Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS)
Data Download Site

This website provides data sets and related information of the series of Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS). First version of REAS (REASv1.1) were developed by Ohara et al. (2007), which accounted for actual emissions during 1980-2003 and projected ones in 2010 and 2020. The inventory was updated by Kurokawa et al. (2013) as REASv2.1 for the period between 2000-2008 and datasets of Regional Emission inventory in Asia for Persistent Organic Pollutants (REAS-POP) 1.0 focusing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Northeast Asia were also developed (Inomata et al., 2012). The current latest version REASv3.2.1 (Please see "Remarks for update information") provides a long historical emission inventory during 1950-2015 in Asian region (Kurokawa and Ohara, 2020).


Remarks for update information

23-December-2021
29-October-2020
4-December-2019
14-November-2013

 General Information

REASv3.2

Species: SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, and CO2

Years: 1950-2015

Area: East, Southeast, and South Asia.

Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors; Industrial process; Agricultural activities (fertilizer application and livestock); and Others (fugitive emissions, solvent use, human, etc.)
* Emissions from international and domestic aviation and navigation, including fishing ships as well as NOx emissions from soil are not included.

Spatial resolution: 0.25 degree by 0.25 degree

Temporal resolution: Monthly

Notes:
NMVOC emissions from evaporative sources were obtained from Ministry of Environment of Japan (MOEJ, 2017) and National Air Pollution Emission Service of National Institute of Environmental Research for Japan and the Republic of Korea, respectively. For NH3 emissions from agricultural activities, data of base year (2000 and 2005 for Japan and 2000 for others) were obtained from the other research works also used in REASv2.1.


REASv2.1

Species: SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, CH4, N2O, and CO2

Years: 2000-2008

Area:
East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia. Asian part of Russia (Far East, Eastern and Western Siberia, and Ural)

Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors; Industrial process; Agricultural activities (fertilizer application and livestock); and Others (fugitive emissions, solvent use, human, etc.)

Spatial resolution: 0.25 degree by 0.25 degree

Temporal resolution: Monthly

Japan:
Emissions except for the maritime sector were from the Japan Auto-Oil Program (JATOP) Emission Inventory-Data Base (JEI-DB) developed by JPEC (2012a, 2012b, 2012c). Emissions from the maritime sector were taken from the database developed by the Ocean Policy Research Foundation (OPRF, 2012). The maritime emission data were developed under the project named ‘the comprehensive project of assessment for improving the air quality by establishment of the emission control areas (ECA) in Japan’, which is supported from the grant by the Nippon Foundation derived from revenues from motorboat racing. NMVOC evaporative emissions from stationary sources in Japan were from data developed by Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ, 2009).

Korea, Rep. of:
Emissions relied on the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) developed by Lee et al. (2011). Data were taken from the National Air Pollutants Emission website maintained by the National Institute of Environment Research-Korea.

Taiwan:
Emissions data sets were obtained from the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan at its website.

EDGAR 4.2:
Datasets for aviation (both domestic and international at altitude less than 1km) and international navigation were taken from EDGAR 4.2 (EC-JRC/PBL, 2011). Emissions related to agricultural activities for Asian Russia and Central Asia were also obtained from EDGAR 4.2.


REAS-POPv1.0

Species:
fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr) benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP))

Years: 2005

Area: Northeast Asia (China, Far East Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan, Japan)

Emission sources:
Fuel combustions in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors; Industrial process; and Open biomass burning*

*Fuel consumption rates were derived from REAS 1.11. PAH emission from open biomass burning was estimated using the burned area, the BC emission rate, and the PAH and BC emission factors. The burned area and the BC emission rate were derived from GFEDv3.

Spatial resolution: 0.5 degree by 0.5 degree

Temporal resolution: Monthly

Contact information:
kurokawa(at)acap.asia
tohara(at)nies.go.jp


 Data Sets

REASv3.2.1

  • Following errors were found in gridded data of REASv3.2 and corrected in REASv3.2.1:
  • Details of the errors in REASv3.2 are described here and NMVOC emission grid maps showing differences between REASv3.2 and REASv3.2.1 are available here
  • Except for corrections described above, there is no difference between REASv3.2 and REASv3.2.1.
  • Errors were only in gridded data. The country and regional emission tables were not changed.
  • Revised gridded data released as REASv3.2.1 are available from the following table.

  • Overview Paper

    Kurokawa, J. and Ohara, T.: Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12761-12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020, 2020.

    Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)

      S02 NOx CO PM10 PM2.5 BC OC NMV NH3 CO2
    1950
    1951
    1952
    1953
    1954
    1955
    1956
    1957
    1958
    1959
    1960
    1961
    1962
    1963
    1964
    1965
    1966
    1967
    1968
    1969
    1970
    1971
    1972
    1973
    1974
    1975
    1976
    1977
    1978
    1979
    1980
    1981
    1982
    1983
    1984
    1985
    1986
    1987
    1988
    1989
    1990
    1991
    1992
    1993
    1994
    1995
    1996
    1997
    1998
    1999
    2000
    2001
    2002
    2003
    2004
    2005
    2006
    2007
    2008
    2009
    2010
    2011
    2012
    2013
    2014
    2015

    Country and Regional Tables (Information for Data)

    REASv3.2_SECTOR_1950-2015

    REASv3.2_FUEL_1950-2015



    REASv2.1

    Overview Paper

    Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, T., and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019-11058, 2013.

    Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)

      S02 NOx CO PM10 PM2.5 BC OC NMV NH3 CH4 N2O CO2
    2000
    2001
    2002
    2003
    2004
    2005
    2006
    2007
    2008


    Updated Gridded Data Sets for Industry Sector (see Remarks above)

      S02 NOx CO PM10 PM2.5 BC OC NMV NH3 CH4 N2O CO2
    2000-2008


    Country and Regional Tables (Information for Data)

      S02 NOx CO PM10 PM2.5 BC OC NMV NH3 CH4 N2O CO2
    2000
    2001
    2002
    2003
    2004
    2005
    2006
    2007
    2008

    REAS-POPv1.0

    Overview Paper

    Inomata, Y., Kajino, M., Sato, K., Ohara, T., Kurokawa, J., Ueda, H., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K., Ohizumi, T., and Akimoto, H.: Emission and atmospheric transport of particulate PAHs in Northeast Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4941-4949, 2012

    Gridded Data Sets (Information for Data)

      Flu Pyr BaA Chr BaP BbF BkF BghiP IcdP
    2005

    REASv1.11

    Overview Paper

    Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419-4444, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.

     References

    REASv3.2

    Kurokawa, J. and Ohara, T.: Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12761-12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020, 2020.

    MOEJ (Ministry of Environment of Japan): Report on Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Inventory Compiled (in Japanese), 2017

    REASv2.1

    Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, K. and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019-11058, 2013.

    EC-JRC/PBL (European Commission, Joint Research Center/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2, 2011.

    JPEC (Japan Petroleum Energy Center): Emission inventory of road transport in Japan, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-06, 136pp [in Japanese], 2012a.

    JPEC: Emission inventory of sources other than road transport in Japan, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-07, 288pp [in Japanese], 2012b.

    JPEC: Speciation profiles of VOC, PM, and NOx emissions for atmospheric simulations of PM2.5, JPEC Technical Report, JPEC-2011AQ-02-08, 69pp [in Japanese], 2012c.

    Lee, D. G., Lee, Y.-M., Jang, K.-W., Yoo, C., Kang, K.-H., Lee, J.-H., Jung, S.-W., Park, J.-M., Lee, S.-B., Han, J.-S., Hong, J.-H., and Lee, S.-J.: Korean national emissions inventory system and 2007 air pollutant emissions, Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 5, 278-291, 2011.

    MOEJ (Ministry of Environment of Japan): Report on Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Inventory Compiled [in Japanese], 2009.

    OPRF (Ocean Policy Research Foundation (Ship and Ocean Fundation)): Report for comprehensive study for environmental impact lead by the establishment of emission control area in Japan, ISBN978-4-88404-282-0, 524pp [in Japanese], 2012.


    REAS-POPv1.0

    Inomata, Y., Kajino, M., Sato, K., Ohara, T., Kurokawa, J., Ueda, H., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K., Ohizumi, T., and Akimoto, H.: Emission and atmospheric transport of particulate PAHs in Northeast Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4941-4949, 2012.

    Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., Van der Werf, G. R., Kasibhatla, P. S., Collatz, G. J., Morton, D. C., and DeFries, R. S.: Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products, Biogeosci. 7, 1171-1186, 2010 .


    REASv1.11

    Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419-4444, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.


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