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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Paracyatholaimus

Paracyatholaimus Micoletsky, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)

Chromadorida Filipjev, 1929: Family Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918: Subfamily Paracanthonchinae De Coninck, 1965 (ref. ID; 3571)

Family Cyatholaimidae (ref. ID; 880)

ref. ID; 1663

Amphid multispiral; stoma with large dorsal tooth. Rare species. (ref. ID; 1663)

ref. ID; 1923

Esophagus clavate to cylindroid. (Mostly marine, 2 species fresh water) (ref. ID; 1923)

ref. ID; 3571

Type species

Cyatholaimus dubiosus Butschli 1874, subsequent designated by Micoletsky 1924 (ref. ID; 3571)
  1. Paracyatholaimus arcticus Kreis, 1963 (ref. ID; 3571)
  2. Paracyatholaimus chilensis Gerlach, 1953 (ref. ID; 3571)
  3. Paracyatholaimus choanolaimoides Stekhoven, 1942
    See; Marilynia choanolaimoides (ref. ID; 3571)
  4. Paracyatholaimus chungsani (Hoeppli & Chu, 1932) Meyl, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Cyatholaimus chungsani Hoeppli & Chu, 1932 (ref. ID; 3571)
  5. Paracyatholaimus dubiosus (Butschli, 1874) Micoletzky, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Cyatholaimus dubiosus Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571)
  6. Paracyatholaimus duplicatus Gerlach, 1964 (ref. ID; 3571)
  7. Paracyatholaimus effilatus Stekhoven, 1946
    See; Marilynia effilata (ref. ID; 3571)
  8. Paracyatholaimus exilis (Cobb, 1898) Micoletzky, 1924 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Cyatholaimus exilis Cobb, 1898 (ref. ID; 3571)
  9. Paracyatholaimus helicellus Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  10. Paracyatholaimus intermedius (De Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1930 (ref. ID; 880), (De Man, 1880) (ref. ID; 3282) or (De Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
  11. Paracyatholaimus major Kreis, 1928
    See; Paracanthonchus major (ref. ID; 3571)
  12. Paracyatholaimus occultus Gerlach, 1956 (ref. ID; 3571)
  13. Paracyatholaimus oistospiculoides (Allgen, 1935) Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Paracanthonchus oistospiculoides Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
  14. Paracyatholaimus parasaveljevi Allgen, 1935 (ref. ID; 3571)
  15. Paracyatholaimus paucipapillatus Gerlach, 1955 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Paracanthonchus tumepapillatus Timm, 1957 (ref. ID; 3571)
  16. Paracyatholaimus pentondon Riemann, 1966 (ref. ID; 3571)
  17. Paracyatholaimus pesavis Wieser & Hopper, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571)
  18. Paracyatholaimus proximus Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 7190) or (Butschli, 1874) Micoletzky, 1924 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Cyatholaimus proximus Butschli, 1874 (ref. ID; 3571)
  19. Paracyatholaimus pugettensis Wieser & Hopper, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571, 6573)
    Syn; Longicyatholaimus quadriseta Wieser & Hopper, 1967 nec. Longicyatholaimus quadriseta Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 6573)
  20. Paracyatholaimus rotundus Gerlach, 1964 (ref. ID; 3571)
  21. Paracyatholaimus saradi Gerlach, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571)
  22. Paracyatholaimus separatus Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  23. Paracyatholaimus tenuispiculum (Allgen, 1951) Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Paracanthonchus tenuispiculum Allgen, 1951 (ref. ID; 3571)
  24. Paracyatholaimus ternus Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 3571)
  25. Paracyatholaimus truncatus (Cobb, 1914) Micoletzky, 1922 (ref. ID; 3571)
    Syn; Cyatholaimus truncatus Cobb, 1914 (ref. ID; 3571)
  26. Paracyatholaimus tyrrhenicus Brunetti, 1949
    See; Paracanthonchus tyrrhenicus (ref. ID; 3571)
  27. Paracyatholaimus vancouverensis Sharma & Vincx, 1982 (ref. ID; 6573 original paper)
    Syn; Marylynnia sp. II of Sharma et al., 1978 (ref. ID; 6573)
  28. Paracyatholaimus vitraeus Gerlach, 1957 (ref. ID; 3571)

Paracyatholaimus pugettensis Wieser & Hopper, 1967 (ref. ID; 3571, 6573)

Synonym

Longicyatholaimus quadriseta Wieser & Hopper, 1967 nec. Longicyatholaimus quadriseta Wieser, 1954 (ref. ID; 6573)

Descriptions

  • Male: Body cylindrical, tapering at front end; posterior half of tail filiform. Cuticle with transverse rows of puctations. LMP's most numerous in cervical and cloacal regions; eight rows of hypodermal pore complexes are present throughout the whole body. Four subdorsal and two subventral somatic setae behind the cervical region starting at 1.3 head diameter (on level of the cephalic setae) from anterior end. Other somatic setae restricted to precloacal and tail region. Head end typical; six internal labial papillae; six external labial setae with four cephalic setae arranged in the same circle. The external labial setae (5 µm) are three segmented and the cephalic setae (3 µm) are two segmented. Amphids spiral with five turns; 9-11 µm diameter, i.e., 40% of cbd. Buccal cavity cyathiform with prominent dorsal tooth and two pairs of ventrosublateral teeth. Pharynx cylindrical, slightly broadened towards the end. No distinct cardia. Nerve ring not distinct. Ventral pore at 70 µm from the front end; ampulla of ventral cell not clear. Reproductive system monorchic with outstrecthed testis. Sperm cells spherical, 10-12 µm diameter. Spicules simple, 57 µm long; gubernaculum proximally paired, 29 µm long; the two separate proximal halves with a distal plate bordered by veryminute teeth. Four to five minute, setose, preclocal supplements not equally developed in all specimens. Anterior half of tail conoid, last part nearly filiform; 5.8 times cloacal diameter. (ref. ID; 6573)
  • Female: Very similar to male. Reproductive system didelphic, with reflexed ovaries; anterior ovary on right side and posterior ovary on left side of intestine; ovoviviparous, usually with two to three eggs, one of them containing a first juvenile stage, in each uterus. Vagina simple. An intersex, with a well-developed female reproductive system and a well-developed spicular apparatus (except the distal part of the gubernaculum) was also present in the collection. (ref. ID; 6573)
  • Juvenile: Juveniles were not examined. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Remarks

    Longicyatholaimus quadriseta was established as a new species by Wieser (1954) from Chile and later redescribed from Puget Sound (Wieser 1959). The latter was reclassified as Paracyatholaimus pugettensis in a paper by Wieser and Hopper (1967) on the basis of its setose supplements, smaller amphids, and shape of the gubernaculum, whereas the former (Wieser 1954) was transferred to Marylynnia quadriseta by Hopper (1972). Though the animals from the Canadian Pacific coast as agree with the description of Wieser's (1959) specimens from Puget Sound, the long filiform tail of the type species and our specimens are the only characters that question the retention of this species within the genus Paracyatholaimus. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Locality

    Belcarra Park, British Columbia, Canada. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Examined materials

    Five males, five females. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Deposited slide

    Slide No.363 contains (male 1); slide No.364 contains (female 1). (ref. ID; 6573)

    Measurements

    The mean values and ranges for five specimens of each sex are as follows:
  • Male: L=2470(2240-2740), a=40.2(30.6-44.8), b=7.4(7.3-7.7), c=8.4(7.5-9.4). (ref. ID; 6573)
  • Female: L=2500(1970-2900), a=33.9(28.0-39.1), b=7.6(6.4-8.2), c=8.9(8.2-9.9), V=43.8(42.0-47.8)%. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Paracyatholaimus vancouverensis Sharma & Vincx, 1982 (ref. ID; 6573 original paper)

    Synonym

    Marylynnia sp. II of Sharma et al., 1978 (ref. ID; 6573)

    Differential diagnosis

    Paracyatholaimus vancouverensis sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of the following characters: long, slender shape, cuticular annulation pattern, simple but well-sclerotized gubernaculum and elongate tail. Most species of this genus hae short, stout tails and a broad plate on the distal end of the gubernaculum, which may also be dilated or truncated proximally. On calculating the ratio of tail length/anal diameter, of all Paracyatholaimus species described to date, only three species were found to have a longer tail or a calculated ratio greater than 5: P. duplicatus Gerlach, 1964; P. parasaveljevi Allgen, 1935; and P. pugettensis Wieser & Hopper, 1967. Paracyatholaimus duplicatus is distinguished by the strong detation on the gubernaculum and P. parasaveljevi has smaller amphids with fewer turns in addition to being insuffciently described, based on one female only. Paracyatholaimus pugettensis is differentiated by its setose, precloacal supplements; longer filiform portion of the tail, four plus two somatic setae behind subcephalic region, proximal end of gubernaculum tapering, hypodermal pores and LMP's starting farther back in pharyngeal region, ovoviviparity. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Descriptions

  • Male: Body long, slender with slightly attenuation towards anterior end. Tail conoid with cylindrical posterior portion. Cuticle with fine punctations, less dense in anterior region; annulated appearance caused by a row of closely spaced, coarser punctations alternating with three rows of fine punctations with more space between them than the former. This pattern is not always clear, especially in the anterior region. LMP's restricted to pharyngeal and cloacal region. Eight longitudinal rows of hypodermal pores, extending over the whole body length. Short somatic setae, sparsely distributed throughout body length. Six small internal labial papillae; six external labial setae (4 µm) and four cephalic setae (3 µm) narrowed distally to give segmented appearance, arranged in one circle. Amphids with five and a half ventrally directed turns, 10 µm in diameter, 42% of cbd. Buccal cavity with well-sclerotized prominent dorsal tooth and two pairs of equal ventrosublateral teeth. Nerve ring difficult to distinguish. Ventral pore at one-fifth of pharyngeal length; ventral cell diffcult to distinguish. Pharynx cylindrical, slightly broadened at base. Reproductive system monorchic with outstreched testis, located ventral to intestine (somewhat on the left side). Sperm cells globular (13-24 µm). Spicules simple, 30 µm long, faint with little sclerotization. Gubernaculum paired proximally, 29 µm long, proximal end spatulate, joined distally to give groove-like, appearance. Five tubiform medioventral supplements, connected with gland cells, situated at 3, 8, 29, 54, and 84 µm from cloacal opening, respectively. Tail conoid with cylindrical posterior half; 5 times cloacal body diameter. (ref. ID; 6573)
  • Female: Very similar to male. Reproductive sytem didelphic, amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries, situated on the left side of the intestine. Tail 5.2 times anal body diameter. (ref. ID; 6573)
  • Juvenile: Juveniles were not examined. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Locality

    Belcarra Park, British Columbia, Canada. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Examined material

    Two males, two females. (ref. ID; 6573)

    Deposited slide

    Slide No.365 contains (male 1) and (female 2); slide No.366 contains (female 1) and (female 2). (ref. ID; 6573)