Brachionus aculeatus (Hauer, 1937) (ref. ID; 1345) reported year? (ref. ID; 2328)
Syn; Brachionus aculeatus Gillard, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus angularis var. aculeatus Hauer, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus angularis var. aculeatus f. lateralis Hauer, 1937 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus caudatus var. aculeatus Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 1345)
Comments; Brachionus angularis (var.) aculeatus Hauer 1937 is considered by Ahlstrom as a variety of Brachionus caudatus (which in its turn is looned upon by Hauer as a (var.) of Brachionus angularis). Hauer (1937) admits that he has never met with intermediates between Brachionus caudatus and Brachionus aculeatus, although he was able to examine a very large material. On the other hand, both Brachionus caudatus and Brachionus aculeatus, are regularly found together (= sympatric species). They must accordingly be considered as two distinct species. Brachionus angularis (var.) aculeatus (f.) lateralis Hauer being part of the cyclomorphosis must be sunk into synonymy of Brachionus aculeatus. (ref. ID; 2328)
Brachionus africanus Segers, Mbogo & Dumont, 1994 (ref. ID; 1831, 2897 original paper)
Description; [Parthenogenetic females]: Lorica stiff, ventral and dorsal plates of lorica fused laterally and distally, their surface covered with minute warts. Shape nearly circular. Width of head aperture nearly 2/3 of lorica width, medio-ventrally with a pair of triangular projections and with an intermediate and a lateral pair of shallow lobes. Dorsally a pair of relatively long medium spines, separated by a deep U-shaped sinus, and a pair of short intermediate spines. Short, semi-longitudinal, diverging ridges run posteriad from the tips of the ventral and dorsal anterior projections. Semi-longitudinal ventral and dorsal folds present or absent. Apertures of the lateral antennae visible dorso-laterally, near posterior third of lorica. Foot opening ventrally a deep, inverse-V-shaped fissure, dorsally broader but shallower, with a slightly convex anterior margin. Edge of foot aperture a shallow ridge, projecting slightly posteriad and ventrad. Foot annulated, retractile ending in two conical toes. Trophi of the usual type is the genus. (ref. ID; 2897)
[Mictic female]: Mictic female as parthenogenetic one. (ref. ID; 2897)
[Egg]: Parthenogenetic egg and male egg elliptic, with soft, rippled or smooth shell, male egg slightly smaller than parthenogenetic egg. Resting egg elliptic, with hard, smooth shell. Shell consisting of three parts, separated by narrow fissures. (ref. ID; 2897)
[Male]: Male unknown. Probably present but contracted and deformed beyond recognition through fixation. (ref. ID; 2897)
Comments; The new species belongs to the B. urceolaris group, but is easily distinguished from these species by the absence of lateral antero-dorsal spines, and by its nearly circular lorica. Brachionus africanus sp. nov. might also be confused with congeners possessing four antero-dorsal spines. These specimens, however, have a softer lorica (B. calyciflorus Pallas and B. dimidiatus (Bryce)), longer antero-dorsal spines (B. calyciflorus and B. budapestiensis Daday) and a more elongate lorica, or a differently shaped ventral margin of the head aperture. The species also resembles the recently described B. postcurvatus Kuczynski, which has a different foot aperture and a smoothly concave ventral margin of the head aperture. (ref. ID; 2897)
Etymology; The specific name africanus is an adjective, referring to the continent to which the species appears endemic. (ref. ID; 2897)
Type locality; Fish pond at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Sangoro Laboratory Compound, 35 degrees 16'E, 0 degrees 27'S, Kenya. (ref. ID; 2897)
Measurements; Lorica length 157-180; width 144-156; head aperture width 85-95; dorsal antero-median spine length 15-21; intermediate spine length 4-6; foot aperture depth dorsally 13-17; ventrally 26-33 (22: newly hatched specimen); manubrium length 70; rami width 67; fulcrum length 21; uncus length 36 um. Parthenogenetic egg length 82-90; width 54-62 um. Male egg length 57-62, 44-46 um. (ref. ID; 2897)
Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 1347, 1805, 1929, 2202, 2261, 2269, 2619, 2640, 2704, 2715, 2724, 2791, 2812, 2833, 2836, 2867, 2874, 2891, 3114, 3180, 3271, 3335, 3512, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1474, 1490, 2889, 2890, 2934, 3047, 3063, 3065, 3086, 3141, 3170, 3258, 3273, 3600) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3064, 3073, 3292), angularis angularis (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 3083)
Syn; Brachionus angularis var. bidens (Plate, 1886) (ref. ID; 3514); Brachionus angularis var. rotundata Seligo, 1907 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bidens Plate, 1886 (ref. ID; 1347, 2836, 3271, 3514); Brachionus minimus Bartsch, 1877 (ref. ID; 1345, 3271, 3688); Brachionus papuanus Daday, 1897 (ref. ID; 1345, 2836, 3688); Brachionus pyriformis Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688) or Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus syenensis Schmarda, 1854 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688) or 1859 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus testudo Ehrenberg, 1853 (ref. ID; 1345, 2836, 3271, 3688); Brachionus urceolaris angulatus Seligo, 1900 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688), f. angulatus Seligo, 1900 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; Lorica oval, [greatest width]/[total length] ratio 0.81-0.82, the greatest width is somewhat below the middle of the lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with two median acute spines, laterals and intermediates absent. Anterior ventral margin rather undulate, somewhat elevated, without central notch. Foot opening with a U-shaped aperture and two short bluntly pointed protuberances in the ventral plate, relatively close together and convergent. Body pear-shaped in lateral view, [greatest depth]/[total length] ratio 0.6. Lorica smooth. Ahlstrom (1940) considered the existence of two series of variants in B. angularis. (ref. ID; 775)
Anterior occipital margin with two small median spines flanked by a U-shaped notch. Lorica stippled, with a pattern of cuticular plates on the dorsum. (ref. ID; 1805)
Lorica stippled. Two very small projections in the occipital margin. Posterior spines absent. Cosmopolitan in alkaline waters. (ref. ID; 1929)
Lorica stippled, with a pattern of cuticular plates on dorsum; anterior occipital margin with two median spines, flanked by a U-shaped notch. (ref. ID; 2704)
B. angularis is one of the more variable species of Brachionus. Many forms found in Sri Lanka lack intermediate spines in which case the occipital lateral margin invariably rounds off the middle to form median spines. Only the median spines are prominent and there is a deep sinus in between them. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica firm tightly stippled into a dorsal and ventral plate, compressed dorso-ventrally. Anterior dorsal margin with two median spines flanking a 'V' shaped sinus. Posterior spines absent. (ref. ID; 2867)
This species is characterized in having 1) only 1 pair of anterior median spines at the dorsal margin, 2) not so elevated pectoral margin with little undulation, 3) angular caudal portion, which sometimes reminds us of plump cheek and jaw of human beings and 4) caudal protuberances so strongly bent inwards or close together that basely observable from the dorsal side. The specimens depicted by Ahlstrom (1940, Pl. 5, Figs. 12-13) from Sholavaram lake, Madras, India and a form aestibus Skorikov, 1914 could belong to this species. (ref. ID; 3083)
The antero-lateral spines were absent in all specimens and sometimes even the intermediate spines are lacking. The cuticular protuberances on either side of the foot opening also varied. (ref. ID; 3086)
Anterior dorsal margin (occipital margin) with two median spines divided by a U-shaped sinus. Lateral and median occipital spines usually obliterate, may be weakly developed; intermediates more commonly developed than lateral. Mental margin (anterior ventral margin) rigid, somewhat elevated, with a shallow median sinus. Foot opening rather large, larger aperture in ventral plate, flanked laterally by cuticular protuberances. No posterior spines. (ref. ID; 3180)
[Male] Male present. (ref. ID; 3064 , 3065)
Measurements; Total length 115-119; greatest width 94-96; greatest depth 69-71 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 74-88; maximum width 65-70; anterior width 45-52 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Length of lorica 112; maximum width 84 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Total length 82-94; maximum width 62-68; anterior width 50-55 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Length of lorica 101; width 75 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 110; length of lorica 100; maximum width 90; sinus 10 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Total length 80-102; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 66-68; widest part 64-89; widest part/total length 0.78-0.87; occipital sinus 7-8 wide, 8-10 deep; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 16-18; distance between caudal protuberances at the distal end 5-8; thelytokous egg 60 x 41 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus angularis bidens Plate, 1886 (ref. ID; 2874, 3083) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2860, 3292), var. bidens (Plate, 1886) (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1402, 2757, 3114, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3600)
See; Brachionus angularis (ref. ID; 3514)
Syn; Brachionus angularis bidens punctatus Fadeew, 1926 (ref. ID; 3688) or angularis var. bidens f. punctatus Fadeew, 1926 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus angularis rotundata Lucks, 1912 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus angularis f. rotundata Seligo, 1907 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Brachionus bidens Plate, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3688)
Description; This species is distinguishable from angularis Gosse, 1851 in 1) obliteration of all spines at the anterior margin of dorsal lorica, especially in lacking median spines as usual form but 2) possessing caudal protuberances strongly projected over the body margin and 3) M-shaped caudal extremity on dorsal side: A-shaped sinus on ventral side. A form apicata Tschugunoff, 1921 may be included in this species. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 137-154; breadth 104-120 um. (ref. ID; 1402)
Length of lorica 150 um. (ref. ID; 2860)
Total length 90-102; dorsal lorica length (without spines) 89-92; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 52-57; widest part 70-80; widest part/ total length 0.72-0.82; occipital sinus 4-9 deep; caudal projection or protuberance 5-7 long, 4-5 wide; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 12; distance between caudal protuberances at the distal end 10-13; highest part 59-60; fertilized dormant egg 69-71 x 48 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus angularis bidens f. papillosus Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This form has a character with a large number of small papillae on the surface of the lorica. (ref. ID; 2874)
Locality; Kuro-shima site 5. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 80-90; widest part 70-80; width at the anterior extremities 58-60 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus angularis chelonis (Ahlstrom) (ref. ID; 1837), var. chelonis (Ahlstrom, 1940) (ref. ID; 1352, 2393)
See; Brachionus chelonis
Description; The lateral occipital spines are well-developed in size as long as the median ones. The dorsal lorica is ornamented with indistinct patterns of cuticular ridges. On either side of the foot opening there develops a short spine. (ref. ID; 2393)
Brachionus angularis daitojimensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; Easily distinguishable from all the other subspecies under angularis by possessing a straight pectoral margin. This character was figured simply by Voigt (1957, Plate 19, Fig. 2c). (ref. ID; 2874)
Locality; Minami-Daito Jima site 4. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 100; widest part 78; width at the anterior extremities 70; occipital median sinus 10; caudal projection 9 x 5 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus angularis donghuensis (ref. ID; 2587 original paper)
Description; This species had the closet relation with the bidens group of angularis in outer appearance, but differed markedly from it in having 1) double decked triangular dorsal projections at the caudal region (upper projections at the caudal region (upper projection like that of sericus Rousselet 1907), and 2) spine-like toes. Besides, the features of foot opening, which reminds us of nilsoni, Ahlstrom, 1940 are different. (ref. ID; 2587)
Measurements; Lorica length (without projections); 98-102, greatest width; 80-82, width at the frontal extremity; 55-58, occipital median sinus; 6-10, pectoral elevation; 8-12, caudal upper triangular protuberance; 7-8 x 10, caudal middle elongation; 30 x 6-10, lower basal elongation; 45 x 12, toes; 8-10 um. (ref. ID; 2587)
Brachionus angularis murphyi Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083 original paper)
Description; This species resembles angularis Gosse in lacking any anterior spines but medians on the dorsal lorica and caudal protuberances are strongly bent similar to aestivus Skorikov, 1914 but differs from it in having 1) extraordinarily truncated antero-lateral corners, 2) two lobed Keratella typed pectoral margin and 3) rather square or near octagonal lorica more or less like B. budapestinensis. (ref. ID; 3083)
Etymology; Named after Prof. D. H. Murphy, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore for warm cooperation at the field collection. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; A pond for ducks in the Science Centre, Singapore. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 92-102; widest part 69-72; widest part/total length 0.69-0.76; ventral lorica length 90-92; occipital sinus 9-10 wide, 10-11 deep; elevation of pectoral margin 9-10; fertilized dormant egg 68 x 42-44; thelytokous egg 49-53 x 38-40 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus angularis orientalis Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083)
Description; Characterized by 1) relatively long antero-lateral spines, 2) undulated (4 lobed, not triangular as in caudatus) pectoral margin, 3) parallel or convergent caudal protuberances, 4) club-shaped knobs covered with minute papillae like those of lyratus Shephard, 1911 at the distal end of the caudal protuberances and 5) lack of anterior intermediate spines. Different from lylatus Shephard in 1) wanting intermediate spines of dorsal lorica, 2) slowly tapering anterior half of lorica and 3) the type of pectoral margin. Some of the specimens by Ahlstrom (1940, series beta), at least, those indicated as Figs. 8-9 and 11 and have also superficial alliance with this group. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; Krangi reservoir. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 88-122; dorsal lorica length (without spine) 78-102; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 55-68; widest part 89-98; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 18-29; widest part/total length 0.75-0.80; middle part 60-66 high; anterior median sinus 10-12 deep; anterior lateral spines 3-8; caudal projection or protuberance 10-20 long, 8-10 wide; club-shaped knobs 11-12 x 10-12; fertilized dormant egg 50-64 x 45-51 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus angularis pseudokeikoa Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This species is characterized by having a wider and rounding posterior half of the lorica reminding us of keikoa Koste, 1979, but it clearly differs from keikoa in the features of both caudal sinus and those of caudal half of the lorica. The former is very deep and complicated in structure and the latter simply round in keikoa. Besides, neck region is different (usually distinguishable in pseudokeikoa). (ref. ID; 2874)
Locality; Ishigaki Jima 4A. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length (LL) 95-120; widest part (WP) 85-102; WP/LL 0.85-0.89; highest part 67; width at the anterior extremities 51-65; elevation of pectoral margin 5-10; neck region 10-25 x 55-70; occipital median sinus 8-10 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus angularis pyriformis (ref. ID; 2587 original paper)
Description; This species is firstly classified into the angularis group, since it is provided with only a pair of median spines at the frontal margin of the dorsal plate. It superficially resembles keikoa and pseudokeikoa; but is, sharply separable from the former in 1) lacking a deep and wide caudal notch, 2) having a smooth pectoral margin and 3) showing different egg carrying behavior; from the latter in lacking a) an angular caudal region, b) lateral spines (though very short in pseudokeikoa) and c) two-lobed pectoral margin; and, from both in having two constrictions on the lorica (one at the mastax region, another at the base of the caudal prolongation), and a big ventrally projected caudal elongation with a pair of spoon-like protuberances bent inwards. On this point, it resembles pinneenaus, which is, however, characterized by having 1) lateral spines at the occipital margin and 2) distinctly ridged dorsal and ventral lorica. In pyriformis, the pectoral margin is similar to that of budapestinensis in type. (ref. ID; 2587)
Measurements; Lorica length (without spines); 80-100, greatest width; 62-83, width at the anterior extremity; 25-40, width at the base of caudal projection; 30-50, caudal elongation; 40-50 x 10-30, spoon-like projections; 15-20 x 25-30, occipital median sinus; 10-15, thelytokous egg; 55-62 x 35-40 um. (ref. ID; 2587)
Brachionus baylyi Sudzuki & Timms, 1977 (ref. ID; 9, 2261, 2891)
See; Brachionus plicatilis group
Measurements; Length of dorsal lorica 268-300 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Brachionus bennini (Leissling, 1924) (ref. ID; 1345, 1803, 2545, 2724, 2806, 3514, 3515, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3454) or (Lieszling, 1924) (ref. ID; 3114)
See; Brachionus urceolaris amazonica Koste & Robertson, 1983 (ref. ID; 2806)
Syn; Brachionus urceolaris var. bennini Leissling, 1924 (ref. ID; 1345, 3514, 3688)
Description; Characterized by the shape of its occipital spines, ventral margin and that of the foot-opening. (ref. ID; 1803)
Brachionus bidenta Anderson, 1889 (ref. ID; 2385)
Measurements; Total length 220; width 146; anterior spines, lat. 26, int. 12, median 18; posterior spines, left 24, right 36 um. (ref. ID; 2385)
Brachionus bidentata Anderson, 1889 (ref. ID; 1345, 1805, 1929, 2064, 2261, 2278, 2704, 2724, 2812)
See; Brachionus quadridentatus (ref. ID; 3271)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri var. areolata Daday, 1902 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus bakeri var. inermis Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus furculatus Thorpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus furculatus var. inermis Rousselet, 1906 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus furculatus var. jarovci Bartos, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus furculatus var. testudinarius Jacubski, 1912 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; This species presents a series of variants, with or without posterior spines and their place of origin may also differ in different specimens. (ref. ID; 1805)
Lorica with dorsal, ventral and basal plates. Six occipital spines of which the laterals and the medians are of the same length. Mental margin slightly convex without a defined central notch. Lorica lightly stippled. (ref. ID; 1929)
Overall length 200 um, lateral anterior spines one-fifth longer than medians, intermediates almost obsolete. Mental ridge elevated and undulating. Basal plate well developed, posterior spines wanting. In addition to morphological differences between this species and cyclomorphic forms of B. quadridentatus the latter has so far not been found in waters below 18 degrees C in temperature. The specimens were therefore considered to be variations of B. bidentata. (ref. ID; 2278)
Measurements; Total length 155; maximum width 108; anterior width 90 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Total length 196; maximum width 154; width at anterior margin 112; anterior spines 28, 14, 28 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Total length 160; maximum width 110; anterior width 90 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Brachionus bidentata f. adorna Wulfert, 1966 (ref. ID; 1805, 2064 original paper)
Measurements; Total length 150; maximum width 124; anterior width 96 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Brachionus bidentata f. inermis (Rousselet, 1906) (ref. ID; 1837, 2812)
Measurements; Total length 158-230; width 140-170; length of anterior spines 30-40 um. (ref. ID; 1837)
Brachionus bidentata minor Koste & Shiel, 1980 (ref. ID; 2758 original paper)
Description; Small barrel-shaped lorica with six dorsal anterior spines. Short, unforked marginal spines. Basal plate present. Semicircular dorsal lorica border. Anterior border of ventral plate slightly indented medially. Highly placed circular foot-opening. Posteromedian spines terminally button-shaped. Posterolateral spines absent. In larger specimens slight facettation dorsally. Lateral antennae marginally placed. (ref. ID; 2758)
Comments; The lorica shows comparative similarity to that of B. bidentata f. inermis (Rousselet) 1906. The latter however has long marginal spines, absent in minor. Moreover, this morph is an intermediate to B. bidentata f. testudinarius (Jakubski) 1912, which has a short curved posterior spine. In the new subspecies the posterior border of the lorica is specifically semicircular. Comparison with B. bidentata f. jirovci (Bartos), 1947. Syn: B. furculatus var. jirovci Bartos, 1947 (Hauer 1963; Kutikova 1970) shows that this infrasubspecies taxon in contrast to B. bidentata minor, has forked marginal spines, and also occasionally posterolateral spines. Considering the great variability of the species B. bidentata an exact taxonomic classification of the different morphs is difficult. For example, with regard to length of lorica spine development, Pourriot (1974) showed experimentally that this depended on the presence of the predator Asplanchna brightwelli. The new subspecies is considered here as a "dwarf-form" sensu Green's (1977) study, where food-storage salinity of bitope, etc., caused a reduction of lorica-size in crater lake rotifers. Therefore the classification of B. bidentata minor as a subspecies i.e. a genetically distinct form, is provisionally documented here, noting however that only a single collection is involved. (ref. ID; 2758)
Measurements; Lorica length 120-156; lorica height 52-80; greatest lorica width 84-108; range of marginal spines 72-104 um. (ref. ID; 2758)
Brachionus bidentata testudinarius Jakubski, 1912 (ref. ID; 3083), var. testudinarius Jakubski, 1912 (ref. ID; 2758) reported year? (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; Forked marginal spines are absent, however, and the dorsal lorica is unstructured. The lorica has a resemblance to Brachionus quadridentatus var. ancylognathus (Schmarda 1859), but the elongated marginal spines, distinct lorica basal plate and the tube-like foot orifice indicate that this is a morph of B. bidentata. (ref. ID; 2758)
This Taiwanese species is characterized by 1) longest laterals and shortest intermediates (i.e. 2-3-1 or 1-2-1 in formula), 2) branched lateral spines, 3) trapezoid lorica, 4) no pectoral median sinus but flexible nearly straight or slightly concave margin and 5) very small body size. (ref. ID; 3083)
Comments; Brachionus jirovici Bartos, 1942 seems to belong to this group. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Lorica length 164; greatest lorica width 140; marginal spine length 68; posterior spine length 100 um. (ref. ID; 2758)
Total length 138; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 80; widest part 118; anterior median sinus 14 wide, 21 deep; anterior lateral spines 30; anterior intermediate spines 14 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus bidentatus Anderson, 1889 (ref. ID; 775, 2867, 3512) or Andersen (ref. ID; 3093)
Syn; Brachionus bidentata Anderson, Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 3512); Brachionus furculatus Thorpe, 1891 (ref. ID; 3512)
Description; Lorica subcircular to moderately oval, its greatest width is in the middle or a little below the middle of the body. Insertion of basal plate in the beginning of the posterior third of the lorica. Rather highly placed foot opening. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, laterals about two times longer than medians and medians about two times longer than intermediates. Anterior ventral margin straight, without sinus. Anterior spines stout, straight, medians relatively close together forming a narrow and deep sinus. Posterior lateral spines stout, straight, representing about 1/5 to 1/4 of total length. The whole surface of the lorica, including the anterior and posterior spines, is covered by a pustulated or granulous pattern. (ref. ID; 775)
Lorica with dorsal, ventral and basal plates. Six anterior spines, of which laterals and medians are longer than intermediates and are of some length. Forms with bifurcated antero-lateral spine have also been found in our sample, which was not reported earlier from India. (ref. ID; 2867)
Measurements; Total length 232-286; greatest width 138-157; anterior lateral spines 33-48; anterior intermediate spines 10-16; anterior median spines 21-24; posterior lateral spines 43-82 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 250; length of lorica 200; maximum width 180; length of antero-lateral spine 40; length of antero-median spine 15; length of antero-intermediate spine 20; length of posterior spine 20 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Brachionus bidentatus f. inermis (Rousselet, 1906) (ref. ID; 775, 2809)
Syn; Brachionus furculatus inermis Rousselet, 1906 (ref. ID; 2809)
Description; Lorica oval, great width/total length ratio 0.57-0.85, The greatest width is usually a little below the middle of the lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, medians an intermedians almost equal in length, laterals not much longer than the other spines. (The relative length of anterior dorsal spines may show many individual variations). Anterior ventral margin straight, without sinus; it may be undulate or slightly convex. Posterio-lateral spines absent. Foot sheath flanked by two bluntly pointed spines slightly asymmetrical. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length to 244; greatest width to 188; anterior lateral spines to 27; anterior intermediate spines to 10; anterior median spines to 20; subitaneous egg 75-110/55-84 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus bidentatus senegalensis de Ridder, 1985 (ref. ID; 1808)
Description; Lateral and median occipital spines curved inward; basal plate little marked; lateral posterior spines lacking; median posterior spines blunt. Foot-opening not tube-shaped, situated on or near the posterior margin of the ventral plate. Opening of the lateral antennae at the end of the body, marginal, near the junction of the dorsal and the basal plate. Dorsal plate with a well-marked pattern of ridges, forming a characteristic ornamentation: two hexagonal and one pentagonal median panels, all flanked by two pairs of three trapezoid lateral panels. Ridges on the ventral plate less marked or almost lacking: two anterior ridges, convex or convex-concave and two curved posterior ridges, each parallel in its extreme part to the sides of the foot-opening. Between these two pairs of ridges, a variable and scarcely marked pattern of curved lines may be observed. (ref. ID; 1808)
Measurements; Length of lorica 100-110; width of lorica 72-83; height of lorica 60; distance between marginal occipital spines 53-55; width of foot-opening 13-18; height of foot-opening 10; depth of anterior median indentation 10-17 um. (ref. ID; 1808)
Brachionus bidentatus Anderson var. ambidentatus De Ridder, 1991 (ref. ID; 2935 original paper)
Description; This morph is near, as to broad posterolateral spines, to B. bidentatus f. crassispineus Hauer, 1963, but it is smaller (total length = 210 um, B = 115 um, distance between posterolateral spines = 175 um) and less rectangular. Moreover, the head opening has two more spines than the nominate form and all the varieties known intherto. (ref. ID; 2935)
Locality; It found in freshwater, in plankton of pools in Oued Djerat, on 31.05.1978. (ref. ID; 2935)
Brachionus brevispina (ref. ID; 2261, 2587 original paper)
Description; At a glance, this species was thought to be a deformation of Schizocerca diversicornis Daday, 1883, but two facts, 1) all the specimens encountered were short spined forms and 2) not a single specimen of such long spined forms as diversicornis appeared in the same habitat revealed that this population could be an independent species separate from diversicornis. This species characteristically lacks 1) longer spines at frontal and caudal regions, and 2) constriction on the caudal region such as that in diversicornis. This species was abundant here. No intermediate forms between diversicornis and brevispina were found. (ref. ID; 2587)
Measurements; Total lorica length; 150-220, lorica length (without spines); 128-200, greatest width; 73-110, width of anterior extremity 90-95, width of posterior extremity 55-60, lateral spine (occipital) 18-30, lateral spines (pectoral) 10-12, pectoral elevation 8-12, occipital median spines 7-10, occipital median sinus 11-20, pectoral median sinus 3-5, caudal ventral extension 10-15, posterior spines (dorsal; left 8-30, right 10-12), posterior spines (ventral left 2-5, right 5-10), thelytokous egg 95-100 x 55-60 um. (ref. ID; 2587)
Brachionus budapestinensis Daday, 1885 (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1805, 2210, 2261, 2265, 2266, 2715, 2757, 2836, 2891, 3083, 3114, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2889, 3020, 3063, 3065) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3064, 3073)
Syn; Brachionus lineatus Skorikov, 1896 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus punctatus Hempel, 1896 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus quadridentatus Kertestz, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3688); Brachionus similis Leissling, 1914 (ref. ID; 2836)
Description; Anterior occipital margin with four spines; medians longer than lateral and curving ventrally. Lorica tuberculate and with a pattern of cuticular plates on the dorsal and ventral side. (ref. ID; 1805)
Lorica firm and sturdy. Foot opening more or less rounded. In some cases the lorica is lightly stippled. (ref. ID; 2715)
[Male]: Male present. (ref. ID; 3065 )
[Egg]: (ref. ID; 3064 )
Measurements; Total length 128; maximum width 90; anterolateral spines 18; median occipital spines 30 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Total length 150-200 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Length of ventral lorica 148 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Total length 92-96; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 60-64; widest part 65-69; anterior median sinus 8 wide, 20 deep; anterior lateral spines 20; pectoral median sinus 39 wide, 6-8 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 (ref. ID; 110, 775, 1345, 1347, 1805, 2261, 2265, 2281, 2545, 2702, 2836, 2891, 3180, 3271, 3275, 3514, 3688, 4564) or 1776 (ref. ID; 2704, 2715, 2867, 3114) reported year? (ref. ID; 1474, 2269, 2791, 2871, 2896, 3020, 3046, 3047, 3063, 3065, 3141, 3222, 3239, 3428, 3455, 3600) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2860, 2979, 3064, 3073, 3292), calyciflorus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 (ref. ID; 2757)
Syn; Anuraea divaricata Weisse, 1845 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Anuraea pala Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 3688); Anuraea palea Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 3271); Arthracanthus biremis Schmarda, 1854 (ref. ID; 3514) or 1854 & 1859 (ref. ID; 3271); Arthracanthus quadriremis Schmarda, 1854 (ref. ID; 3514, 3688) or 1859 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus amphiceros Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus amphiceros borgerti Apstein, 1907 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus anuraeiformis Brehm, 1909 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus bicornis Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus calyciflorus var. pala Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus con Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus decipiens Plate, 1886 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus diacanthus Schmarda, 1850 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus dorcas Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus dorcas var. spinosus Wierzejski, 1891 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus longispinus Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus lotharingius Imhof, 1885 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus margos Daday, 1883 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus oon Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus pala Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1347, 2757, 2836, 3020, 3047, 3239, 3514, 3600) or Hutchinson, 1932 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus pala anuraeiformis Brehm, 1909 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus pala brycei de Beauchamp, 1932 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus pala mucronatus Spandl, 1922 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus pala willeyi Apstein, 1907 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271, 3688); Brachionus palea Ehrenberg, 1832 and 1838 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus pentacanthus France, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus quadricornis Meissner, 1902 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus tetracanthus Collins, 1897 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus tridens Hood, 1893 (ref. ID; 2836)
Description; Lorica oval to subcircular, greatest width/total length ratio varies from 0.58 (in individuals having very elongate body) to 0.76 (in individuals having a very globose body), though most specimens have a ratio falling between 0.64-0.69. Anterior dorsal margin with four spines, medians 1.3-2.0 times longer than laterals. Anterior ventral margin elevated, slightly notched medially. Lateral posterior spines absent. Foot opening usually with two broad-based, bluntly pointed spines. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Lorica flexible, very slightly compressed dorso-ventrally and oval in shape, not separated in dorsal and ventral plates. Antero-dorsal margin with four broad based spines of variable length, medians longer than lateral. Posterior spines four, but postero-lateral spines may not be present in some specimens. (ref. ID; 2867)
Lorica rather flexible, oval, not separated into a dorsal and a ventral plate; body little compressed dorso-ventrally. Occipital margin with four, broad-based spines of variable length, medians longer than laterals. Mental margin rather flexible, usually somewhat elevated with a shallow V- or U-shaped notch which is unflanked. Posterior spines may or may not be present. (ref. ID; 3180)
Lorica rather flexible, oval, not separated into a dorsal and ventral plate. Anterior dorsal margin with four, broad-based spines of variable length. Posterior spines usually absent; present only on some varieties. Freshwater species, but encountered in estuaries. (ref. ID; 4594)
[Egg]: Three types of dormant egg. (ref. ID; 3114 )
[Male] Male present. (ref. ID; 3064 , 3065, 3114 )
Measurements; Total length 190-260; greatest width 120-165; greatest depth 110-150; anterior lateral spines 16-23; anterior median spines 25-40; subitaneous egg 92-100/72-78; resting egg 110-130/70-97; male 90-105 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 490; width 420; anterior median spines 65; anterior lateral spines 47; posterior lateral spines 25; posterior median spines 22 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Length 200 um. (ref. ID; 2860)
Total length 270; length of lorica 160; maximum width 110; length of antero-lateral spine 40; length of antero-median spine 50; length of postero-lateral spine 100; length of postero-median spine 70 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Total length 200-400; width 130-300 um. (ref. ID; 4594)
Brachionus calyciflorus f. amphiceros (Ehrenberg, 1838) (ref. ID; 110, 775, 2064, 2702, 2891, 3047) reported year? (ref. ID; 3239) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3292), var. amphiceros Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 3688) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1474)
Syn; Brachionus amphiceros Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Brachionus amphiceros borgeti Apstein, 1907 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; This form has characteristically well developed postero-median and antero-median spines. B. calyciflorus f. amphiceros, B. calyciflorus f. calyciflorus, and B. calyciflorus f. dorcas were different from B. calyciflorus in the following prominent morphometric features; 1. Length of lorica with spines in calyciflorus, dorcas and amphiceros forms is 0.351 mm, 0.260 mm and 0.299 mm, respectively. 2. Length of lorica without spines in f. calyciflorus is 0.260 mm, in f. dorcas 0.195 mm and in f. amphiceros 0.195 mm. 3. Breadth of lorica in forms calyciflorus, dorcas and amphiceros is measured as 0.208 mm, 0.182 mm and 0.195 mm. 4. Length of antero-median spines is greatest (0.065 mm) in the form dorcas, and length of antero-lateral spines in the first two forms is equal, i.e. 0.039 mm and in amphiceros it is 0.052 mm. 5. Length of postero-median spines in the forms calyciflorus and amphiceros is 0.026 mm and 0.039 mm, respectively. 6. Length of postero-lateral spine in the form amphiceros is 0.098 mm. 7. The ratios between length of lorica and breadth of lorica in the three forms, viz. calyciflorus, dorcas and amphiceros are 1.25, 1.07 and 1.15 respectively. 8. Length of postero-lateral spines/length of lorica in the form amphiceros is 0.40. 9. The relation between length of the antero-median spines and postero-lateral spines in the form amphiceros is 0.83. 10. Lengths of antero-median spines/lengths of lorica in all three forms are 0.20, 0.33 and 0.33, respectively. (ref. ID; 110)
Lorica rather rectangular in shape, greatest width/total length ratio 0.42-0.45. Anterior spines taper pointed, about equal in length, medians may be slightly longer than laterals. Anterior ventral margin somewhat elevated toward the center, notched medially. Posterior spines long and pointed; posterior laterals stout and broad-based, 1.5-2.0 times longer than the anterior median spines. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 283-290; greatest width 126-130; anterior lateral spines 51-55; anterior median spines 57-60; posterior lateral spines 79-104; posterior median spines 62-65 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Length of ventral lorica 220 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Brachionus calyciflorus anuraeiformis f. anuraeiformis (Brehm, 1909) (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 1347, 1834, 1929, 2702, 2704, 2890, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3428) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3292)
Syn; Brachionus anuraeiformis Brehm, 1909 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
Description; Lorica oval to pear-shaped, greatest width/total length ratio 0.58-0.62. Anterior dorsal margin with four broad-based spines, medians slightly longer than laterals. Anterior ventral margin with a central notch, that may be flanked by a papilla-like process on either side. Posterior median spines vary from short and rounded to acutely pointed and equal in length to the posterior laterals. The latter are relatively short, they may be slightly longer than the anterior median spines. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 255-278; greatest width 150-164; anterior lateral spines 31-34; anterior median spines 38-41; posterior lateral spines 35-45; posterior median spines 20-43; subitaneous egg 95/70 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Max. length 290; max. width 150; ant. spines middle 56, lateral 40; posterior spines 15; postero-lateral spines 30 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Brachionus calyciflorus borgerti Apstein, 1907 (ref. ID; 3083), f. borgerti Apstein, 1907 (ref. ID; 1805, 1834, 3114) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2704)
Description; This species is characterized by 1) rather stiff pectoral margin with a pair of triangular median projections, 2) accessory swelling at the outer base of occipital median spines and 3) occipital median spines a little longer than the laterals (cf. dorcas Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Max. length 300; max. width 175; ant. spines middle 50, lateral 30 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 160-256; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 80-110; widest part 100-148; anterior median sinus 20-42 wide, 35-61 deep; anterior lateral spines 22-38; pectoral median sinus 20-24 wide, 9-10 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus calyciflorus dorcas Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3083) reported year? (ref. ID; 3402) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1473), f. dorcas (ref. ID; 110), var. dorcas (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 1345, 1929, 3114, 3239, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3600) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2704)
Syn; Brachionus dorcas Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Brachionus lotharingius Imhof, 1885 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus margoi Daday, 1883 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; This form is characterised by the absence of both postero-lateral and postero-median spines. The antero-median spines are well developed. (ref. ID; 110)
Median occipital spines twice longer than the laterals. Lorica smooth, oval, without postero-lateral and posterior spines. (ref. ID; 1929)
Characterized in having extraordinarily projected stick-like median spines and stiff triangular pectoral projections as borgeti. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 308; maximum width 210; width at anterior margin 168; anterior median spines 112; anterior lateral spines 56 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Max. length 310; max. width 210; ant. spines middle 120, lateral 60 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 125-129; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 62-65; widest part 83-85; anterior median sinus 17 wide, 24 deep; anterior lateral spines 15-18; pectoral median sinus 12 wide, 5 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus calyciflorus f. heterospina Saksena, 1989 (ref. ID; 2866 original paper)
Description; The lorica is very slightly compressed dorsoventrally and oval in shape which is not separated into dorsal and ventral plates. Anterior end bears four broad based spines. The antero-median spines slightly larger than the antero-lateral spines. The anterior margin is elevated into a shallow V-shaped notch ventrally. Posterior spines are absent and only one i.e., left postero-lateral spine is present. Because of certain peculiarities in morphological characteristics, the specimen is proposed to be designated as B. calyciflorus f. heterospina. The same is characterised by the presence of single postero-lateral spine on the left side and absence of posterior spines. (ref. ID; 2866)
Measurements; Length of lorica with spines 0.386; length of lorica without spines 0.315; breadth of lorica 0.257; length of antero-median spine 0.071; length of antero-lateral spine 0.057; length of left postero-lateral spine 0.043 mm. Length of lorica/breadth of lorica 1.22; length of antero-median/length of lorica 0.23; length of postero-lateral spine/length of lorica 0.13; length of antero-median spine/length of postero-lateral spine 1.67. (ref. ID; 2866)
Brachionus calyciflorus f. spinus Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This form is characterized in providing with 1) needlelike occipital median spines, 2) thick caudal extension like a bdelloid foot contracted and 3) two lobed pectoral margin. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 70-80; widest part 40-58; occipital median sinus 10 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus calyciflorus f. taketomiensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; Characterized in having regular triangular occipital spines and conelike caudal projections around foot. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 130; widest part 95; occipital median sinus 12; caudal projection 10 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus calyciflorus hymani Dhanapathi, 1974 (ref. ID; 1929)
Diagnosis; This form resembles f. anuraeiformis Brehm (1909) it differs from it in the presence of saw-tooth like outwards extensions from the base of the median occipital spines and prominent short spines flanking the median sinus of the anterior ventral margin. Also it resembles f. borgerti Apstein (1907) in the presence of saw-tooth like outward extensions from the base of occipital spines. It differs from it in the presence of prominent short spines flanking the median sinus of the anterior ventral margin. Hence this form has been recognized as a new variety of Brachionus calyciflorus. (ref. ID; 1929)
Description; Lorica flexible, smooth and not separated into a dorsal and a ventral plate. Anterior dorsal margin with broad based, stout spines with round tips. Saw-tooth like prominent outward extensions are present from the base of the median spines. Median spines slightly longer than the laterals. Anterior ventral margin having a V-shaped median sinus, flanked by prominent short spines. Postero-lateral spines and the posterior spines flanking the foot opening. (ref. ID; 1929)
Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 (ref. ID; 1132, 1345, 2276, 2757) reported year? (ref. ID; 2640, 2896, 2898, 3141, 3239, 3600), capsuliflorus capsuliflorus Pallas (ref. ID; 3258)
See; Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 (ref. ID; 1132, 1345, 2757, 3271, 3514)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri O. F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 2276) reported year? (ref. ID; 3141, 3239, 3600); Brachionus rubens Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2276); Brachionus variabilis Hempel, 1896 (ref. ID; 2276); Brachionus variabilis var. novae zealandiae Morris, 1912 (ref. ID; 2276)
Description; This species contains several varieties and intermediate forms. (ref. ID; 3239)
Brachionus caudatus Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 1929, 2261, 2339, 2715, 2812, 3180, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 2817, 3020, 3040, 3262) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2860), caudatus caudatus Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3191)
Syn; Brachionus angularis var. bidens Hempel, 1899 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus angularis var. caudatus (Barrois & Daday, 1894) (ref. ID; 3514); Brachionus tetracanthus Collin, 1897 (ref. ID; 1345, 3514)
Description; Polymorphic species. Anterior dorsal margin with two short median spines, lateral and intermediate spines somewhat developed or absent. Anterior ventral margin variable. Posterior spines stout. (ref. ID; 775)
Four occipital spine, the lateral slightly longer than the medians. Posterior spines long. (ref. ID; 1929)
B. caudatus is a highly variable species. The variability has been studied in detail by Green (1960). The posterior spines vary from little developed to well developed and even asymmetrically developed. Among the anterior spines the lateral spines may or may not present be. Specimens with different degrees of development in anterior and posterior spines were found in the same sample. This species is restricted to the tropical region unlike most Brachionus species. (ref. ID; 2715)
Occipital margin with two median spines separated by a U-shaped sinus, lateral spines developed in some forms; intermediates rarely developed. Mental margin rigid, slightly elevated, at times undulate, with a shallow median sinus. Lorica terminating in two stout posterior spines, separated at their bases by about half the width of the lorica, usually divergent and strongly flexed ventrally. Foot opening between bases of posterior spines, with a U-shaped aperture in the ventral plate; dorsal plate overhanging foot opening with a V-shaped extension of lorica. (ref. ID; 3180)
Comments; In the caudatus and dichotomus groups there is seen a caudally-inflexed elongation of the dorsal lorica. In dichotomus, however, this is terminated by a species-specific, bordered and domed tongue-shaped plate. Foot-opening spines of variable length and form occur only in the angularis group. They are absent in the taxa B. caudatus and B. dichotomus. Instead these possess narrowly-framed asymmetrical posterolateral spines of variable length. (ref. ID; 3191)
Measurements; Total length 182; width of anterior margin 98; anterior lateral spines 14; posterior spines 56 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Total length 153; width 114; anterior median spines 9; anterior lateral spines 3; right posterior spines 18; left posterior spine 12 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Length of lorica 180-210 um. (ref. ID; 2860)
Brachionus caudatus apsteini Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 3083)
Description; This species differs from most caudatus groups hitherto known in having 1) knoblike protuberances at the outer base of anterior lateral spines, which are usually directed outward, 2) obliterated intermediate spines of dorsal lorica, 3) triangularly undulated pectoral margin, at the tip of which 1 nipple-like projection, 4) angulated posterior half of the dorsal lorica like angularis, 5) caudal extremity with V-shaped prominence at the dorsal side, A-shaped sinus on the ventral side and 6) highly variable posterior projections mostly between 1/4-1/5 the total body length, and always convergent. Easily distinguishable from forficula even from reduced groups, since the feature of pectoral margin of forficula is of budapestinensis or Keratella in type. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length (TL) 150-236; dorsal lorica length (without spines) 124-150; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 70-86; widest part (WP) 102-136; anterior median sinus 8-9 wide, 18-22 deep; anterior lateral spines 9-11; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 34-50; WP/TL 0.56-0.68; caudal projection or protuberance (CP) 30-64; CP/TL 0.20-0.27; fertilized dormant egg 76 x 55; thelytokous egg 76-80 x 58-62 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus caudatus austrogenitus Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 2545), f. austrogenitus Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 1347, 2545)
Description; The shape of the lorica varies from oval (greatest width at the middle of the lorica) to pear-shaped (greatest width about 4/5 of the length from the anterior end); [greatest width]/[total length] ratio 0.42-0.64; [width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines]/[greatest width] ratio 0.65-0.84. Anterior dorsal margin with six short spines, medians longest. Anterior ventral margin variable, may be undulate, with a broad-based shallow median sinus or lobulate, slightly indented medially. Posterior spines stout, representing about 1/3 of total length, usually divergent, width at their tips/[greatest width] ratio 0.52-0.87. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 180-215; greatest width 75-116; width of the tips of the anterior lateral spines 63-76; posterior lateral spines 43-76; subitaneous egg 70-82 x 50-53 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus caudatus f. provectus Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 775, 1345)
Description; Anterior dorsal margin with two median spines. Anterior ventral margin undulate. Posterior spines long, straight, representing about 1/2 of total length. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 244; greatest width 120; posterior lateral spines 105 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus caudatus f. vulgatus Ahlstrom, 1940 (ref. ID; 1345, 2285, 2619)
Measurements; Total length 140; width 100 um. (ref. ID; 2285)
Brachionus caudatus vulgatus Barrois & Daday (ref. ID; 2251)
Measurements; Long. 173.5 um, lat. 125 um. (ref. ID; 2251)
Brachionus caudatus singapurensis Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083)
Description; Differs from other caudata groups in lacking 1) anterior intermediate spines, 2) long convergent posterior projections, 3) longest anterior median spines but in having, 4) anterior lateral spines nearly same as medians in length, 5) angular posterior portion. The main difference of singapurensis from ahlstromi Lindermann, 1939 in found in possessing short and straight caudal projections, obliterated nipple on the pectoral margin and smaller size. No intermediate forms have been recognized between them. The specimen from Java by Hauer (1937: 366, Fig. 6, c) may be classified into this species. The difference from incertus Hauer, 1953 is found in features of both pectoral margin and caudal protuberances. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; Krangi reservoir. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length (TL) 130-176; dorsal lorica length (without spines) 148-156; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 83-85; widest part (WP) 95-126; anterior median sinus 8-10 wide, 14-22 deep; anterior lateral spines 10-20; WP/TL 0.69-0.72; ventral lorica length (without spines) 120; elevation of pectoral margin 8; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 38-40; caudal projection or protuberance (CP) 10-25 long, 9 wide (sometimes asymmetrical); CP/TL 0.13; fertilized dormant egg 60 x 50 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus caudatus var. aculeatus (Hauer, 1937) (ref. ID; 1805, 2064, 2704, 2715, 3181)
See; Brachionus aculeatus
Description; The anterior median and lateral spines are of the same length. The inward projection from the posterior spines are prominent. Posterior spines equal length. (ref. ID; 2715)
The auxiliary spines were very pronounced. (ref. ID; 3181)
Measurements; Total length 134; max. width 85; anterior width 65 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 133; width 81; anterior median spines 12; anterior lateral spines 12; posterior spines 33 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Length of lorica 192; maximum width 127 um. (ref. ID; 3181)
Brachionus caudatus var. personatus (Ahlstrom, 1940) (ref. ID; 1345, 1805, 2266, 2704)
See; Brachionus ahlstromi
Measurements; Total length 175; max. width 92; anterior width 70 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Brachionus chelonis (Ahlstrom, 1940) (ref. ID; 1345, 1352, 2210, 3114) reported year? (ref. ID; 2328)
Syn; Brachionus angularis var. chelonis (ref. ID; 1345, 1352); Brachionus chelonis Gillard, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345)
Comments; Described by Ahlstrom as a ((variety)) of Brachionus angularis; it differs in being much smaller (75-102 um), in possessing lateral anterior spines and a differently shaped foot-opening. Again, no intermediate forms are known, and as Brachionus chelonis and angularis have frequently been found together, Brachionus chelonis must be considered as a good species. (ref. ID; 2328)
Brachionus cluniorbicularis isigakiensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This species has long been treated until today by most taxonomists as subspecies (Kofoid 1908, Fadeew 1928, Wiszniewski 1953, Kutikova 1970) or variety (Voigt 1956, Rudescu 1960, Koste 1978) of B. quadridentatus. However, it has appeared in the Southwestern Islands of Japan quite independently from other forms of B. quadridentatus except for only a few cases, i.e. Kohama Jima, and Ishigaki Jima. In the morphology of the pectoral margin and foot opening this species is clearly deviated from all others under quadridentatus. Consequently, cluniorbicularis may be considered as a good species. While, isigakiensis differs from typical cluniorbicularis in having an undulated pectoral margin which more or less resembles that of durgae. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type locality; Ishigaki Jima site 2A. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 180-200; widest part 70-80; width at the anterior extremities 100-110; elevation of pectoral margin 10; occipital median sinus 28-30 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus dichotomus Shephard, 1911 (ref. ID; 1831, 1986), dichotomus dichotomus Shephard, 1911 (ref. ID; 3191)
Description; With the long-spined lorica. (ref. ID; 3191)
Comments; Brachionus dichotomus was first described and figured by Shephard (1911: P1. XXII, Figs 3, 4) from waters at Templestowe and Black Rock, Victoria. Only Harring (1913: p. 21) recognized the validity of the species. Ahlstrom (1940: p. 164), in his revision of the genera Brachionus and Platyias, included the species as a probable synonym of B. falcatus Zacharias, 1898, nothing, however, 'If ... Shephard's description is accurate, Brachionus dichotomus is a distinct species'. This uncertainty led to the exclusion of B. dichotomus from the list compiled by Gillard (1948: p. 210-211) of the known species of Brachionus. Voigt (1957: p. 157) mentioned the species with the imperfectly described forms of the genus, giving a figure (Tab. 72: Fig. 24). B. dichotomus was absent from Ruttner-Kolisko's (1972, 1974) comprehensive and definitive work on the planktonic Rotatoria, and Koste (1978: p. 83), on the basis of a literature search, found that the species was unheard of in the 66 years following its first description. (ref. ID; 3191)
Measurements; Total lorica length (including spines) 200-488; lorica length 84-140; lorica width 80-148; length of anteromedian spines 55-140; length of caudal spines 80-200; subitaneous egg 80-88/60-64 um. (ref. ID; 3191)
Brachionus dichotomus reductus Koste & Shiel, 1979 (ref. ID; 1986, 3191 original paper), f. reductus Koste & Shiel, 1979 (ref. ID; 1831)
Description; The form of the lorica of this rotifer agrees fully with the type, shown by the deep insertion of the lateral antennae almost at the level of the top of the boundary of the ventral foot-opening, underlying which is the swollen lateral formation of the lorica, and the dorsal, somewhat domed plate over the foot-opening. This plate is described in Shephard's type description as follows: 'There is also at the posterior end, overhanging the bases of the spines, a projecting plate having a gentle outward curve in the centre, and a sweeping outwards at each side to form two short, acute points'. Such a configuration of the dorsal boundary of the foot-opening is not known in B. caudatus forms (Ahlstrom, 1940). The lorica of new form reaches a total length (including spines) of only 145-180 um. The anteromedian spines are short (18-28 um). Whereas anterolateral spines as found in the f. type. are absent, rudimentary anterosubmedian spines are present. Such rudiments occasionally appear also in juveniles of B. dichotomus f. type. The lorica of the new form is 60-64 um high. The dorsal plate is occasionally faceted. The asymmetric posteromedian spines are conspicuously short (30-36/40-45 um). The subitaneous egg measures 68/48 um. Juvenile individuals hatched from these reproductive bodies are distinctive in their appearance compared to f. type, individuals of an essentially corresponding age group. The above-described morphological taxonomic characteristics of the lorica show a close affinity with B. dichotomus dichotomus Shephard 1911. However the dissimilar size of the subitaneous eggs and the form of the juvenile stage are indications of two genetically distinct population. Also, the lack of modification of the type species raises the question of the taxonomic rank of this new Brachionus form. It is proposed, in the absence of geographic isolation, in a syntope, to conclude that subspecific rank is appropriate. (ref. ID; 3191)
Comments; See Brachionus caudatus. (ref. ID; 3191)
Measurements; Total lorica length (including spines) 145-180; lorica length 85-100; lorica width 78-90; length of anteromedian spines 18-28; length of caudal spines 30-45; subitaneous egg 68/48 um. (ref. ID; 3191)
Brachionus dimidiatus (Bryce, 1931) (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1806, 2194, 2627, 3456, 3688)
Syn; Brachionus calyciflorus var. dimidiatus Bryce, 1931 (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 2627) or 1954 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus pala var. dimidiatus Bryce, 1931 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus pala var. quartaria de Beauchamp, 1932 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; Lorica oval with 4 short anterior spines. Posterior and posterolateral spines absent. In some forms, anterior spines reduced to blunt projections. Resting eggs usually female body. (ref. ID; 1806)
Brachionus dimidiatus isigakiensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; It resembles dimidiatus quartarius de Beauchamp, 1932. But, differing from it in having right angled triangular lateralo-occipital spines, trapezoidal pectoral margin and features of caudal extremity. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type locality; Ishigaki Jima site 5A. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus diversicornis (Daday, 1883) (ref. ID; 1345, 1805, 1929, 2064, 2261, 2269, 2757, 2836, 2891, 3114, 3514, 3688) or 1893 (ref. ID; 2704) reported year? (ref. ID; 3040, 3066, 3093, 3239, 3427) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3073), diversicornis diversicornis (Daday, 1883) (ref. ID; 3083)
Syn; Brachionus amphifurcatus Imhof, 1887 (ref. ID; 1345, 2836, 3688); Brachionus diversicornis Remane, 1929 (ref. ID; 2064) or 1929-1933 (ref. ID; 3688); Schizocerca diversicornis Daday, 1883 (ref. ID; 1345, 2064, 2757, 2836, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3066); Schizocerca diversicornis var. homoceros Wierzejski, 1891 (ref. ID; 2836)
Diagnosis; Sudzuki (1964, see ref. ID; 3114) states "the structure of the toes, especially claws is nevertheless peculiar and the difference from usual Brachionus is qualitative and suggests the use of the generic name Schizocerca for diversicornis. (ref. ID; 1929)
Description; With four occipital spines, laterals longer than medians. Posterior spines two, unequal and divergent; the right spine usually longer. (ref. ID; 1805)
Four occipital spines, the laterals longer than the medians. Right posterior spine longer than the left. Toes characteristically with claws. (ref. ID; 1929)
With four occipital spines; the laterals longer than the medians. Two unequal and divergent posterior spines, the right spine usually long. (ref. ID; 2704)
[Male]: Male present. (ref. ID; 3066 )
Measurements; Lorica length 202; maximum width 130; antero-lateral spines 78; right posterior spine 90; left posterior spine 38 um. (ref. ID; 1804)
Total length 294; length of lorica 182; anterior lateral spines 42; posterior spines 14, 70; maximum width 126; length of toe 28 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Total length 360; maximum width 130; anterior occipital spines 75-80; right posterior spine 80; left posterior spine 40 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Length of ventral lorica 680 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Total length 258-430; dorsal lorica length (without spines) 195-220; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 70-129; widest part 130-150; anterior median sinus 10-18 wide, 20-22 deep; anterior lateral spines 60-100; caudal projection or protuberance 10-20 (left), 20-85 um (right). (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus dolabratus Harring, 1915 (ref. ID; 1345, 2210, 2265, 2545) reported year? (ref. ID; 2899, 3217)
Comments; It has some resemblance to B. angularis Gosse, but is distinctly smaller and has several characteristic features of its own. (ref. ID; 3217)
Brachionus donneri Brehm, 1951 (ref. ID; 1345, 2626 original paper) or 1950 (ref. ID; 2715) reported year? (ref. ID; 3019)
Comments; Brehm (1951) shows 6 blunt spines at the anterior dorsal margin and 4 blunt spines at the anterior ventral margin, whereas forms found in Sri Lanka have 6 blunt spines on both the ventral and dorsal aspects. The posterior projections of the lorica are club shaped and have a deep sinus between them. The projections from the side of lorica are also prominent. (ref. ID; 2715)
In the material from Grand Lake, Tonle Sap, Cambodia at 14 February 1951 I found this species. I prepared a description at a new species, but did not publish it at once. However shortly after that Brehm published his Brachionus donneri from Madras, Indien, 1951. My organisms resemble much the specimens seen by Brehm. I found them in my sample in considerable abundance. But the individuals from Cambodia are somewhat smaller than the organisms from India. The animals are very strongly flattened dorsoventrally. (ref. ID; 3019)
Measurements; Length of lorica 206; width at anterior end 170 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length of lorica 175-190; width, maximal 165-172; occipital border width 82-86; occipital sinus, depth 17; posterior sinus, length 57-62, width 30-35 um. (ref. ID; 3019)
Brachionus durgae Dhanapathi, 1974 (ref. ID; 1831, 1929, 2261, 2984 redescribed paper)
Syn; Brachionus durgae isigakiensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2984); Brachionus moronensis Kuczynski, 1991 (ref. ID; 2984); Brachionus variabilis (Hempel, 1896) after Vazquez & Koste (1988) (ref. ID; 2984)
Diagnosis; It resembles B. pterodinoides Rousselet and B. plicatilis Muller it differs from them in a few characters. It differs from B. pterodinoides by its mental margin with a median sinus, the foot opening flanked by anchor-shaped spines and by a well developed foot sheath. B. plicatilis differs from the present form in having the mental margin scalloped with four projections rounded at their edges, a lorica little compressed dorso-ventrally, a foot without sheath, and in having the posterior foot opening not covered by the dorsum. (ref. ID; 1929)
B. durgae is a relatively large Brachionus, that can be confused with B. urceolaris or, especially, B. pterodinoides. The species is diagnosed by the following characters: (1) It is large and has a relatively soft lorica; (2) The subdistal foot aperture is ventrally a deep fissure, and has a soft, rounded lobe dorsally; (3) The ventral margin of the head aperture is smoothly undulate, with a characteristically notched pair of median lobes; (4) Eggs are attached to the body by conspicuous, long attachment filaments. Anchor-shaped spines lateral of the foot (Dhanaphathi, 1974) could not be observed in our African and Indian material, and are also reported absent in Sudzuki's (1992) "subspecies" B. durgae isigakiensis, the validity of which is rejected. A synonymy of B. durgae with B. pterodinoides, as opined by Sharma (1987), cannot be confirmed. There is doubt that the record of B. variabilis (Hempel, 1896) from the Orinoco River, Venezuela by Vasquez & Koste (1988) represents this species, judging from its accompanying figures. The description, drawing and photograph of B. moronensis Kuczynski, 1991 reveal a synonymy of the latter with B. durgae. (ref. ID; 2984)
Description; Lorica smooth, nearly round, divided into dorsal and ventral plates and compressed dorso-ventrally, but body curved ventrally. Anterior dorsal margin with six saw-tooth like spines of nearly equal length, with a V-shaped sinus and not elevated towards the centre. Mental margin with projections with truncated edges and a short medium sinus. Lorica not stippled but anteriorly ridges present, marking the continuation of the frontal spines. Foot opening situated below the centre of the ventral plate, pear shaped and flanked by anchor shaped spines. Foot sheath developed. (ref. ID; 1929)
Redescription; [Parthenogenetic female]: Lorica stiff, widest in posterior half. Ventral and dorsal plates smooth, fused laterally and distally. Dorsal head aperture with a pair of relatively long median spines, separated by a deep U-shaped sinus, a pair of shorter intermediate and a pair of lateral spines Ventral head aperture margin smoothly undulated, with a medial sinus, a pair of notched median and smooth intermediate lobes and a pair of lateral sinuses. Apertures of the lateral antennae visible dorso-ventrally, near posterior third of lorica. Foot opening ventral, pear-shaped, anteriorly deep inverse V-shaped. Dorsally covered by a soft, rounded lobe. Foot annulated, retractile, ending in two conical toes. Trophi of the usual type in the genus. (ref. ID; 2984)
[Parthenogenetic egg]: (up to 3 per female) Elliptic, with soft shell, attached to the dorsum of the foot by long filaments. (ref. ID; 2984)
[Male]: Male unknown. (ref. ID; 2984)
Measurements; Total length 266; Maximum width 224; width at anterior margin 140; length of occipital spines 14; length of the anchor shaped spines flanking the foot opening 28 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Lorica length 266-283, width 220-250 um. Head aperture width 140-165, dorsal antero-median spine length 28-36 um. Parthenogenetic egg length 137-152, width 90-106 um. (ref. ID; 2984)
Brachionus durgae isigakiensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2261, 2874 original paper)
See; Brachionus durgae (ref. ID; 2984)
Description; This species is fundamentally identical with durgae Dhanapathi, 1974. It differs only in having 1) both lateral and intermediate spines curved inward at their tips and 2) four untrapezoidal margin and 3) lacking anchor shaped foot spines. B. durgae is demarked from pterodinoides Rousselet, 1913 (also Ahlstrom, P1. 14, Fig. 10 from Devils lake = Type locality) in the position of the foot opening, from westphali Carlin-Nilson, 1935 (Figs. 8-9) from Mexico in the features of the pectoral margin. And, from both in the general shape of the lorica. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type locality; Ishigaki Jima site 2A. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 270; widest part 220-250; width at the anterior extremities 140-150; elevation of pectoral margin 12; occipital median sinus 20-28 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus falcatus Zacharias, 1898 (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1805, 1929, 1939, 2064, 2251, 2261, 2265, 2539, 2545, 2619, 2715, 2759, 2867, 2995, 2997, 3083, 3114, 3191, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2899, 3020, 3040, 3062, 3069, 3140, 3387, 3448) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3073)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri falcatus Kofoid, 1908 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus falcatus cyratus Lemmermann, 1908 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus falcatus hamatus Lemmermann, 1908 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; Occipital margin with six spines; intermediates much longer and curved ventrally; medians and laterals shorter and of almost equal length. Posterior spines long, incurved and with widely separated bases. (ref. ID; 1805)
B. falcatus is not highly variable except for slight growth in the anterior and posterior spines. The anterior and posterior spine growths increased during May when water temperature was above 30 degrees C. Majority of the specimens had posterior spines bowed inwards as an adaptation for floatation. The anterior spine growth decreased during August, September and October months followed by the elongation of the lorica. The lorica was broader than longer during May. (ref. ID; 1939)
The anterior and posterior spines vary considerably. A form with very spines was found in large numbers from a river. This form with shorter spines may be a modification for running water existence since longer spines tend to entangle easily. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica composed of a dorsal and ventral plate and compressed dorso-ventrally. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines. The intermediates are much longer than the laterals and curved laterally outwards. Median spines equal to the lateral spines. (ref. ID; 2867)
[Male]: Male present. (ref. ID; 3069)
Measurements; Total length 340; maximum width 128; posterior spines 145 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Total length 289; length of lorica 125, width 125 um. (ref. ID; 2251)
Total length 246; width 96; anterior lateral spines 12; anterior intermediate spine 69; anterior median spine 12 um. River form; total length 213; width 114; anterior lateral spines 18; anterior intermediate spine 33; anterior median spine 15 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 340; length of lorica 150; maximum width 160; length of antero-median spine 20; length of antero-intermediate spine 70; length of antero-lateral spine 20; length of posterior spine 120 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Total length (TL) 184-405; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 42-95; widest part 68-156; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 40-89; caudal projection or protuberance (CP) 78-190; CP/TL 0.34-0.79; thelytokous egg 88 x 70 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Total length 240-256-368 um. (ref. ID; 3387)
Brachionus falcatus f. lyratus (ref. ID; 3069), var. lyratus Lammerman, 1908 (ref. ID; 1929) Lemmerman, 1908 (ref. ID; 3114) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3292)
Description; Anterior dorsal margin with six unequal spines. Intermediates very long and curved ventrally at their ends. Posterior spines very long, bent inwards and in some forms almost touch each other at their tips. Lorica stippled. (ref. ID; 1929)
[Male]: Male present. (ref. ID; 3069)
Measurements; Total length 210-266; Intermediate spine 42-70; posterior spine 70-84; maximum width 98-112; length of lorica 98-112 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Brachionus falcatus f. reductus Koste & Shiel, 1983 (ref. ID; 2759 original paper)
Description; Very robust lorica of barrel-shaped outline. Anterior-, marginal- and medial spines as in type form. Submedial spines shortened in proportion to lorica. Caudal spines shortened but strongly developed. Surface of dorsal lorica with pearl-like structures. Pair of ridges begin at basis of submedian spines, run to height of lateral antennae. Ventral lorica flat and strong, detailed with a granulated pattern. (ref. ID; 2759)
[Male]: Male not recorded. (ref. ID; 2759)
Comments; This pantropical and pansubtropical species shows little variability in its habit. It is occasionally encountered in summer warmed eutrophic biotopes in Europe, particularly in Romania and the Caucasus.
Measurements; Lorica length 100-280 including anterior and posterior spines; lorica width 80-164; subitaneous egg 80 x 60 to 100 x 72 um. (ref. ID; 2759)
Brachionus forficula Wierzejski, 1891 (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 1805, 2064, 2261, 2339, 2704, 2715, 3083, 3114, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3063, 3065) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3064)
Description; Characterized by stout, bent posterior spines with knee-like swellings on the inner sides of their bases. Four occipital spines; laterals of variable length but longer than the medians. (ref. ID; 1805)
Occipital margin with four spines; laterals longer than medians. Posterior spines stout, unequal, bent and with knee-like swellings on inner sides of these bases. (ref. ID; 2704)
Anterior intermediate spines missing. The antero-lateral are longer than the antero-median spines. Lorica terminates posteriorly in a pair of stout more or less equal spines and have no swellings at the base of these spines. (ref. ID; 2715)
[Male]: Male present. (ref. ID; 3065, 3114 )
[Egg]: (ref. ID; 3064 )
Measurements; Total length 220; maximum width 110 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Total length 275; maximum width 108; anterior width 78; anterolateral spines 40; posterior spines 110 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 195; width 92; anterior median spines 10; anterior lateral spines 20; posterior spines 84 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 99-226; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 50-66; widest part 62-100; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 40-96; anterior median sinus 6-10 wide, 10-18 deep; anterior lateral spines 8-22; caudal projection or protuberance 16-106 (right), 0-98 (left) um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus forficula f. minor Voronkov, 1913 (ref. ID; 3114) or Voronkow, 1913 (ref. ID; 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2622) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3239), var. minor (Voronkov, 1913) (ref. ID; 1805)
Syn; Brachionus havanensis var. Voronkow, 1915 (ref. ID; 3688)
Measurements; Total length 142; maximum width 72; posterior spines 49 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Brachionus forficula var. minor Fadeew (ref. ID; 2251)
Measurements; Total length 87; width 77.5; anterior lateral spines 25; anterior median spines 12.5; posterior spines 40 um. (ref. ID; 2251)
Brachionus forficula f. typicus-urawensis Sudzuki, 1955 (ref. ID; 1929)
Diagnosis; It differs from B. forficula var. keralaensis Nayar & Nair (1969) by the presence of knee like swellings for the posterior spines and by showing four occipital spines. (ref. ID; 1929)
Description; Four occipital spines with lorica, posterior spines pustulated. Posterior spines bowed inwards with characteristic knee-like swelling at the inner side neat their base. (ref. ID; 1929)
Measurements; Total length 196; width of anterior margin 70; maximum width 98; length of lorica 98; posterior spines 84 um. (ref. ID; 1929)
Brachionus fulcatus Zacharias, 1898 (ref. ID; 2704)
Measurements; Total length 330; maximum width 115; anterior width 80; anterior occipital spine 18-75-20; posterior spines 150 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Brachionus havanaensis Rousselet, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345, 2817) reported year? (ref. ID; 2860)
Measurements; Length of lorica 260-320 um. (ref. ID; 2860)
Brachionus havanaensis trahea (Murray, 1913) (ref. ID; 775), var. trahea (ref. ID; 1345, 2817)
Description; Lorica rather oval, narrowing posteriorly and terminating in two stout and very long spines. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, laterals and medians long, intermediates very short. Laterals longest, usually divergent, occasionally parallel or slightly convergent. Anterior ventral margin somewhat elevated toward the center, with an U-shaped median sinus flanked on either side by a short spine-like process, lateral sinuosities present. Posterior spines usually longer than the rest of the lorica, curved dorsally, subequal, the left spine somewhat reduced. The posterior spines show a great variability in their shape in the preserved state, they may be straight and close together or divergent and bent at their extremities. (ref. ID; 775)
Posterior spines subequal; anterior lateral spines parallel to convergent; posterior spines more or less parallel and bent dorsally. (ref. ID; 2817)
Measurements; Total length 270-315; greatest width 92-101; anterior lateral spines 35-46; anterior intermediate spines 2-5; anterior median spines 22-25; posterior right spine 116-163; posterior left spine 107-148 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus keikoa Koste, 1979 (ref. ID; 2874, 2891 original paper)
Description; A rigid, pear-shaped lorica with a vaulted ventral lorica plate on the lower third. Flat dorsal lorica plate present. Dorsal anterior rim terminates with 2 small inward-curving blunt spines, separated by a small circular aperture; other projections are missing. Ventral lorica margin almost straight, but medially weakly curved, strengthened and bulging on the rim. 4 ventral ridges lead outwards from the rim in the direction of the median ventral lorica. The raised, dorsally displaced foot opening surrounded by cuticular membranes, forming a caudal, paired tongue-shaped projection. It is placed balcony-fashion upon the, from here, elongated dorsal lorica margin. Lorica margin developed from 2 bulging, blunt spines directed inwards and upwards under the foot-opening, forming a hemispherical indentation. At this point the ventral lorica margin shows only one narrow cleft. Lorica surface totally granulated and, both dorsally and ventrally in the lower region, strongly studded with short, thorny protruberances. Ventral lorica shows paired, marginal longish triangular facets, separated by approximately vertical cuticular ridged ribs. Dorsal lorica characterized, particularly in the central region, by cuticular ribs which follow the contour of the lorica. They swing out laterally to their highest point at the greatest width of the lorica, and also parallel the lorica rim to the caudal blunt spines. Lateral antennae located on the margin in approximately the mid-lorica. (ref. ID; 2891)
Comments; The new species apparently belongs to the Formenkreis angularis-caudatus, suggested by the shape of the median, short anterior margin spines and the reduction of the laterals and sublaterals. However, until now, only forms with a caudal, ventrally located foot-opening and a mostly weakly structured ventral lorica have been placed in this Brachionus group. The characteristic position of the lateral antennae, the dorsally situated, raised foot-opening, the facetting of the ventral lorica surface, and the hemispherical indentation under the foot-opening between the blunt, bulging caudal lorica spines clearly characterize Brachionus keikoa as a bona fide species. On the basis of present knowledge it is possibly an endemic of these waters of Notogaea. (ref. ID; 2891)
Etymology; This species is named for keiko Sudzuki, wife of the eminent Japanese rotifer taxonomist, Professor Dr Minoru Sudzuki, Biology Laboratory, Nihon Daigaku, Omiya-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan, in gratitude for a long friendship and mutual cooperation. (ref. ID; 2891)
Type locality; River Murray, Mannum, S.A. (34 degrees 50'S, 139 degrees 18'E) (ref. ID; 2891)
Measurements; Lorica length 184-240; lorica width 140-184; median opening between the anterior spines 10-12; lorica height 50-60; foot-opening (measured from the lorica rim) - ventral 35-40, dorsal 42-45; subitaneous egg 68-70, 58-60 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Brachionus leydigi Cohn, 1862 (ref. ID; 1805, 2715, 3114, 3688), leydigii Cohn, 1862 (ref. ID; 2276, 2836, 3180, 3271), leidigii Cohn (ref. ID; 3141)
Syn; Brachionus quadratus Rousselet, 1889 (ref. ID; 2276, 2836, 3271) reported year? (ref. ID; 3141); Brachionus quadratus rorundus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 3271), var. rotundus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus quadratus tridentatus Zernov, 1901 (ref. ID; 3271), var. tridentatus Zernov, Brauer, 1912 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus reticulatus Kertesz, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; Anterior spines are all curved. The inner two spines curve outward, the intermediates and laterals usually curve inwards. The posterior end of the lorica usually broader than the anterior end. The three spines surrounding the foot opening are prominent. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica firm, nearly square in shape, divided into a dorsal, a ventral, and a basal plate. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, nearly equal in length in some forms, though the medians are a little longer than the other pairs and curve somewhat ventrally. Mental margin rigid, undulate, raised toward the center. Small spines usually present at the junction of dorsal and basal plates. Foot opening large, nearly circular or club-shaped ventrally. (ref. ID; 3180)
Measurements; Total length 220; maximum width 165 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Total length 280 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Brachionus lyratus tasmaniensis Koste & Shiel, 1986 (ref. ID; 2886 original paper)
Description; Lorica shape resembles B. lyratus Shephard, 1911, but at anterior dorsal margin of head opening only short inwardly curving median spines present; intermediate spines absent. Lateral spine relatively long, blunt, curved towards ventral plate. Dorsal surface facetted, with caudal median projection overlapping foot-opening. Club-shaped posterior projections curve outwards as in type, but covered with minute papillae. Ventral plate ornamentation resembles B. pinneenaus Koste & Shiel, 1983, but caudally a long ventral facet is lacking. Lorica granulated, more strongly on the dorsal plate. (ref. ID; 2886)
Comments; The new taxon belongs to the endemic and morphologically distinct Brachionus group comprising B. lyratus Shephard, 1911, B. keikoa Koste, 1979 and B. pinneenaus Koste & Shiel, 1983. These taxa can readily be separated from the Brachionus angularis group after Ahlstrom (1940). Another distinct morph has been found recently in material from N.S.W. Until this population, is described, and the extent of variation in the above Australian endemics is fully detailed, the Tasmanian material is regarded as a subspecies. The need for continued use of trinomials in rotifer systemtics, which still is founded mostly on morphological and anatomical characteristics, is discussed by Koste & Shiel 1987. (ref. ID; 2886)
Type locality; Turbid stock dam 200 m east of Karanja, east side of Strathgordon road. Also present in a second dam about 45 m west. Neither dam had emergent vegetation. 19.5-22.0 degrees, pH 4.0-6.2, 228-242 uS cm-1. (ref. ID; 2886)
Measurements; Lorica length 100-152; width 75-120; foot-opening dorsal 27 x 36; subitanous egg 50 x 75 um. (ref. ID; 2886)
Brachionus lyratus yonaguniensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This species resembles well lyratus described and figured by Shephard (1911, Fig. 5) in the general shape of the lorica, especially provided with obliterated intermediate spines. But, it differs from lyratus Shephard in following insignificant characters, i.e. 1) direction of both occipital median spines and caudal projection, 2) lacking of occipital lateral spines and 3) the features of pectoral margin. While, yonaguniensis differs from caudatus f. vulgatus Koste (1979, Fig. 12, without photo proof!), which was treated with lyratus by his coworker, in absence of occipital lateral spines, from pinneenaus Koste et al. (1983, Fig. 2) in the direction of caudal projections besides the outline of occipital margin, further from tasmaniensis (Koste et al., 1886, Fig. 2), 1) in the direction of caudal projections, 2) presence of intermediate spines and 3) wanting of ventrally curved lateral spines although the photo proof is missing again. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type locality; Yonaguni Jima site 3. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 117-142 (without spines 100-120); widest part 90-195; highest part 80-82; caudal projection 15-20; occipital median sinus 12-18; foot length 62-100 um. Fertilized mictic egg 70-72 x 45-47; unfertilized mictic egg 50 x 38-40; thelytokous egg 75-80 x 50 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus moronensis Kuczynski, 1991 (ref. ID; 775)
See; Brachionus durgae (ref. ID; 2984)
Description; Lorica rather firm, oval, [greatest width]/[total length] ratio 0.68-0.76, the greatest width is a little below the middle of the lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with six short spines of nearly equal length, medians usually slightly longer than laterals and intermediates. Anterior ventral margin rigid, with a V-shaped central sinus. Lorica narrows toward the posterior end, without posterior spines. Foot opening with a small V-shaped ventral aperture. Dorsally a shield-like, spatulate projection extends over the foot opening, it is sub-square to rectangular in shape, thin and very transparent, and overhangs the ventral posterior end of the lorica. Lorica smooth or slightly stippled. This species is closely related to B. urceolaris, but it differs in the characteristics of the foot opening and in the different side view, in B. moronensis lacks the dorsal border of the lorica that is usually present in B. urceolaris; the anterior spines are shorter and the lorica more ovated than in B. urceolaris. B. moronensis is easily distinguishable from B. variablis lacking posterior spines by the posterior projection broader and larger, overhanging the posterior ventral portion of the lorica, and by the shorter anterior spines. This species may be readily recognized by the peculiar posterior spatulate projection. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 214-277; greatest width 142-195; anterior lateral spines 9-12; anterior intermediate spines 7-9; anterior median spines 11-16; width of the posterior dorsal projection 24-33; subitaneous egg 126 x 82 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus nilsoni (Ahlstrom, 1940) (ref. ID; 1345, 2715, 2797) reported year? (ref. ID; 3454)
See; Brachionus urceolaris nilsoni
Description; Lorica more or less rounded. Anterior spines are narrow, pointed and short with a short strengthening ridge. Median sinus prominent. Juvenile forms of B. nilsoni were found in some samples. They were smaller and the spines have not developed well except for the antero-medians. (ref. ID; 2715)
Measurements; Total length 136-196 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Brachionus niwati (ref. ID; 1831 original paper)
Diagnosis; B. niwati is close to B. budapestinensis Daday. It differs by (1) unequal antero-dorsal spines, (2) lateral antero-dorsal spines directed outwards, (3) lorica relatively soft. The trophi structure of B. niwati and B. budapestinensis deviate from that of all other Brachionus, it, in fact, more closely resembles that of Plationus. Their foot, on the other hand, is as in Brachionus, not pseudosegmented as in Plationus. (ref. ID; 1831)
Description; [Parthenogenetic female]: Lorica relatively soft, flexible. Dorsal and ventral plate fused laterally and posteriorly. Anterior dorsal margin with pair of large, elongate median spines, and pair of short, triangular lateral spines, these directed outwards. Anterior ventral margin broadly bilobate. Small spicules present on ventral anterior margin and dorsal median sinus. Short sublongitudinal ridges anteriorly on ventral and dorsal plates. Lateral antennas postero-dorsally. Foot aperture subterminally on ventral plate. [Trophi]: Fulcrum short. Rami roughly triangular, anterior processi soft, lamellate. Unci consisting of 6-7 fused teeth. Proximal cavities of manubria closed, shaft rod-shaped. (ref. ID; 1831)
[Male]: Unknown. (ref. ID; 1831)
Etymology; The species is named after Dr. Niwat Sanoamuang, Khon Kaen University, who collected the species, and in appreciation of his help in the field. (ref. ID; 1831)
Measurements; Lorica length 92-122 (108); lorica width 59-74 (71); head aperture width 43-59 (52); dorsal antero-median spine length 18-23 (21); antero-lateral spine length 4-6 (5); Foot aperture depth ventrally 13-22 (17); trophi length 22-24; fulcrum length 3-5; manubrium length 17-18; rami width 16-17; uncus length 15; parthenogenetic egg length 51-61 (58); egg width 38-46 (43) um. (ref. ID; 1831)
Brachionus novae-zelandiae (Morris, 1913) (ref. ID; 1345, 2751, 2891) reported year? (ref. ID; 2328)
Syn; Brachionus variabilis var. novae-zelandiae Morris, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345)
Comments; This species is a synonym of Brachionus variabilis, as some examples of this latter have been found by de Beauchamp (1947, p. 42) and Murray (cited by de Beauchamp, 1947), with an almost atrophied dorsal tongue of the foot-opening, which makes them intermediate with Brachionus novae-zelandiae. A geographical cline might perhaps be established. (ref. ID; 2328)
Measurements; Lorica length 328 and 384 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Brachionus patulus O. F. Muller, 1776 (ref. ID; 2704) or 1786 (ref. ID; 775, 2715, 2807, 2867, 2995, 3180, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 3020)
See; Platyias patulus (ref. ID; 3514)
Syn; Brachionus militaris (ref. ID; 3020)
Description; Lorica rectangular, may be slightly widened at the posterior end. Anterior margins with ten pronounced spines, dorsal medians longest and curved ventrally. Posterior lateral and posterior median spines relatively short. Lorica slightly areolated or tuberculate. (ref. ID; 775)
B. patulus is a very common rotifer and varies considerably in the development of spines. Some specimens have long posterior spines, both lateral and median. However, in most specimens the posterior median spines are shorter than the lateral and are asymmetrical. This species is considered to be cosmopolitan. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica stiff and well developed, broader than long with ten anterior spines, four projecting from the dorsal side, four from ventral side and two from lateral. Four posterior spines of unequal size. Some authors have designated this species as Platyias patulus (Green 1960, Arora 1966). (ref. ID; 2867)
Both anterior dorsal and ventral margins with pronounced spines. Ten anterior spines present: occipital median spines longest, curve over head ventrally; pectoral medians shortest, straight; intermediates on both margins and laterals about equal in length. Posteriorly the lorica narrows but little, if at all, and terminates in two stout spines, usually very short. Foot opening bounded by two spines. (ref. ID; 3180)
Measurements; Total length 158-242; greatest width 105-150; anterior median spines (dorsal) 37-48 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 190; maximum width 138 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 255-275 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 170; length of lorica 110; maximum width 100 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Brachionus patulus var. macracanthus (Daday, 1905) (ref. ID; 775, 1803, 1847, 2545, 2807)
Description; Lorica rectangular, widening toward the posterior end, [width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines]/[greatest width] ratio 0.75-0.76. Anterior margins with ten pronounced spines, dorsal medians and dorsal intermediates curved ventrally. Posterior spines stout and greatly elongated. (ref. ID; 775)
B. p. macracanths differs from B. patulus only in the size of the posterior spines. The typical patulus has a median posterior spine 33-37 um long and lateral spines 45-51 um long. (ref. ID; 1847)
Measurements; Total length 320; greatest width 170; width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines 126; anterior lateral spines (dorsal) 41; anterior median spines (dorsal) 47; posterior lateral spines (longest) 129; posterior median spines (longest) 133 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus pinneenaus Koste & Shiel, 1983 (ref. ID; 1417 original paper, 2587, 2874, 2886)
Description; A rigid, pear-shaped lorica. Dorsal and ventral plate distinctly patterned. Dorsal apical rim of lorica with two small incurving blunt medial spines and short marginal projections. Ventral anterior rim with medial indentation flanked by reinforced ribs. Apical opening and lorica surface coarsely granulated. Foot-opening dorsally low, ventrally of normal form. Caudal spines end in broad knob. Dorsal lorica pattern: Medianfrontal panel free. Below this, one trapezoid anteromedian and one pentagonal mesomedian panel, both flanked by two pairs of symmetrical lateral panels. Two low, broad panels above the foot opening, the caudal border of the last indistinct. Ventral lorica pattern: A long, narrow vase-shaped mesomedian panel abuts on a narrow quadrangular facet, the posterior margins of which continue as semicircular cuticular ribs above the foot-opening. Two symmetrical triangular and six symmetrical lateral facets. Lateral antennae neat end of border between posteromedian panels. (ref. ID; 1417)
Comments; The lorica morphology of the new species distinguishes it as a member of the diverse Brachionus angularis group, after Ahlstrom (1940), containing populations with variably facetted loricas, lightly or coarsely stippled. Ahlstrom differentiated the angularis group from the B. dolabratus group (pseudodolabratus-dolabratus) on the basis of lateral protuberances. These protrusions of the lorica are below the lateral antennae. In Australia a third morphologically distinct species group is distinguished, comprising the previously described B. lyratus Shephard, 1911, and B. keikoa Koste, 1979, and to which B. pinneenaus n. sp. belongs. These taxa are characterised by an externally strongly developed, coarsely granulated lorica. Moreover, B. keikoa and the new species exhibit a peculiar lorica outline, with a distinct constriction of the anterior third of the lorica, followed by a synchronous broadening of the remaining body section. The rounding-off of the lorica is distinctive. The ridge-like ribs strongly expressed on the upper ventral lorica as far as the lateral panels are hitherto unobserved in B. angularis populations. Australian B. angularis and B. lyratus are described by Koste (1979). (ref. ID; 1417)
Etymology; "pinneena" is an Aboriginal term for a good place to catch water and store it for future needs (Read 1977). (ref. ID; 1417)
Type locality; Creek bed 25 km north of Cue, W. A. (27 degrees 16'S/118 degrees 00'E). (ref. ID; 1417)
Measurements; Lorica length 180-192; lorica width 130-140; median sinus between occipital spines 14-16; foot opening ventral 30-32, dorsal 13-15 um. (ref. ID; 1417)
Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 9, 719, 1345, 1347, 1584, 1805, 1824, 2277, 2393, 2791, 2891, 3271, 3514, 3688, 4594) reported year? (ref. ID; 2934, 3170, 3239, 3600) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3073)
Syn; Brachionus hepatotomeus Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus hepatotomus Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus mulleri Ehrenberg, 1834 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757, 3271, 3514); Brachionus spatiosus Rousselet, 1912 (ref. ID; 3271); Lepadella plicatilis Body de St. Vincent, 1827 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Tricalama plicatilis Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688)
Description; Lorica six broad-based, acutely pointed and saw-toothed occipital spines. Mental edge four lobed. (ref. ID; 1805)
Lorica not firm, oval, not sharply separated into a dorsal and ventral plate. Anterior dorsal margin with six, broad-based, saw-tooth spines. Ventral margin separated into four lobes or very broad and blunt spines. Lorica posteriorly rounded, without spines. Brackish or saltwater species, usually in littoral regions. (ref. ID; 4594)
Measurements; Total length 170; maximum width 130 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Length 181; width 140; anterior spines 28 um. (ref. ID; 2277)
Total length 180-250; width 140-200 um. (ref. ID; 4594)
Brachionus plicatilis colongulaciens Koste & Shiel, 1980 (ref. ID; 1824, 2758 original paper)
Description; Greatly elongated transparent lorica. Surface unstructured. Anterior spines much reduced. Anterior border of ventral lorica with four short, flat, tongue-like projections. Posterior lorica margin tapered and rounded. Foot-opening terminal, lowered ventrally. Dorsal lateral antennae approximately level with mid-lorica. Ratio lorica length: width approximately 2:1. (ref. ID; 2758)
Comments; In the population examined, all adult females had an extraordinary large lorica, corresponding in appearance to that of B. plicatilis f. decemcornis Fadeev, 1925. The latter has a different foot-opening (see Koste 1978) and is smaller. Hauer (1925) describes an elongated form from Bad Oldesloe with a cross-sectioned lorica length of only 260 um. A lorica of approximately corresponding outlines was figured by Ahlstrom (1940) with a length of 275 um and a greatest width 210 um. Neither of these is in accord with the Australian find. The greatest lorica length known to date is 315 um. It is apparent that the new spp. population has arisen in Lake Colongulac in response to specific ecological pecularities of the habitat. (ref. ID; 2758)
Measurements; Lorica length (adult female) 400-440; lorica width 210-240; foot-opening width 40; anterolateral spine development 75 um. Subitaneous egg 132-150 x 90-110 um. (ref. ID; 2758)
Brachionus plicatilis spatiosus Rousselet (ref. ID; 3217), var. spatiosus Rousselet (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
Description; The lorica of the "spatiosus" specimens was distinctly stouter and much less prone to distortion than in the undoubted "plicatilis" individuals. In most cases the former had a distinctly dark tint, arising possibly from the osmic acid used to kill them, but suggesting, at least, that there was greater thickness of "shell" to be affected, and it was certainly the case that the "spatiosus" specimens were much more symmetrical. In view of the similarity of the anterior edge of the ventral plate of the lorica, the Bryce thinks that Harring was justified in assigning the "spatiosus" form to the species B. plicatilis, but that it is inadvisable and tending to confusion if well-marked varieties are not allowed to retain some distinctive name. For this reason this form is listed under the style of a distinct and recognizable variety. In the genus Brachionus the form of the anterior edge of the ventral plate seems to be a much more reliable guide to specific identity than characters afforded by the dorsal plate, which are particularly unstable. (ref. ID; 3217)
Brachionus postcurvatus Kuczynski, 1991 (ref. ID; 775)
Description; Lorica firm, globose, circular to subcircular in outline, [greatest width]/[total length] ratio 0.80-0.95, the greatest width is at the middle of the lorica. Basal plate present. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, laterals longest but curved ventrally, occasionally very much so. Medians longer than intermediates and divided by a U-shaped sinus. Median and intermediate spines bending somewhat ventrally. Anterior ventral margin concave, without sinus. Postero-lateral spines absent. Foot opening with projecting sheath flanked by an bluntly pointed process at either side. Lorica smooth. B. postcurvatus belongs to the 'Formekreis' quadridentatus-bidentatus (Koste, 1978). It shows comparative similarity to B. bidentatus lacking posterior spines ('inermis' form), but differs in the shape of the anterior lateral spines, in the markedly concave anterior ventral margin and in having a more globose lorica, about circular in outline. B. postcurvatus and B. bidentatus 'f. inermis' co-occured in the same collections, but any evidence of intergradation was detected. The marginal spines of B. postcurvatus may show a false appearance of being obliterate in dorsal view, and the lorica has thence a resemblance to B. angularis. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 142-188; greatest width 128-142; anterior lateral spines 21-30; anterior intermediate spines 3-7; anterior median spines 13-15; subitaneous egg 72-75 x 52-54 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus pseudonilsoni Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This species is very peculiar in possessing 1) caudal trapezoidal extension as is found only in B. kasadensis Sudzuki, 1976, which is provided with no occipital spines but medians, 2) occipital intermediate spines obliterated, 3) pectoral elevation is very high and a big V-shaped sinus present just as the case of both ruben and variabilis. At this point, this species is different from nilsoni Ahlstrom, 1940. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type locality; Yonaguni Jima site 1B. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 102; widest part 78; occipital median sinus 12; occipital intermediate sinus less than 3; elevation of pectoral margin 12; caudal extension 12 x 18 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus pterodinoides Rousselet, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345, 1929, 1946, 3218 original paper)
Syn; Brachionus capsuliflorus var. pterodinoides Rousselet, 1913 (ref. ID; 1345); Brachionus westphali Carlin-Nilson, 1935 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; The lorica is nearly circular in shape, greatly compressed and flattened dorso-ventrally, and possesses a foot-opening situated just below the middle on the ventral plate, a most unusual situation for a Brachionus, but usual in Pterodina. The dorsal plate of the lorica is greatly extended posteriorly beyond the foot-opening, and under this projecting cover the eggs are carried. The lorica is smooth except anteriorly, where six small ridges mark the continuation of the six frontal spines. The mental edge is a nearly straight line and without indentation. As far as could be made out in the few preserved specimens available, the internal anatomy of this species appears to be normal. In one specimen the wrinkled foot was extended, showing two small pointed toes. The lateral antennae protrude high up above the middle on each side. (ref. ID; 3218)
Measurements; Length of lorica 285; width 224 um. (ref. ID; 3218)
Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 (ref. ID; 775, 1132, 1345, 1347, 1929, 1939, 2135, 2196, 2261, 2269, 2276, 2317, 2385, 2545, 2704, 2715, 2791, 2840, 2867, 2932, 3114, 3180, 3208, 3271, 3275, 3512, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890, 3027, 3040, 3062, 3063) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3073, 3292, 3531, 3532), f. quadridentatus (ref. ID; 2868), quadridentatus quadridentatus (ref. ID; 1808, 2757, 2807, 2836)
Syn; Anuraea aculeata graeca Athanassopulos, 1930 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus ancylognathus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus bakeri O. F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 1132, 1345, 2757, 2836, 3020, 3271, 3512, 3514) or Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3208); Brachionus bakeri anisitsi Daday, 1905 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus bakeri areolata Daday, 1902 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus bakeri areolatus Daday, 1902 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus bakeri cornutus Daday, 1905 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus bakeri fulleborni Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 3271) or var. fulleborni Daday, 1901 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bakeri inermis Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus bakeri michaelseni Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus bakeri rectangularis Lucks, 1912 (ref. ID; 3271) or var. rectangularis Lucks, 1912 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bakeri var. congolense Van Oye, 1926 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bakeri var. cornutus (anisitsi) Daday, 1905 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus bakeri var. hyphalmyros Tschugunoff, 1921 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bakeri var. longispinae Thorpe, 1889 (ref. ID; 2757); Brachionus bakeri var. michalseni Daday, 1910 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bakeri zernowi Voronkov, 1907 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus bidentata Anderson, 1889 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus brevispinus Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271) or Wierzejski, 1893 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus bursarius Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 (ref. ID; 1132, 1345, 2757, 3271, 3514); Brachionus capsuliflorus bakeri Iakubski, 1921 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus quadridentatus Edmondson & Hutchinson, 1934 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus chavesi Barrois, 1896 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus chilensis Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus costulatus Eichwald, 1844 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus entzii France, 1894 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus granulatus Kertesz, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus jamaicensis Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus latissimus Schmarda, 1854 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271, 3688); Brachionus longipes Anderson, 1889 (ref. ID; 2836) or Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus lyra Costa, 1838 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus melheni (melhemi) Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus melhemi minor Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus melhoni Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus neglectus Bory de St. Vincent, 1831 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus nicaraguensis Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus obesus Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus octodentatus Bory de St. Vincent, 1826 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus ontzii France, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus polonskii Alenitzin, 1874 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus polyceros Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus pustulatus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus quadridentatus var. splendidus Donner, 1964 (ref. ID; 2807); Brachionus quadricornis Schrank, 1803 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus tuberculus Turner, 1892 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus rhenanus Lauterborn, 1893 (ref. ID; 2836, 3271); Brachionus rubens Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus urceolaris O. F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus urceolaris armatus Seligo, 1900 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus utricularis Bory de St. Vincent, 1831 (ref. ID; 3271); Brachionus variabilis Hempel, 1896 (ref. ID; 3271); Noteus bakeri Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688)
Description; Lorica barrel-shaped, swollen at its posterior third, prolonged posteriorly in two stout and parallel lateral spines, their length is usually more than 1/2 the length of the body without spines. Greatest width/length of the body (without spines) ratio = 1. Anterior dorsal margin with six well developed spines, medians longest and bent outwards, laterals slightly divergent. Anterior ventral margin undulate, somewhat elevated toward the center, with a median sinus. The ventro-posterior portion of the lorica forms a typical tubular sheath surrounding the foot opening. Lorica markedly stippled or pustulate. B. quadridentatus is a very common, widely cosmopolitan, highly variable species, having an extensive Synonymy. In Wiszniewski's (1954) catalogue about 80 Synonyms -including varieties-, that correspond to the literature published up to 1939, are listed. In further works several varieties or forms are also considered, but due to the existence of many intermediate forms, these so-called varieties are not sharply separable each from the other. (ref. ID; 775)
Six occipital spines of which the medians are longer and curved outwards. Lorica broader than long. Two posterior spines. Lorica stippled. (ref. ID; 1929)
Morphological variation: The specimens obtained during Nov. and Dec. resembled the typical forms having posterior spines. Some of them were found with rudimentary or no posterior spines belonged to var. entzi. During Feb. the length of the posterior spines increased slightly and the brevispinus condition was evident. Towards end of March and again in August-September months the melhini variety appeared in large numbers and other varieties were totally absent. In the melhini variety the posterior spines are longer and divergent; the occipital median spines are also longer than the typical. However, some forms appeared with posterior spines curved and bowed inwards. (ref. ID; 1939)
When viewed from the dorsal side the outline of the animal is trapezoidal, its greatest width being in the lumbar region. It has four occipital spines, the two medians being curved outwards, and having the appearance of antlers; the two outer spines are straight and slightly shorter than the central pair. Between the outer spines on each side a small saw tooth can be seen, and on the corresponding anterior ventral edge are two similar teeth. The posterior spines are long and sharp, and when viewed from the dorsal side make an angle of approximately 30 degrees, with a median line passing lengthwise through the body. Two short recurved spines protect the foot opening. The foot, which is often longer than the animal, is wrinkled, and has the usual two toes. (ref. ID; 2276)
A variable species. Anterior and posterior spines were well developed in all specimens examined. The lorica seemed to be longer than is usually described. Some specimens were heavily stippled while some were only lightly stippled. The foot sheath is well developed in some specimens projecting as blunt spines bounding the foot opening and is always asymmetric. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica firm, compressed dorso-ventrally, dorsal anterior margin with six outwardly curved spines, medians longest an laterals longer than intermediates. Foot opening bounded by two blunt asymmetric spines. (ref. ID; 2867)
This is the nominate form of B. quadridentatus having well developed anterior and posterior spines. Antero-median spines are larger than antero-lateral spines. Length of postero-lateral spines increases with the increase in the size of lorica. The variations in different forms of B. quadridentatus are due to initial appearance and subsequent development and elongation of postero-lateral and postero-median spines. The variations are also in the antero-median spines, whose length increase gradually from form I-V. With the increase in the width of lorica, the relative length of lorica decrease. Morphometric data of different morphological forms are given in tables 1 and 2. Following are the prominent morphometric changes in lorica and various spines in various forms of B. quadridentatus;
(i) Total length of lorica increases from forms I-V (i.e., 0.20-0.34 mm).
(ii) Width of lorica also increases gradually from 0.18-0.20 mm from forms I-V.
(iii) Length of antero-lateral and antero-median spines increases gradually and reaches its maximum in form V.
(iv) The retro between length of antero-median spines and postero-lateral spines decreases from forms II-V.
(v) The length of antero-median spine/length of lorica increases from 0.18 mm in form I to 0.31 mm in form V. (ref. ID; 2868)
Occipital margin with six spines. Medians longest, curved outward; laterals longer than intermediates. Mental margin elevated, wavy, with a median notch flanked on either side by a small tooth-like papilla. Lorica usually terminating posteriorly in two lateral spine, very variable in length on different individuals. Ventro-posterior portion of the lorica prolonged into a tubular sheath around the base of the foot. The sheath standing out at nearly right angles to the ventral plate. Foot sheath often asymmetric, particularly on forms having long postero-lateral spines, the right side having the longer cuticular process. (ref. ID; 3180)
Measurements; Total length 176-190; greatest width 104-112; anterior lateral spines 22-24; anterior intermediate spines 14-16; anterior median spines 28-33; posterior lateral spines 47-62 um. Very small individuals; Total length 130; greatest width 90; posterior lateral spines 31 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Specimens varied in body length from 150-270 um. (ref. ID; 2317)
Maximum total length 210 um. A large variety sizes was found, and also all stages of cyclomorphic variation. (ref. ID; 2385)
Total length 250; maximum width 140; occipital spines 16-10-40; posterior spines 96 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 240; width 135; anterior lateral spines 21; anterior intermediate spines 9; anterior median spines 63; posterior spine 66 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 340; length of lorica 160; maximum width 200; length of antero-lateral spine 25; length of antero-median spine 70; length of antero-intermediate spine 10; length of posterior spine 90 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Lorica 175 x 180; length of median occipital spines 28; length of lateral occipital spines 22; length of posterior spines 22 um. (ref. ID; 3275)
Brachionus quadridentatus ancylognathus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3083), f. ancylognathus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 2812), var. ancylognathus (Schmarda, 1859) (ref. ID; 775, 1808, 3688)
Syn; Brachionus ancylognathus Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus bakeri obesus Kofoid, 1908 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus entzii Fadeew, 1925 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus entzii France, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus obesus Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; Lorica widening toward its posterior part, corners with short, broad-based, rounded spines. The ventro-posterior portion of the lorica narrows abruptly and terminates in a long foot sheath, posteriorly placed, forming a pointed median projection. Anterior dorsal margin with short, broad-based spines. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 176; greatest width 155; anterior lateral spines 11; anterior intermediate spines 9; anterior median spines 17 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 160-164; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 94-100; widest part 139-140; anterior median sinus 22-28 wide, 25-34 deep; anterior lateral spines 14-18; pectoral median sinus 15 wide, 5 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus quadridentatus brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 4594), f. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 775, 2812, 2868) reported year? (ref. ID; 2619), var. brevispinus (Ehrenberg, 1832) (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 2702, 3114, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 2890)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri brevispinus Voronkow, 1907 (ref. ID; 3688), var. brevispinus Ehrenberg, 1935 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus brevispinosus Ehrenberg, 1832 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus brevispinus Fadeew, 1925 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; Posterior lateral spines short, 1/3 to 1/8 the length of the body without spines. Anterior median spines divergent at tips but not markedly bent outwards as in the typical form. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
This is characterised by the presence of postero-lateral spines of moderate length on both sides, as well as postero-median spines. Lorica is wider. (ref. ID; 2868)
Lorica firm, divided into a dorsal and a ventral plate, dorso-ventrally flattened. Occipital margin with six spines, the middle pair longest, curving outward; lateral longer than intermediates. Lorica terminates posteriorly in two lateral spines, usually short in this sub-species. Freshwater species, but encountered in estuaries. (ref. ID; 4594)
Measurements; Total length 167-214; greatest width 125-180; anterior lateral spines 19-21; anterior intermidiate spines 11-16; anterior median spines 22-28; posterior lateral spines 19-28; subitaneous egg 106 x 70 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Total length 200-350; width 135-200 um. (ref. ID; 4594)
Brachionus quadridentatus brevispinus-melheni Ehrenberg, 1832-Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 160-300; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 86-108; widest part 118-166; anterior median sinus 18-50 wide, 20-60 deep; anterior lateral spines 11-13; caudal projection or protuberance 20-118 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus quadridentatus f. cluniorbicularis (Skorikov, 1884) (ref. ID; 2812) or 1894 (ref. ID; 2868) reported year? (ref. ID; 2619), var. cluniorbicularis Skorikov, 1894 (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 3114) Skorikow (ref. ID; 2890), var. cluniobicornis (Skorikov, 1894) (ref. ID; 1347)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri var. inermis Daday, 1908 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; Lorica pear-shaped, rounded posteriorly, without posterior spines, its greatest width is about 3/4 of the length from the anterior end. [Greatest width]/[Total length] ratio 0.88- 1.08. [Width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines]/[Greatest width] ratio 0.55-0.57. Anterior spines short, medians only a little longer than laterals. Lorica smooth or with a pattern of cuticular lines. (ref. ID; 775)
There are 6 occipital spines of which median spines are longer and curved a little outwardly. Lorica is broader than long. This form is characterised by the absence of postero-lateral spines and rounded posterior corners. (ref. ID; 2868)
Measurements; Total length 180-238; greatest width 162-225; width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines 94-124; anterior lateral spines 13-18; anterior intermediate spines 8-14; anterior median spines 16-21; subitaneous egg 114 x 71; male 85 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus quadridentatus f. melhemi Barrtos & Daday (ref. ID; 1838, 2619, 2797), var. melheni (Barrois & Daday, 1894) (ref. ID; 775, 1345, 1347, 1839, 1847, 2265, 2757, 3114, 3688)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri melheni Kofoid, 1908 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus melheni Smirnov, 1929 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliformis var. melheni Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 1345, 2757); Brachionus melheni minor Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688)
Diagnosis; In 1894, Barrois & Daday published the results of a scientific expedition to the Near East, simultaneously in Hungarian and in French. In French version, one of the species novae is descried under the name of Brachionus melhemi. It was dedicated to the Drogman Melhem Ouardy of Beyrouth. In following years, this taxon was shown to be a form of B. quadridentatus, this its correct name ought to be B. q. f. melhemi. Owing to a transcription error, it has been called B. q. f. melheni (var. melheni) on several occasions, e.g. Harring 1913. Collin et al (1912) call it B. bakeri var. melheni. Ahlstrom (1940) reports melheni for the Hungarian, melhemi for the French text. Wiszniewski (1954) cites B. melheni Barrois & Daday, but reports B. melhemi minor Barrois & Daday. He is the first author to use a trinominal nomenclature. Voigt (1957), Bartos (1959) and Rudescu (1960) all speak of 'var. melheni'. Kutikova (1970) and Koste (1978) again use a trinominal nomenclature, suggesting Brachionus quadridentatus melhini to be a valid subspecies. Koste calls it characteristic for the tropical and subtropical water. A trinominal nomenclature has also been used by De Ridder (1983) in erroneous orthography melhini. In De Ridder (1984) the trinomial denomination was again used as B. quadridentatus melheni. But during recent investigations on plankton from Senegal, De Ridder found many transitional forms between B. q. quadridentatus and B. q. melhemi, and thus He reduced the latter to a 'forma' of B. quadridentatus. The correct name of this taxon is therefore B. quadridentatus f. melhemi. (ref. ID; 1839)
Description; Posterior spines always divergent, representing more than 1/3 of the length of the body without spines. Lorica barrel-shaped, sometimes very broad, [greatest width]/length of the body (without spines) ratio may be > 1. The lorica is usually asymmetrically swollen at its left side. Lorica smooth or slightly stippled. (ref. ID; 775)
A typical warm stenotherm species. (ref. ID; 1847)
Measurements; Total length 170-241; greatest width 113-185; anterior lateral spines 21-25; anterior intermidiate spines 12-14; anterior median spines 28-36; posterior lateral spines 45-61 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus quadridentatus f. monospina Saksena & Kulkarni, 1986 (ref. ID; 2868 original paper)
Description; In this form due to the increase in the width of lorica the ratio between its length and width becomes less. Only right postero-lateral spine of moderate length is developed. (ref. ID; 2868)
Brachionus quadridentatus f. rhenanus (Lauterborn, 1893) (ref. ID; 775, 2868), var. rhenanus (Lauterborn, 1893) (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 3114, 3688)
Syn; Brachionus bakeri rhenanus Voronkow, 1907 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus rhenanus Fadeew, 1925 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus rhenanus Lauterborn, 1893 (ref. ID; 1345, 3688)
Description; Lorica barrel-shaped, its greatest width is about 2/3 of the length from the anterior end. Greatest width/total length ratio varies from 0.73 in young individuals to 1.0 in specimens having a rather inflated lorica. Posterior corners of the lorica almost rectangular. Posterior lateral spines very short or obliterate, representing less than 1/8 of the body length. Anterior spines usually shorter than in the typical form. (ref. ID; 775)
In this form the lateral and median occipital spines are almost equal in length. Intermediate spines are short. Two pairs of posterior spines are present. Postero-lateral spines are in the form of small body buds only. The postero-median spines are thus longer than the postero-lateral spines. (ref. ID; 2868)
Measurements; Total length 164-185; greatest width 157-164; anterior lateral spines 13-17; anterior intermediate spines 9-11; anterior median spines 19-22 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 775, 818, 1345, 1347, 2196, 2277, 2385, 2640, 2702, 2704, 2715, 2731, 2746, 2812, 2867, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1489, 2890, 3027, 3062, 3208, 3222, 3262, 3271, 3426)
Syn; Brachionus bidentatus Kertesz, 1894 (ref. ID; 3271, 3688); Brachionus macracanthus Jakubski, 1912 (ref. ID; 1345, 3271, 3688); Brachionus urceolaris var. rubens Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1345, 3514, 3688); Brachionus urceus rubens moravica Sramek-Husek, 1921 (ref. ID; 3688)
Description; Lorica oval, [Greatest width]/[Total length] ratio 0.74-0.78, the greatest width is a little below the middle of the lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with six saw-tooth spines, medians longest. Anterior ventral margin markedly elevated toward the center, notched medially. Posterior spines absent. Foot opening with a rectangular aperture dorsally and a larger rather oval aperture ventrally. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Occipital margin with six spines; each median and inter-mediate spine with a narrow anterior part, then rounded outwards and forming a broad base; four inner spines with short strengthening ridges. (ref. ID; 2704)
Lorica sturdy with six anterior spines of which the median spines are the longest. There is 'V' shaped median sinus. Intermediate and lateral spines are short and pointed. All the anterior spines have a strengthening rib. Lorica not ornamented. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica flexible, more or less oval, greater width, about 2/3 of the total length of lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with six spines, each median and intermediate spine with a narrow anterior part, then rounded outwards and forming a broad base, four inner spines with short strengthening ridges. (ref. ID; 2867)
Usually associated with Daphnia pulex (De Geer) or D. obtusa Kurz., on which it is epizoic or commensal but not parasitic in the true sense. (ref. ID; 3208)
Comments; Varga has published on the basis of several specimens originating in different localities in Hungary, a specified comparative description of its forms. The lorica is firm, flattened. The anterior spines diverge one from the other. The median spines are separated from each other by a deep indentation broadening towards the tip of the spines. The two outermost spines are weakly developed, in some cases they protrude hardly visibly. The anterior edge of the ventral plate is markedly divided, undulating, it practically follows the line of the spines of the dorsal plate. The posterior extensions of the lorica are distinct with a deeply widening foot aperture. The most striking difference is to be seen in the dimensions. As a against the dimensions of 180-240 um total length and 140-160 um width published by Varga, the total length of the lorica is 262 um and greatest width 203.5 um. (ref. ID; 1489)
Measurements; Total length 190; greatest width 144; anterior lateral spines 13; anterior intermediate spines 11; anterior median spines 18 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Length 220; max. width 180; anterior median spines 25; intermediate spines 12; lateral spines 20 um. (ref. ID; 2277)
Body length over spines 170 um. Small specimens having total length over spines of 100-120 um. (ref. ID; 2385)
Total length 180; maximum width 130; anterior width 92; occipital spines 14-12-20 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Total length 144; width 102; anterior lateral spines 6; anterior intermediate spines 6; anterior median spines 12 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Total length 190; length of lorica 150; maximum width 140; length of antero-lateral spine 15; length of antero-median spine 20; length of antero-intermediate spine 10 um. (ref. ID; 2867)
Brachionus rubens moravica Sramek-Husek, 1944 (ref. ID; 3083), f. moravica Scremek-Husak, 1944 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; This species is well characterized in having 1) oval lorica, 2) a pair of triangular projection markedly elevated on pectoral margin and 3) unsymmetrical shape of median and intermediate spines of occipital margin. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 178-186; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 108; widest part 130-138; anterior median sinus 15 wide, 28-29 deep; anterior lateral spines 25-28; pectoral median sinus 25-27 wide, 12-13 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus satanicus Rousselet, 1911 (ref. ID; 1345, 3217, 3218)
Description; Rousselet (1911) had specimens only which had been obtained in a plankton collection made in Devils Lake in the month of July, 1910, with two long, curved and widely separated posterior spines. The specimens from Prof. Young (a collection made in the month of May 1912, much earlier in the season, when the weather in North Dakota is still cold and the water chilly) was much smaller form, with short posterior spines, curved inwards and other unusual features. The six frontal spines and the mental edge are identical with those of the larger specimens, but the shape of the body and the form and size of the posterior spines are very different, and strangest of all, the foot-opening is situated on the postero-dorsal side of the lorica, a quite unheard of position in this genus. Rousselet first impression was that these were young animals just hatched from eggs, but this is evidently not so, for some specimens were seen carrying their eggs at the base of the foot on the dorsal side, and they were therefore adults reproducing freely. Rousselet can only concluded that this represents a case of dimorphism, possibly a winter form which gradually, in successive generations, transforms itself into the larger form with extended and expanded posterior spines. (ref. ID; 3218)
Measurements; The large form 408 and the small form 250 um, in both case including the posterior spines. (ref. ID; 3218)
Brachionus sericus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 1808, 3208)
See; Brachionus urceolaris (ref. ID; 2836), Brachionus urceolaris sericus (ref. ID; 1345)
Comments; Regarded by Ahlstrom (1941) as a variety of B. urceolaris (Muller), but in the writer's experience B. sericus is found only in acid waters, whereas the type form of B. urceolaris appears to be confined to alkaline eutrophic waters. (ref. ID; 3208)
Brachionus sessilis Varga, 1951 (ref. ID; 2715, 3114, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 1831, 3387)
See; Brachionus urceolaris (ref. ID; 3514)
Description; The anterior end of the lorica has four clear small spine-like projections with a fairly deep sinus between the median spines. Foot opening ventral, large and more or less round. Eggs were attached to the posterior end of some specimens. (ref. ID; 2715)
Comments; This species was first described by Varga (1951) from Lake Balaton, epizoic on Diphanosoma bachyurum (Lieven) and has not been reported since. In Sri Lanka B. sessilis was found from only one lake (Pavatkulam) and was living epizootically on Diaphanosoma excisum (Sars). (ref. ID; 2715)
This animal resembles B. rubens in many respects except its considerably smaller size. (ref. ID; 3387)
Measurements; Length 94 um, breadth 80 um. (ref. ID; 3387)
Brachionus spatiosus Rousselet, 1912 (ref. ID; 3216 original paper)
See; Brachionus plicatilis (ref. ID; 3271)
Description; The lorica is very wide posteriorly, twice to nearly three times as broad as the anterior region, giving the animal a peculiar and characteristic triangular form. Young animals are not quite so broad in proportion. The six occipital spines are of the peculiar saw-tooth pattern as met with in B. mulleri, but considerably large in size. The scalloped pectoral edge has four rounded, slightly irregular projection. The posterior corners of the lorica are rounded off, and the foot-opening has thickened edges, is square dorsally and pointed and V-shaped ventrally. As a while the lorica is roomy, high and rounded dorsally and nearly flat ventrally, similar in these respects to that of B. mulleri. Like the latter, B. spatiosus is a brackish water form, for the water of Devil's Lake is distinctly brackish, which no doubt also accounts for the fact that it contains but few species of Rotifers, and no distinctly fresh-water forms, at least as far as the investigation of its fauna has extended. The lorica is thin, transparent had free from stipples and posterior spines. The internal organs are quite normal; the foot is fairly long and wrinkled, with the usual two toes. (ref. ID; 3216)
[Male]: Male were not found in the gathering. (ref. ID; 3216)
[Egg]: Summer eggs were carried posteriorly in the usual way, but no resting egg was observed. (ref. ID; 3216)
Comments; In shape and appearance the nearest forms are probably B. latissimus and B. longipes, of Schmarda. The former is considerably broader than long, and coarsely stippled on dorsal surface; the second is trapezoidal in shape, the mental edge slightly curved, with small notch in the middle, and the foot opening semicircular; in all these characters they differ from B. spatiosus. I was in doubt at first whether this form should not be called a variety of B. mulleri, with which structurally it is undoubtedly more nearly allied than with any other species; but after comparing it with the mounted specimens in my collection from various localities, I have decided to give it specific rank on account of its striking shape. (ref. ID; 3216)
Type locality; Devil's Lake, North Dakota, U.S. America. (ref. ID; 3216)
Measurements; Size of lorica of largest specimens: length 1/78 in. (326 um); greatest width posteriorly 1/79 in. (320 um); width anteriorly 1/220 in. (115 um) (ref. ID; 3216)
Brachionus urceolaris O. F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 1345, 1347, 2196, 2261, 2269, 2277, 2715, 2812, 3114, 3180, 3271, 3514, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1474, 2890, 3020, 3600), urceolaris urceolaris O. F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 775, 2836, 2891, 3083, 4594) reported year? (ref. ID; 2619)
See; Brachionus quadridentatus (ref. ID; 3271)
Syn; Brachionus bursarius Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus capsuliflorus Pallas, 1766 (ref. ID; 3688) or Pallas, Van Oye, 1942 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus chavesi Barrois, 1896 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus neglectus Bory de St. Vincent, 1831 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus nicaraguensis Schmarda, 1859 (ref. ID; 3688); Brachionus pyriformis Barrois & Daday, 1894 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus sericus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus sessilis (Varga, 1951) (ref. ID; 3514); Brachionus urceolaris Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3020); Brachionus urceus (L., 1758) (ref. ID; 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 3600) or Linnaeus, Rylov, 1935 (ref. ID; 2836); Brachionus urceus von Hofsten, 1909 (ref. ID; 1345, 3271); Brachionus urceolaris urceolaris (O. F. Muller, 1773) Gillard, 1948 (ref. ID; 1345); Tubipora urceus Linne, 1758? (ref. ID; 1345) or Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 3271, 3514, 3688); Vorticella urceolaris Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 3271)
Description; Lorica oval, rounded posteriorly, [Greatest width]/[Total length] ratio 0.80-0.82, the greatest width is a little below the middle of the lorica. Anterior dorsal margin with six pointed spines, medians longer than laterals, laterals longer than intermediates. Anterior ventral margin undulate, with a shallow central sinus flanked on either side by a pointed protuberance. Foot opening with a rectangular aperture dorsally and a larger oval aperture in the ventral plate. Lorica smooth. (ref. ID; 775)
Lorica sturdy with longitudinal lines. The anterior spines have strengthening ribs. Lorica is lightly stipples especially at the edges. (ref. ID; 2715)
Lorica firm, oval, divided into a dorsal and a ventral plate. Anterior dorsal margin with 6 spines: median longest, laterals and intermediates about equal in length. Mental margin, rigid, undulate, somewhat elevated toward the center, with a central sinus. Posterior spines absent. Foot opening with a subsquare to rectangular aperture in the dorsal (basal) plate. (ref. ID; 3180)
Lorica firm, divided into a dorsal and ventral plate. Anterior dorsal margin with six sharp pointed spines; medians longest, laterals and intermediates about equal in length. Ventral margin undulate. Posterior spines absent. Lorica with a pattern of wavy lines; pointed posteriorly in lateral view. Freshwater species, and also littoral near estuaries. (ref. ID; 4594)
Measurements; Total length 192; greatest width 157; anterior lateral spines 10; anterior intermediate spines 6; anterior median spines 17; length of dorsal foot aperture 16; length of ventral foot aperture 35; length of sinus between anterior dorsal median spines 22 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Length 260; max. width 210; anterior median spines 30 um. (ref. ID; 2277)
Total length of lorica 245 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Length of ventral lorica 200 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Total length 210-280; widest part 176-180; middle part 116-120 high; occipital sinus 14-32 long, 16-18 wide, 30-36 deep; anterior intermediate spines 10-20; anterior lateral spines 18-20; fertilized dormant egg 140 x 92; thelytokous egg 88 x 66-68 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Total length 190-270; width 140-210 um. (ref. ID; 4594)
Brachionus urceolaris amazonica Koste & Robertson, 1983 (ref. ID; 1837, 2806, 2808 original paper)
Syn; Brachionus bennini (Leissling, 1924) after Koste, 1972 (ref. ID; 2806, 2808)
Description; In lateral view, the specimens resembles B. urceolaris. (ref. ID; 1837)
Brachionus urceolaris amazonica is characterized by the previously unknown structures on the dorsal lorica which can be pronuncedly different within the same population. The ornamental granulation on the dorsal lorica, characteristic of B. bennini, is lacking. (Compare with De Beauchamp 1939: 9, Fig. 2 or with Koste 1978, T. 9, Fig. 8). Also, the number and arrangement of the anterior spines and the shape of the foot agree better with the morphological and taxonomical characteristics of B. urceolaris. A "dwarfing form" mentioned by Green (1971) was not evident. (ref. ID; 2808)
Comments; This Brachionus was first encountered by the senior author in a sample from Igarape Curui, a tributary of the Rio Solimoes, and erroneously identified as B. bennini. (ref. ID; 2808)
Measurements; Total length 120-125; width 90-110. (ref. ID; 1837)
Lorica length 79-108; lorica width 78-83; asexual egg 61/43 um. (ref. ID; 2808)
Brachionus urceolaris bennini (Leissling, 1924) (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length 152-154; width at the basis of occipital lateral spines 86; widest part 104; anterior median sinus 16 wide, 20 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus urceolaris nilsoni (Ahlstrom, 1940) (ref. ID; 1847, 2891)
Measurements; Length of dorsal lorica 140 um. (ref. ID; 2891)
Brachionus urceolaris reductispinis Kuczynski, 1991 (ref. ID; 775)
Description; Lorica oval, [Greatest width]/[Total length] ratio 0.71-0.89, the greatest width is about 2/3 of the distance from the anterior end. Anterior dorsal margin with six bluntly rounded, greatly reduced spines, showing a lobated sinus. Anterior ventral margin undulate, somewhat elevated toward the center, with two median papilla-like protuberances, without central sinus. Foot opening with a rather variable U-shaped aperture in the dorsal plate and a larger oval aperture ventrally. Lorica smooth or with a pattern of cuticular longitudinal lines, sometimes with a strengthening transverse groove in the posterior third and two short ridges starting near the anterior border. This species is readily distinguishable from other Brachionus-forms belonging to the urceolaris-group through the greatly reduced, rounded anterior spines. The outline of the body shows comparative similarity to B. sericus Rousselet, 1907, the latter however has a strongly ornamented lorica, with a pattern of distinct stripes, and the anterior spines of different shape. (ref. ID; 775)
Measurements; Total length 174-195; greatest width 130-173; width at the tips of the anterior lateral spines 90-110; anterior lateral spines 2-3; anterior intermediate spines 3-4; anterior median spines 4-11; length of dorsal foot aperture 22-32; length of ventral foot aperture 37-51; length of sinus between anterior dorsal median spines 13-16; subitaneous egg 100 x 80 um. (ref. ID; 775)
Brachionus urceolaris semicircularis Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083 original paper)
Description; This species is separable from urceolaris O. F. Muller in having 1) a semicircular lorica suddenly swollen at the posterior half, 2) smaller size, 3) posterior extremity in lateral view not so sharply pointed at in u. urceolaris, 4) asymmetrical caudal protuberances like angularis or reduced groups of forficula and 5) no constriction at the base of anterior lateral spine (cf. specimens by Weber, 1898 & Beauchamp, 1939). In this connection, it is worth mentioning that this kind of swollen lorica has, in general, been found in mixohaline Brachionus such as baylyi, pterodinoides, spatiosus, etc. Nevertheless, no intermediate forms have been recognized between urceolaris and semicircularis. (ref. ID; 3083)
Etymology; The name "semicircularis" is derived from the Latin "circus" for circle, and "semi" for half, alluding to the form of the lorica. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; Mangrove marsh, Loyang. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Total length (TL) 136-170; width at the basis occipital lateral spines 98; widest part (WP) 96-136; WP/TL 0.7-0.8; anterior extremity 78 high; highest part 101 (swollen part); caudal extremity 54 high; anterior median sinus 28-32 deep; anterior lateral spines 18-20; distance between caudal protuberances at the base 12 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Brachionus urceolaris sericus (Rousselet, 1907) (ref. ID; 2759, 2812), f. sericus (Rousselet, 1907) (ref. ID; 2994), var. sericus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 1345, 2957, 3027, 3688)
Syn; Brachionus sericus Rousselet, 1907 (ref. ID; 1345)
Description; Lorica of heraldic outline without lateral posterior spines and with short anterior spines, median of which is a little longer. Dorsal lorica short, ventral lorica caudally tapering. Foot opening without protruding tube, ventral arch egg shaped, caudal trapezoid. Ventral anterior lorica margin plain, upper dorsal lorica with two stout ribs beginning between median and submedian spines and running in direction of periphery. Submedian spines reinforced with short cuticular outer borders. Lorica surface and foot opening reinforced dorsally, weaker ventrally and covered with granular structures. In lateral view, caudal lorica margin occasionally appears two-stage, elevated by sharp edge from narrow platelike base of foot tube opening. In dorsal view, two convex lines appear over foot tube, define boundary beneath dorsal lorica. (ref. ID; 2759)
Comments; The lorica outline of the new B. urceolaris sericus form, with an elevated caudal section, resembles that of B. quadridentatus forms from the literature. In particular, B. quadridentatus var. ancylognathus (Schmarda 1859) and B. quadridentatus var. cluniorbicularis Skorikow 1884. The lorica surface of this distinctive polymorph, as in the quadridentatus species group, is granulated and dimpled, with tiny ridges present. Nevertheless, urceolaris and quadridentatus taxa are readily distinguished; the latter always has a projecting foot tube, whereas the former has only a flat foot opening incised at the end of the ventral plate. Therefore, this taxon from northern Australia is considered a Brachionus urceolaris form of the subspecies sericus after Hauer (1963) from B. urceolaris f. sericus (Rousselet 1907). (ref. ID; 2759)
Measurements; Lorica length 120-220, lorica width 80-172; Foot opening ventral 52 high x 40 wide, dorsal 12 high x 15 um wide. (ref. ID; 2759)
Brachionus urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (ref. ID; 2276, 2715) reported year? (ref. ID; 2640, 3239, 3600)
See; Brachionus urceolaris O. F. Muller (ref. ID; 3600)
Syn; Brachionus urceolaris Linne (ref. ID; 3239); Tubipora urceus Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 2276)
Description; The lorica is distinctly rounded and without ornamentation. The anterolateral and anteromedian spines are longer than intermediate spines. All the spines have a broad base. No strengthening ribs for the spines were discernible in specimens from Sri Lanka. (ref. ID; 2715)
Comments; B. urceus is similar to B. urceolaris but differs from it in its smaller size and the shape of the anterior spines. (ref. ID; 2715)
Measurements; Length of lorica 150; width 120; anterior lateral spines 18; anterior intermediate 6; anterior median spines 18 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Brachionus urceus rubens Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 3217), var. rubens (Ehrenberg) Brauer, 1912
See; Brachionus urceolaris rubens (ref. ID; 2836)
Description; This species is ecto-parasitic upon the Daphnia species. (ref. ID; 3217)
Brachionus variabilis Hempel, 1896 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2912)
See; Brachionus capsuliflorus (ref. ID; 2276), Brachionus quadridentatus (ref. ID; 3271)
Syn; Brachionus (urceolaris) variablis Hempel, 1896 (ref. ID; 1345)
Comments; As the name indicates, the species is quite variable in habitus. In particular, posterior spines may appear on the lorica and grow out to considerable length. A rather important specific character is the dorsal subquadrate plate projecting over the foot opening. In rare cases this may be more or less reduced, as stated by Beauchamp (1947) and Murray (1915) (?) (cited by Beauchamp, 1947). These specimens were considered as intermediate between Brachionus variabilis and Brachionus novaezealandiae, a tropicopolitan species. Gillard (1948) thinks this is a sufficient ground for synonymising the two, but this point of view has not been widely followed in textbooks (Voigt, 1957; Ruttner-Kolisko, 1972). The species was originally described from Havana, Illinois (Hempel 1896) (ref. ID; 2912)
Brachionus variabilis kohamensis Sudzuki, 1992 (ref. ID; 2874 original paper)
Description; This species resembles, in general view, novae-zelandiae rather than variabilis. The new subspecies differs from both in 1) weakly elevated pectoral margin, 2) very short intermediate spines and 3) features of caudal region. (ref. ID; 2874)
Type Locality; Kohama Jima site 3. (ref. ID; 2874)
Measurements; Lorica length 100-140; widest part 70-100; width at the anterior extremities 70-88; elevation of pectoral margin 4-7; occipital median sinus 17-22 um. (ref. ID; 2874)
Brachionus zahniseri Ahlstrom, 1934 (ref. ID; 1345, 2135, 2284, 3125) reported year? (ref. ID; 3089)
See; Brachionus gessneri (ref. ID; 2806)
Description; The chief variation from the type is the longer intermediate spines, which are turned inwards at an angle of almost 90 degrees to laterals. (ref. ID; 2284)
Measurements; Total length 250; width 110; length of posterior spines 100; length of anterior spines-lateral 40; intermediate spines 20, median spines 45 um. (ref. ID; 2284)