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Viscosia

Viscosia De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 3570)

Enoplida Filipjev, 1929: Family Oncholaimidae Filipjev, 1916: Subfamily Oncholaimellinae De Coninck, 1965 (ref. ID; 3570)

Enoplida (ref. ID; 6180)
  1. Viscosia abyssorum (Allgen, 1933) (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus (Viscosia); abyssorum Allgen, 1933 (ref. ID; 3570)
  2. Viscosia aegyptica (Steiner, 1921)
    See; Oncholaimus aegyptica (ref. ID; 3570)
  3. Viscosia angustata (Cobb, 1890) Kreis, 1934 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus angustatus Cobb, 1890 (ref. ID; 3570)
  4. Viscosia antarctica Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  5. Viscosia bandaensis Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  6. Viscosia brachydonta Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  7. Viscosia branchylaima Filipjev, 1927 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  8. Viscosia brachylaimoides Chitwood, 1937 (ref. ID; 3570)
  9. Viscosia brevicaudata Mawson, 1958 (ref. ID; 3570)
  10. Viscosia brevilaima Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  11. Viscosia carnleyensis (Ditlevsen, 1921) (ref. ID; 1776) or (Ditlevsen, 1921) Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
    See; Viscosia glabra
    Syn; Oncholaimus carynleynsis Ditlevsen, 1921 (ref. ID; 3570); Viscosia carnleyensis subsp. tropica Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  12. Viscosia cobbi Filipjev, 1918 (ref. ID; 3570)
  13. Viscosia coomansi Smol & Sharma, 1984 (ref. ID; 1776 original paper)
  14. Viscosia crassa Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  15. Viscosia cryptodentata Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  16. Viscosia donsi Allgen, 1947
    See; Oncholaimus donsi (ref. ID; 3570)
  17. Viscosia dubiosa Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  18. Viscosia elongata Filipjev, 1922 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  19. Viscosia epapillosa Platonova, 1971 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  20. Viscosia falklandiae Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  21. Viscosia fatigans Filipjev, 1946 (ref. ID; 3570)
  22. Viscosia filipjevi Paramonov, 1929 (ref. ID; 3570)
  23. Viscosia franzii Boucher, 1977 (ref. ID; 1752, 1776)
  24. Viscosia glabra (Bastian, 1865) De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus glaber Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3570); Viscosia carnleyensis Ditlevsen, 1921 (ref. ID; 1776); Viscosia micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 (ref. ID; 3570)
  25. Viscosia grahami Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  26. Viscosia hanstroemi Wieser, 1953 (ref. ID; 3570)
  27. Viscosia heterolaima Smol & Sharma, 1984 (ref. ID; 1776 original paper)
  28. Viscosia isotonchula Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  29. Viscosia keiensis Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  30. Viscosia langrunensis (De Man, 1890) (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus (Viscosia) langrunensis De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 3570)
  31. Viscosia leptolaima Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  32. Viscosia linstowi (De Man, 1904) (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus (Viscosia) linstowi De Man, 1904 (ref. ID; 3570)
  33. Viscosia longissima Filipjev, 1946 (ref. ID; 3570)
  34. Viscosia macramphida Chitwood, 1951 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  35. Viscosia macrorhopalocerca Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  36. Viscosia megalaima (Ditlevsen, 1928) Hope & Murphy, 1972 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Steineria megalaima Ditlevsen, 1928 (ref. ID; 3570)
  37. Viscosia meridionalis Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  38. Viscosia micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951
    See; Viscosia glabra (ref. ID; 3570)
  39. Viscosia microseta Wieser, 1953 (ref. ID; 3570)
  40. Viscosia minor Filipjev, 1918 (ref. ID; 3570)
  41. Viscosia minudonta Vitiello, 1970 (ref. ID; 3570)
  42. Viscosia nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Viscosia papillata subsp. nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957 (ref. ID; 3570)
  43. Viscosia nijhoffi Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3570)
  44. Viscosia nona Filipjev, 1946 (ref. ID; 3570)
  45. Viscosia nordgaardi Allgen, 1940 (ref. ID; 3570)
  46. Viscosia nuda Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  47. Viscosia oncholaimelloides Wieser & Hopper, 1967 (ref. ID; 3570)
  48. Viscosia pacifica Allgen, 1951
    See; Oncholaimus rapax (ref. ID; 3570)
  49. Viscosia palmae Stekhoven, 1942 (ref. ID; 3570)
  50. Viscosia papillata Chitwood, 1951 (ref. ID; 3570)
  51. Viscosia papillata subsp. nicaraguensis Gerlach, 1957
    See; Viscosia nicaraguensis (ref. ID; 3570)
  52. Viscosia papillatoides Chitwood, 1960 (ref. ID; 3570)
  53. Viscosia papilosa (Eberth, 1863) (ref. ID; 1776) or (Eberth, 1863) Kreis, 1934 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus papillosus Eberth, 1863 (ref. ID; 3570)
  54. Viscosia parafalklandiae Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  55. Viscosia paralangrunensis Allgen, 1959
    See; Oncholaimus paralangrunensis (ref. ID; 3570)
  56. Viscosia paralinstowi Chitwood, 1937 (ref. ID; 3570)
  57. Viscosia parapedroensis Allgen, 1947 (ref. ID; 3570)
  58. Viscosia parapellucida (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Viscosia pellucida Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  59. Viscosia paridentata Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 3570)
  60. Viscosia parva Kreis, 1929 (ref. ID; 3570)
  61. Viscosia pedroensis Allgen, 1947 (ref. ID; 3570)
  62. Viscosia pellucida Allgen, 1959
    See; Viscosia parapellucida (ref. ID; 3570)
  63. Viscosia pellucida (Cobb, 1898) Filipjev, 1918 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Oncholaimus pellucidus Cobb, 1898 (ref. ID; 3570)
  64. Viscosia poseidonica Belogurov & Belogurova, 1977 (ref. ID; 1776)
  65. Viscosia propinqua Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  66. Viscosia pseudoglabra Kreis, 1932 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  67. Viscosia pseudosegmentata Allgen, 1947 (ref. ID; 3570)
  68. Viscosia rectangulata Wieser, 1953 (ref. ID; 3570)
  69. Viscosia scanica Allgen, 1935
    See; Oncholaimus scanicus (ref. ID; 3570)
  70. Viscosia similis Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  71. Viscosia stenolaima Filipjev, 1927 (ref. ID; 3570)
  72. Viscosia stenostoma Platonova, 1971 (ref. ID; 3570)
  73. Viscosia strandi Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3570)
  74. Viscosia subantarctica Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  75. Viscosia taboguillensis Allgen, 1947
    See; Adoncholaimus taboguillensis (ref. ID; 3570)
  76. Viscosia tenuilaima Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  77. Viscosia tenuissima Allgen, 1959 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)
  78. Viscosia tropica (subsp.) Kreis, 1932
    See; Viscosia carnleyensis (ref. ID; 3570)
  79. Viscosia tumidula Wieser, 1959 (ref. ID; 3570)
  80. Viscosia viscosa (Bastian, 1865) (ref. ID; 1776, 3282) or (Bastian, 1865) De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 3570)
    Syn; Mononcholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950 (ref. ID; 1776); Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgen, 1930 (ref. ID; 1776); Oncholaimus viscosus Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3570)
  81. Viscosia wieseri Mawson, 1958 (ref. ID; 3570)

Viscosia coomansi Smol & Sharma, 1984 (ref. ID; 1776 original paper)

Diagnosis

V. coomansi n. sp. is very closely related to V. viscosa Bastian, 1865. Both have the similar teeth at a similar position, but V. coomansi stands out by this larger s size and high a-value. Also, the spicules of V. coomansi are straighter and lack the curvature typical for V. viscosa. Both species are distinguished from the others of this genus by the smaller teeth being inconspicuous and positioned in the second half of the buccal cavity. (ref. ID; 1776)

Descriptions

  • Male: Long, thin nematodes tapering slightly towards anterior end. Cuticle plain, lacking ornamentation. Lip region demarcated by slightly depression. 6 internal labial papillae; 6 external labial setae (5 µm) and 4 cephalic setae (4 µm) in one circle. Amphideal fovea cup-shaped, 10 µm in diameter, 59% of c.b.d., aperture located 8 µm from anterior end. Buccal cavity 12 µm long, 10 µm wide (range: 20-21x9-10 µm); Prominent ventrosublateral tooth on right side. Left ventrosublateral and dorsal teeth small, not reaching midway the buccal cavity. Pharynx muscular, slightly widened at base. Nerve ring at 52% of pharyngeal length. Ventral pore at 34 µm from nerve ring with slight sclerotization. Ventral gland cell on right side of intestine, 209 µm from base of pharynx. Cardia muscular, 25 µm long. Reproductive system with two opposed; outstretched testes, on right side of intestine. Spicules straight, 24 µm long, three small denticles on tip of each spicule. Sperm spherical, with prominent nuclei, 8-10 µm in diameter 10 adanal papillae. Copulatory muscle bands reaching till the most anterior caudal gland; the ones immediately anterior to the cloacal region rather obscure. Three preanal caudal glands: 230, 295 and 363 µm from cloacal opening; the first and third on left side of intestine and second on right side. Spinneret not very prominent. Tail tapering immediately posterior of cloacal opening but with slight swelling at tip, 144 µm long. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Female: Only differences distinguishing it from the male are given. Buccal cavity 22x9 µm (range: 21-22x9-10 µm). Reproductive system with two equally developed branches; ovaries antidromously reflexed on right side of intestine. Vulva simple, demanian system as described by Rachor (1969) for Viscosia. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Ovum: 115x31um. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Viscosia franzii Boucher, 1977 (ref. ID; 1752, 1776)

    Diagnosis

    V. franzii is closely related to V. viscosa in general shape; in the truncate, bi-knobbed (M-shaped according to de Man, 1890) form of the smaller left ventrosublateral tooth, and in the size of the amphid. However, it differs from it by the more strongly developed buccal cavity, in particular the distinctly larger dorsal tooth, the position of the smaller teeth (midway to the buccal cavity) and the shape of the tail. V. franzii belongs to the V. langrunensis-group, characterized by the small teeth situated about the middle of a broad buccal cavity. Within this group it is closely related with V. branchylaima Filipjev, 1927, V. epapillosa Platonova, 1971, V. langrunensis (De Man, 1890) and V. papilosa (Eberth, 1863). Among them V. franzii is easily recognized by the left sublateral tooth being truncate (M-shaped) instead of shaped. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Descriptions

    Marine nematode. (ref. ID; 1752)

  • Male: Long, slender appearance, only slightly tapering towards anterior end. Cuticle plain, lacking markings or ornamentation. Lip region slightly demarcated. Lips with 6 internal labial papillae and a circle of 6 external labial setae (6 µm) + 4 cephalic setae (5 µm). Amphideal fovea cup-shaped, 9 µm in diameter, 47% of c.b.d.; located 9 µm from anterior end. Buccal cavity 25 µm long, 14 µm wide (range: 22-29x12-14 µm). Prominent ventrosublateral tooth on right side; left ventrosublateral and dorsal teeth small, reaching midway of the buccal cavity. Pharynx cylindrical and slightly broadened at base, pharyngeal valve located at 31 µm from anterior end. Cardia distinct, muscular, 7 µm long. Nerve ring at 59% of pharynx length. Ventral pore 25 µm behind nerve ring; ventral gland cell on right side of intestine, 32 µm below base of pharynx. Reproductive system with two opposed, outstretched testes, on right side of intestine. Vas deferens separated from the muscular ejaculatory duct by a spincter (at the level of most anterior caudal gland cell). Sperm amoeboid, 15-23 µm in diameter. Spicules straight, 28 µm long with small capitulum. 12. adanal setae. Copulatory muscle bands distinct, extending from cloaca to most anterior caudal gland cell. Three caudal gland cells located 141, 153 and 230 µm from cloaca; the most anterior one left of intestine the others to the right. Tail stubby in appearance tip demarcated; lateral setae on each side. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Female: Similar to male except in the following: Amphideal fovea 7 µm in diameter; 32% of c.b.d. Buccal cavity 28x12 µm (range: 20-29x9-13 µm). Reproductive system with two equally developed branches; both ovaries antidromously reflexed on right side of intestine; demanian system as noted by Rachor (1969) for Viscosia. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Ovum: 92x41 µm. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Viscosia glabra (Bastian, 1865) De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 1776, 3570)

    Synonym

    Oncholaimus glaber Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3570); Viscosia carnleyensis Ditlevsen, 1921 (ref. ID; 1776); Viscosia micoletzkyi Chitwood, 1951 (ref. ID; 3570)

    Diagnosis

    V. glabra De Man, 1890 is the oldest described species of Viscosia characterized by papillae as anterior sense organs and a filiform tail. It is cited about 60 times in the literature from all over the world. Later on, closely related species were discovered: V. carnleyensis (Ditlevsen, 1921), V. meridionalis Kreis, 1932, V. nuda Kreis, 1932, V. pseudoglabra Kreis, 1932, V. macramphida Chitwood, 1951, V. poseidonica Belogurov & Belogurova, 1977 and V. sp. Gerlach, 1957. Except for V. carnleyensis which was frequently mentioned, and V. macramphida, most of the descriptions of the other species were based on only a few specimens. In 1921 Ditlevsen described a new species, V. carnleyensis, closely related to V. glabra, but differing from it mainly by a higher a-ratio (63.5 against 40-45), Smol (1984) consider V. carnleyensis as a synonym of V. glabra. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Descriptions

  • Male: Amphids with cup-shaped fovea, 15 µm wide, 47% of c.b.d., located 6 µm from anterior end. Buccal cavity 18 µm long, 8 µm wide (range: 17-21x8-10 µm). Right ventrosublateral tooth prominent, reaching almost to tip of buccal cavity. Left ventrosublateral and dorsal tooth smaller. Pharynx slightly broadened towards base. Pharyngeal valve distinct, located 7 µm below buccal cavity. Cardia distinct, muscular, 11 µm long. Nerve ring at 54% of pharyngeal length. Ventral pore about 40 µm behind nerve ring; ampulla distinct; ventral cell located on right side of intestine, about 136 µm from the base of the pharynx. Reproductive system with two opposed outstretched testes on right side of the intestine; sperm spherical, 7 µm in diameter; spicules paired, with 'forked' tip, 30 µm long; faint perianal alae present, with 4 pairs of minute papillae and 2 median setiform papillae. Vas deferens separated from the muscular ejaculatory duct by a sphincter at the level of the most anterior caudal gland cells. Three caudal glands with preanal cell bodies 132, 176 and 294 µm respectively from cloaca; the first and third on right side and the second on left side of the intestine. Tail narrowing in postcloacal region and cylindrical throughout its length; 204 µm or 10.7 x a.b.d. long. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Female: Similar to male except in the following: Amphid 7 µm wide, 39% of c.b.d. Buccal cavity 19x11 µm (range: 19-21x9-11 µm). Reproductive system with two equally developed branches; both ovaries antidromously reflexed, located on right side of intestine; eggs 62-77x29-33 µm. Demanian system 'simple' consisting of an ovarial sac and an osmosium. Tail 8.9 x a.b.d., but similar in appearance to that of males. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Viscosia heterolaima Smol & Sharma, 1984 (ref. ID; 1776 original paper)

    Diagnosis

    V. heterolaima n. sp. is characterized by a sexual dimophism in the size and position of the teeth in the buccal cavity. While the large right ventrosublateral tooth reaches almost the anterior end in the female, its tip is situated further back in the male. Furthermore the small teeth are pointed in the male and reach the first half of the buccal cavity, but are blunt in the female and are situated within the second half of the buccal cavity. According to this V. heterolaima n. sp. has a intermediate position between the Viscosia-groups. The outer labial and cephalic setae of the female are longer than those of the male. The female tail is also longer as evidenced by the higher c'-index. V. heterolaima n. sp. together with V. elongata Filipjev, 1922, and V. tenuissima Allgen, 1959 are recognized as long filiform Viscosia-species, characterized by an a-ratio >/= 100. V. heterolaima and V. elongata differ from V. tenuissima by having the right ventrosublateral tooth being the largest instead of the left one. The female specimens of V. heterolaima are very close to the female of V. elongata as described by Filipjev, 1922. Filipjev based his description on only one female, found in the Black Sea. When redescribing it, Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1950) based his description on a single male found in the Mediterranean Sea, but did suggest a sexual dimorphism in the amphid size. The male specimens of V. heterolaima described here differ considerably from the male of V. elongata as described by Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1950), especially in the size and position of the smaller teeth. In the perianal region males of V. elongata lack any trace of prominent ala and have longer perianal setae. Whether the male of V. elongata described by Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1950) is conspecific or not with the female of V. elongata described by Filipjev (1922) is unclear for the moment. Until more material is found at the type localities to elucidate this problem, Smol (1984) propose V. heterolaima as a new species. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Descriptions

  • Male: Long, slender body, often curved. Cuticle plain, lacking ornamentation. Lip region demarcated by a slight depression. 6 inner labial papillae and 6 outer labial (5 µm) + 4 cephalic setae (4 µm long). Amphideal fovea cup-shaped, 7 µm wide, 43% of c.b.d.; aperture situated 6 µm from anterior end. Buccal cavity 21 µm long and 11 µm wide (range: 24-25x13 µm). Large ventrosublateral tooth located on right side and reaching till 5 µm from anterior end; left ventrosublateral tooth and dorsal tooth sharp, positioned in the anteriormost part of the buccal cavity. Pharynx narrow throughout its length, slightly broader at base. Nerve ring at 46% of pharyngeal length. Ventral pore at 27 µm behind nerve ring; bottom of ventral gland cell located at 146 µm from the base of the pharynx, on right side of intestine. Cardia muscular, 13 µm long. Reproductive system with two opposed, outstretched testes; sperm spherical 10-11 µm in diameter. Spicules straight, 20 µm long. Three caudal glands located 144, 179 and 183 µm from cloacal opening; the first one to the left of the intestine, the second and third one on the right side. Adanal area with 3 prominent pairs and one single minute seta, located on the edge of an ala. Tail narrowing shortly behind cloacal opening, cylindrical throughout its length; latero-ventrally there are 8 small setae. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Female: Similar to the males except in the following respects: Outer labial setae (8 µm) + cephalic setae (7 µm) longer. Buccal cavity 15x7 µm (range: 15-17x6-8 µm). Large right ventrosublateral tooth reaching almost to the tip of the buccal cavity. Two smaller teeth (left ventrosublateral and dorsal teeth) not reaching to the middle of the buccal cavity and blunt. Amphids 5 µm wide, 41% of c.b.d. located at 5 µm from anterior end. Reproductive system with two antidromously reflexed ovaries, on right side of the intestine; germinae zone of reflexed part of posterior branch reaches anterior to the vulva. Demanian system 'viscosioid', osmosium at a larger distance from the ovarium than in the other species described. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Ovum: 21-22x129-133 µm. (ref. ID; 1776)

    Viscosia viscosa (Bastian, 1865) (ref. ID; 1776, 3282) or (Bastian, 1865) De Man, 1890 (ref. ID; 3570)

    Synonym

    Mononcholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950 (ref. ID; 1776); Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgen, 1930 (ref. ID; 1776); Oncholaimus viscosus Bastian, 1865 (ref. ID; 3570)

    Diagnosis

    V. viscosa was first described by Bastian in 1865 as Oncholaimus viscosus. This description and especially the drawings are very poor. V. viscosa is characterized by a prominent right ventrosublateral tooth and an inconspicuous M-shaped left ventrosublateral tooth. This M-shaped small tooth is quite unusual amount the numerous Viscosia-species. According to this V. viscosia is most closely related to V. franzii Boucher (1977) and V. coomansi n. sp. With V. coomansi it shares the minute teeth (dorsal and left ventrosublateral) positioned posterior to the middle of the buccal cavity, but V. coomansi is much longer and has straighter spicules. V. viscosa is related to V. franzii in size and general shape, but differs in the position and size of the small teeth: the dorsal tooth being more prominent and positioned more anteriorly in V. franzii (midway buccal cavity); and in the shape of the tail (typical constriction for V. viscosa) and in the shape of the spicule which is typically curved in V. viscosa. Smol (1984) synonymize Mononcholiamus viscosus Allgen, 1930 with V. viscosa as the measurements of the only juvenile described falls completely within the range of his juveniles, and the indices presented by Allgen (1930) are very close to those of a specimen with comparable length. It is clear that Allgen has overlooked the two small teeth, which are indeed minute. Moreover, this juvenile was also found in a brackish water habitat as in the case for V. viscosa. Wieser (1953) considers Monocholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950 to be a synonym of Mononcholaimus viscosus Allgen, 1930, based on the presence of an amphid (which is lacking in Mononcholaimus elegans Kreis, 1924). Smol do agree with Wieser (1953) but for a different reason: He can not consider the males of Mononcholaimus elegans described by Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1942, 1950) without a gubernaculum to be synonymous to the males of M. elegans described by Kreis (1924) and depicted with a gubernaculum. This argument has also been discussed by Vitiello (1970). Smol do agree with Wieser (1953) and Vitiello (1970) and consider Mononcholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950 as different from Mononcholaimus elegans Kreis, 1924. The numerical data of the former completely agree with Smol data for V. viscosa and therefor Mononcholaimus elegans sensu Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942, 1950, found in the Camargue (brackish) is synonymized with V. viscosa. (Bastian, 1865) (ref. ID; 1776)

    Descriptions

  • Male: Body slender, filiform, tapering slightly anteriorly. Maximum width already reached and the end of the pharynx. Cuticle smooth. Scattered setae over the body. Lip region slightly demarcated. Lips with 6 minute internal labial papillae and 10 setae: 6 external labial (7 µm) and 4 cephalic (6 µm). Amphids with cup-shaped fovea and oval aperture, 9 µm wide (55-60% of c.b.d.) and situated at 5 µm from the anterior end. Buccal cavity with heavily sclerotized walls, 17 µm deep, 9 µm wide (range: 17-19x9-10 µm). Large ventrosublateral tooth on the right side, sharp, apex reaching anterior to the level of the setae. Left ventrosublateral tooth weakly sclerotized, typically M-shaped in lateral view, apex behind the middle of the buccal cavity. Dorsal tooth small, seen as a small elevation of the dorsal wall; situated at the same level as the small ventrosublateral tooth. Pharynx cylindrical, in its foremost part the lumen is provided with a valve. Nerve ring conspicuous, situated slightly behind the middle (+/-55%) of the pharynx. Ventral pore about 35 µm posterior of nerve ring; ventral gland postpharyngeal, on the right side of the intestine, posterior margin about 200 µm from the base of the pharynx. Cardia prominent, triangular, 21 µm long. Reproductive system with two opposed, outstretched testes. Vas deferens separated from the muscular ejaculatory duct by a sphincter at the level of second caudal gland. Spicules typically curved, slightly cephalated, distally 'forked', length 1.5 x a.b.d. 5 pairs of perianal setae present. Gubernaculum absent. Tail conoid in proximal part and cylindrical more posteriorly, curved ventrally, provided with setae. A typical constriction and subsequent widening in the tail is observed. Caudal glands with preanal cell bodies, located 147, 294 and 368 µm from cloacal opening, the anteriormost one on the right side, the two other on the left side. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Female: In general similar to the males, although larger. Reproductive system with two equally developed branches; antidromously reflexed ovaries on the right side of intestine. A maximum of four eggs was observed in the uterus; eggs measuring 76-130x24-28 µm. Demanian system typical for the genus with an elongation of the ovarial sac and an osmosium. Tail devoid of setae. (ref. ID; 1776)
  • Juveniles: