 380-390; toes 120-125 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella theodora Koch-Althaus, 1961 (ref. ID; 1850, 2017, 2268, 2907 original paper)

    Descriptions

    It is fairly large, cylindrical shaped animal, slightly curved ventrally with the distal end cut off straight. The toes are shifted to the ventral edge, are curved ventrally and are bulbous with a blunt and narrower tip. There is a single eye spot at the base of the central ganglion. Manubria are curved with cut ends and possess alulae, but these are not feathery as described, but smooth. There are 8 teeth on the right and 10 teeth on the left uncus. (ref. ID; 1850)

    Measurements

    Total body length 170-200; toes length 25; mastax length 27 µm. (ref. ID; 1850)

    Cephalodella vacuna Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2593, 3245 original paper)

    Descriptions

    Body slender, almost parallel-sided with slight gibbous protrusion at the lower half. Neck well marked, head large with very convex apical field, no lips. Integument soft, sidecleft of almost uniform width. Foot is large, partly covered by the small round tail. Toes long, about one third of body length, faintly curve dorsally and tapering uniformly to a sharp point. No eyes or retrocerebral organ, large ganglion. The mastax is normal, fulcrum triangular or crutched, manubria with a loop dorsally but strongly crutched laterally. Rami carry a slight alula on the lower outside corner. (ref. ID; 2593)

    The body is elongate, fairly slender, nearly parallel-sided and somewhat prismatic. The head is long and obliquely truncate anteriorly. The neck is well marked. The abdomen increases very slightly in size towards the posterior end and is faintly curved dorsally; the lorica is flexible and the plates well marked; the lateral clefts are fairly wide anteriorly and become more so towards the posterior end. The body is obliquely truncate posteriorly; the foot is large and conical, projecting slightly beyond the small, rounded tail. The toes are very long, faintly recurved and slender, tapering gradually to acute points; their length is more than one fourth of the total length. The foot glands are small. The corona is convex and strongly oblique without projecting lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly and the manubria strongly crutched. The ganglion is large and elongate saccate. Neither eyespot nor retrocerebral organ are present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella vacuna has been collected in small numbers among submerged sphagnum in a pond with soft, acid water at Gravelly Run, near Atlantic City, New Jersey. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Body 160-180 long, 50-55 wide; toe 55-60 µm. (ref. ID; 2593)

    Total length 220; toes 62 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella ventripes Dixon-Nuttall, 1901 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2268, 2277, 2702, 2841, 2994, 3245, 3271, 3688, 7846) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890)

    Synonym

    Cephalodella ventripes Harring & Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 3688); Diaschiza ventripes Dixon-Nuttall, 1901 (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2277, 3245, 3271, 3688)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately stout and gibbous dorsally. The head is large, strongly oblique anteriorly and slightly deflexed. The neck is well marked. The abdomen is arched dorsally and the ventral line straight; the lorica is very firm and the plates distinct, over-hanging the foot. The lateral clefts are rather narrow anteriorly and increase gradually in width towards the posterior end. The foot is small and broadly conical; the tail is prominent and near the end of the foot. The toes are rather short, stout and decurved, tapering gradually to acute points their length is a little less than one fifth of the entire length. The foot glands are very small and pyriform. The corona is strongly oblique and convex with prominent, beak-like lips. The mastax is large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is slightly expanded posteriorly, the manubria are short, very slender and the ends strongly recurved, but not crutched. The gastric glands are fairly large and elongate ovate. The ganglion is large and saccate; the large, lens-shaped eyespot is at the posterior end. No retrocerebral organ is present. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    It is readily distinguished by the overhanging lorica and its large size. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Length of body 110 µm. (ref. ID; 2277)

    Total length 135-140; toes 25-28 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Cephalodella wiszniewskii Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 3515 original paper) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1977, 3513)

    See

    Cephalodella catellina

    Measurements

    Length 190 (type), 100-140 (Weber), toe 21 µm, about one-ninth of the total length, short, wide basally, anterior margin very slightly concave, widest at the unconstricted base. (ref. ID; 3513)

    Cephalodella wiszniewskii f. volvocicola (Zavadovski) (ref. ID; 3513)

    Synonym

    Diglena volvocicola Zavadovski, 1916 (ref. ID; 3513)

    Comments

    Diglena volvocicola Zavadovski (1916), for which the author proposed, should it prove to be but a variety, the unnecessary alternative D. catellina parasitica (nec Pleurotrocha parasitica Jennings = C. parasitica Harring & Myers), is a form living in colonies of Volvox. We have unfortunately been unable to obtain the original description, but according to be considered of species value. Some physiological dissimilarities are described, the most striking one being the parasitism of the animal in Volvox colonies. Hutchinson, Pickford and Schuurmann (1932) record from inside colonies of Volvox in two shallow fresh-water pans a form determined by them as C. catellina. Re-examination of some of his material shows that it represents a form of Cephalodella in some respects intermediate between C. catellina and C. wiszniewskii, resembling the former in the narrow base of the toe in proportion to its length, and the latter on the other hand in the concavity of its anterior margin, though this is more marked in the volvocicolous form. (ref. ID; 3513)

    Measurements

    Length 126, toe 19 µm, about one-seventh of the total length, moderately narrow basally, anterior border strongly concave, widest at the practically unconstricted base. (ref. ID; 3513)

    Cephalodella wrighti Wulfert, 1960 (ref. ID; 2017, 2933 original paper, 3572)

    Descriptions

    The species has a characteristic body shape and short, straight toes. The trophi also are characteristic, but the forked << pleural stick >> figured by Wulfert (1960) is not seen by me. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Measurements

    Total length of specimen in extended position 118; length of toes 19-21; length of trophi 23-24 µm. (ref. ID; 3572)

    Cephalodella xenica Myers, 1924 (ref. ID; 2017, 3245 original paper) or Harring & Myers? (ref. ID; 2928) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 7846)

    Descriptions

    The body is moderately elongate and gibbous dorsally. The head is large and oblique anteriorly. The neck is marked by a rather shallow constriction. The abdomen is arched dorsally, its greatest depth near mid-length; the lorica is fairly rigid and the plates well large and robust; the prominent tail is near the posterior end. The toes are short, blade-shaped and very broad; they increases slightly in width for about half their length, then decrease rather suddenly to very slender, conical tips, slightly blunted at the extreme ends; their length is less than one fifth of the total length. The foot glands are rather small and ovate. The corona is oblique and strongly convex without projecting lips. The mastax is fairly large and of the normal type; the fulcrum is very slightly expanded at the posterior end; the manubria are long and have a very pronounced terminal crutch. The gastric glands are small and oval. The ganglion is elongate and pyriform; no retrocerebral organ is present. The eyespot is at the posterior end of the ganglion. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Comments

    Its nearest relative is C. eupoda, which differs in its greater size and in the absence of the eyespot, as well as the flexible integument. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Type locality

    Cephalodella xenica was found in considerable numbers in material collected by Dr. H.S. Jennings in Huron River at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1901. (ref. ID; 3245)

    Measurements

    Total length 128; toes 22 µm. (ref. ID; 3245)