Anuraeopsis Lauterborn, 1900

[ref. ID; 1663]
Lateral edges of dorsal and ventral plates of lorica connected by infolded cuticle. Ventral plate flat, dorsal plate arched. Mastax malleate. (ref. ID; 1663)

[ref. ID; 3074]
Egg-carrying method. (ref. ID; 3074 , )

[ref. ID; 3114]
Usually species are identified by means of the following character (Voigt): 1) general shape of the body, 2) shape of occipital edge of the lorica, 3) colour of the body, 4) surface pattern of lorica (punctuated or not), 5) body length. These characters are variable in both living and fixed materials. (ref. ID; 3114)

Anuraeopsis coelata de Beauchamp, 1932 (ref. ID; 2064, 2545, 2619, 2704, 2715, 3040), coelata coelata (ref. ID; 1584, 1805, 2261, 3083)
Syn; Anuraeopsis fissa beauchampi, 1962 (ref. ID; 2064); Anuraeopsis fissa coelata Berzins, 1962 (ref. ID; 2064, 3083); Anuraeopsis fissa punctata Evens, 1947 (ref. ID; 2545); Anuraeopsis navicula Green, 1960 (ref. ID; 2064); Anuraeopsis navicula var. coelata De Beauchamp, 1932 (ref. ID; 2064, 3083)
Description; With granulated lorica and with U-shaped sinus at the anterior end. (ref. ID; 1805)
Lorica granulated, with U-shaped sinus at the anterior end. (ref. ID; 2704)
There is a 'U' shaped sinus in the anterior ends and no teeth are present inside the sinus. Small teeth are present outside the anterior sinus. Lorica pustulated. (ref. ID; 2715)
This species is characterized by having 1) ornamentation on both middle and caudal parts of the dorsal lorica and 2) gently pointed caudal extremity. It is distinguishable from the lata group by 1) features of the caudal half tapering gradually toward extremity, 2) presence of a paired antero-lateral plaques and 3) Y-shaped (usually) mid-dorsal ridges. (ref. ID; 3083)
Comments; This species was originally described as A. navicula coelata by Beauchamp (1932: 238, Fig. 2), then as A. fissa coelata by Berzins (1962: 40) and as A. coelata coelata by Koste (1978: 132). On this point, Sudzuki agree with Koste. While, the species from India and identified as coelata by Wulfert (1966: 57-58, Fig. 1) could be treated as a distinct subspecies under coelata, for convenience here coelata wulferti, since it has 6-7 paired facets or plaques along whole lateral margins and antero-lateral knobs (outside lobed occipital projections) with many short spines. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Lorica length 74; maximum width 42 um. (ref. ID; 2704)
Length of lorica 112; width 50 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Anuraeopsis coelata kehjengi Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083 original paper)
Description; Different from coelata Beauchamp, 1932 from Eastern Africa in the presence of 1) a paired knob-like occipital protuberance but unlike fissa beauchampi Berzins, 1962 from Israel and coelata Nogrady (1983: 49, Fig. 29) from Kenya, 2) two lobed pectoral margins like Keratella, 3) V-shaped rather than Y-shaped dorsal ridges which are scarcely ever or never widen at the anterior part, 4) features of caudal part suddenly tapering from posterior 1/3 of the lorica and 5) dorsal ridges running parallel barely arrive at 1/3 of body length for both extremities (parallel running of dorsal ridges arrive at 1/4 of body length from the extremity in coelata coelata). It is also demarcated from coelata wulferti in having a slender form and lack of strongly developed spines on the occipital margin and many marginal facets. (ref. ID; 3083)
Etymology; This species is named after Mr. Lin Keh Jeng, my student at the Nihon Daigaku University during 1983-1987, who assisted me as an excellent guide and interpreter in Taiwan. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; Cheng Ching Hu pond. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Dorsal lorica length 83-85, width 39-41 um, width/length 0.47-0.48; anterior extremity 26-30 um wide; ventral lorica length 70-78 um (86 Berzins), width 32-35 um (48 Berzins), width/length 0.49-0.54; anterior extremity 25-28 um wide (28 Green, 40 Berzins); occipital projection 7 x 7 um in size; occipital sinus 10 wide, 5-6 um deep; pectoral sinus 5 wide, 8-10 um deep. (ref. ID; 3083)
Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 1345, 1348, 1805, 1923, 2064, 2210, 2261, 2269, 2276, 2277, 2715, 2757, 3083, 3258, 3271, 3688) reported year? (ref. ID; 1489, 2553, 2932, 3040, 3046, 3208, 3273), fissa fissa (Gosse, 1851) (ref. ID; 2545, 2995, 3514) reported year? (ref. ID; 3256) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 2210)
Syn; Anuraea fissa Gosse, 1851 (ref. ID; 1345, 1348, 2064, 2276, 2277, 2757, 3256, 3271, 3514, 3688); Anuraea hypelasma Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 2757, 3208, 3256, 3271, 3514) or Hudson & Gosse, 1886 (ref. ID; 2064, 3688); Anuraeopsis congolensis Evens, 1947 (ref. ID; 1345, 3514, 3688); Anuraeopsis fissa Donner, 1943 (ref. ID; 2064, 3256); Anuraeopsis fissa Wulfert, 1965 (ref. ID; 2064); Anuraeopsis hypelasma Lauterborn, 1900 (ref. ID; 1345, 3256, 3271, 3688)
Description; Lorica finely stippled, more or less cylindrical and obtusely pointed posteriorly. (ref. ID; 1805)
Many of the animals carried eggs 62 um long attached by a nipple. (ref. ID; 2277)
The author has had the opportunity of studying the so-called "organe membraneux" described by Weber (1898, p. 716) and Donner (1943, p. 29). At intervals of 10-20 seconds this organ was extended between the parts of the lorica, and remained for a couple of seconds or slightly longer in this stretched-out position. While the organ was extended the animal remained in general quiet. (ref. ID; 2553)
Lorica made of two plates dorsal and ventral. The dorsal plate is round. (ref. ID; 2715)
This species is clearly distinguishable from others in the possession of 1) truncated caudal extremity, 2) nearly straight pectoral margin, 3) stand-up collared or V-shaped occipital margin, 4) a pair of knoblike projections at the antero-lateral corner, 5) central position of the widest & highest parts, 6) depressed, oblique occipital margin, 7) upward posterior portion like Pompholyx and 8) stocky body. The Weber's organ hardly observable in the fixed materials. (ref. ID; 3083)
[Egg] I have prepared two figures of resting eggs. No such eggs have been pictured in the earlier literature, but Voigt (1904, p. 89) describes the resting egg as "zart chagriniert". The length and breadth of the two eggs are 80 and 45 um, and 75 and 42 um, respectively (Voigt gives the figures 68 and 41 um). (ref. ID; 2553)
Measurements; The 127.6 um large specimens carried 73 um long eggs. (ref. ID; 1489)
Lorica length 78; maximum width 50 um. (ref. ID; 1805)
Average length 100 um. (ref. ID; 2277)
Length of lorica 90; width 50 um. (ref. ID; 2715)
Dorsal lorica length 71-80 (80-120 Gillard, 90 Wulfert, 71-77 Berzins), width 40-51 (46-48 Gillard, 56 Wulfert, 45-48 Berzins), width/length 0.55-0.64; anterior extremity 15-35 wide; caudal extremity 17-22 wide; occipital sinus 12-35 wide, 10 deep (8 Berzins); ventral lorica length 60-80, width 38-40, width/ length 0.49-0.65; anterior extremity 18-30 wide; caudal extremity 12-18 wide; pectoral sinus 20 wide, 2 deep; anterior extremity 32 high; middle part 38-42 high; caudal extremity 12-20 um high. (ref. ID; 3083)
Anuraeopsis fissa donghuensis (ref. ID; 2587 original paper)
Description; At a glance, this species is reminiscent of navicula Rousselet, 1910, since it had a naviculoid ridgeline on the dorsal surface. This species was, however, characterized by having a frontal margin of the dorsal plate pointed or nearly pointed toward the center. Pectoral margin two-lobed (never straight as in navicula). The body rather stocky and the caudal extremity wide and truncated as in fissa. (ref. ID; 2587)
Measurements; Lorica length 70-75 (dorsal), 60-62 (ventral); greatest width 40-42 (dorsal), 35-38 (ventral); width of anterior extremity 5-15 (dorsal), 28-30 (ventral); width of caudal extremity 10-15 (dorsal), 8-10 (ventral); width of dorsal ridges 23-25; pectoral median sinus 2-5 um. (ref. ID; 2587)
Anuraeopsis fissa pseudonavicula (ref. ID; 2261, 2587 original paper)
Description; This species is characterized by having one conical caudal projection on the dorsal plate, which may be sometimes errorneously recognized as in navicula. Instead, the caudal extremity of dorsal plate is truncated as in fissa. (ref. ID; 2587)
Measurements; Lorica length 68-75 (dorsal), 60-70 (ventral); greatest width 40-42 (dorsal), 38-40 (ventral); height 35-38; width of pectoral extremity 33-35; width of caudal extremity 13-15 (dorsal), 10-13 (ventral); caudal elongation of dorsal plate 8-10 long, 10-12 wide at the base. (ref. ID; 2587)
Anuraeopsis lata singapurensis Sudzuki, 1989 (ref. ID; 3083)
Description; This species resembles A. fissa lata Berzins, 1962 from Cambodia in having a saclike and widest position of lorica, but differs from it in the possession of 1) a pair of occipital projections much longer and more strongly bent inward like caudal protuberance of angularis-dolaburatus group of Brachionus, 2) 3-4 pairs of postero-lateral plaques, 3) lateral feelers located on the 3rd lateral plaques from caudal extremity and 4) very wide and semi-circular caudal part. In addition, this species is fundamentally different from fissa in the lateral view; the height is nearly even from anterior to posterior and the posterior part is downward in the former, but the highest part is located in the middle and the lowest in the caudal extremity, which is bent upward in the latter. Needless to mention, but it is also district from navicula in having oblique occipital margin, ornamentation, general shape of lorica as well as features of frontal margins. It differs from coelata in general shape, ornamentation of lorica and presence of antero-lateral knobs. (ref. ID; 3083)
Comments; Anuraeopsis fissa lata established by Berzins (1962: 40-41) is dealt with A. coelata lata by Koste (1978: 132). Sudzuki consider, however, that A. fissa lata Berzins should be treated as A. lata lata, since the species is distinct from any one of navicula, coelata and fissa at the species level. (ref. ID; 3083)
Type locality; Krangi reservoir and East coast part pond in Singapore. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Dorsal lorica length 82-87 (90-92 Berzins), width 40-48 (50-52 Berzins), width/length 0.48-0.56 (0.56-0.57 Berzins); anterior extremity 22-30 wide (at the base of projections); ventral lorica length 67-78, width 38-41, width/length 0.51; anterior extremity 20-25, 18-28 high; middle part 30-33 high; caudal extremity 13-20 high; occipital extremity 13-20 high; occipital sinus 10 wide, 5-12 deep; radius of caudal part 20-25 um. (ref. ID; 3083)
Anuraeopsis navicula Rousselet, 1910 (ref. ID; 1345, 2261, 2545, 2619, 2840, 3514), navicula navicula Rousselet, 1919 (ref. ID; 3083)
See; Anuraeopsis fissa navicula (ref. ID; 3256)
Syn; Anuraeopsis fissa var. navicula (Rousselet) (ref. ID; 1345); Anuraeopsis punctata Evens, 1947 (ref. ID; 3514)
Description; Dorsal lorica spindle-shaped, its widest part near the middle but the caudal half usually tapering gently than the anterior one, since the latter often pointed although provided with a cleft in the middle. Ventral lorica is like a triangular flag; its widest part near the anterior extremity is 2-lobed in shape and spinous along the margin. Caudal part is rather round than truncated, not only in the dorso-ventral but also in the lateral view and much more elongated than in fissa. (ref. ID; 3083)
Comments; The specimen is not so different from those of Rousselet (Voigt 1957, Fig. 15) from Sri Lanka (dorsal lorica width/dorsal lorica length 0.45, ventral lorica width/ventral lorica length 0.43) and Hauer (1937, Fig. 9) from Java (dorsal lorica width/dorsal lorica length 0.49, ventral lorica width/ventral lorica length 0.47) except for size, relative width of lorica and position of both widest and highest parts. Berzins (1962: 37-40) regarded Rousselet's species as A. fissa navicula following Ahlstrom (1938), and the Hauer's as A. fissa haueri Berzins, 1962. However, Sudzuki consider these species should be treated under A. navicula. (ref. ID; 3083)
Measurements; Dorsal lorica length 70-75 (92 Rousselet, 85 Berzins), width 38-43 (34 Rousselet, 51 Berzins), width/length 0.54-0.56 (0.61 for specimens from Taiwan); anterior extremity 5-12 wide (14 Berzins); caudal extremity 10-12 wide; ventral lorica length 60-68 (73 Rousselet, 78 Berzins), wide 28-36 (31 Rousselet, 45 Berzins), width/length 0.51-0.55 (0.59 for Taiwanese specimens); anterior extremity 25-28 wide (34 Berzins); caudal extremity 8-10 wide; anterior extremity 28-31 high; middle part 34-38 high; caudal extremity 8-11 high; occipital sinus 3-12 wide, 7-10 deep (8 Berzins); pectoral sinus 10-23 wide, 3-5 deep; thelytokous egg (without projection) 8 x 48-50 um. (ref. ID; 3083)